1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 戰火中的性別-女青年工作大隊的角色變遷(1949~1956)
Gender in the War: The Evolution of Taiwan’s Women Army Crops Battalion, 1949-1956
作者 范翔宥
Fan, Hsiang-Yu
貢獻者 劉曉鵬
范翔宥
Fan Hsiang-Yu
關鍵詞 女性軍人
政戰工作
兩性關係
蔣經國
孫立人
Female Officers
Political Warfare
Gender Relationships
Chiang Ching-Kuo
Sun Li-Jen
日期 2023
上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 14:20:11 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文以戰爭與性別的角度回顧1949年成立的女青年工作大隊，並重新分析國民政府剛遷台後第一支全女性軍官部隊。作者回顧女性與軍隊相關理論，並發現女青年工作大隊成立初衷為孫立人模仿照二戰美國的「陸軍女性兵團」（Women’s Army Corps）以戰地醫療和後勤服務來支持軍隊作戰。然而美國的理念經過台灣軍隊文化的調整，最終使女性軍官成為政工幹部對部隊實施精神及思想教育，並利用其年輕、貌美、熱情以歌舞遊戲的方式舒緩部隊壓力。
在這個變遷過程中，首先，在以男性與外省族群為主的國軍中，女性被保護形象可襯托陽剛與英雄氣慨，甚至成為婚姻幻想對象等功能，故女性返鄉的渴望、敵前工作的女軍人，便可以激發士兵的責任、信心與鬥志。
其次，和美國女性軍人相同，女青年工作大隊面對的不僅是敵人，還有歧視、刻板印象與性騷擾。賦予女青年的軍官階級可以保護並減少文化素質較低的士官兵騷擾，女青年軍官須團進團出，並避免在同一個地方駐守太久而危及安全。畢竟少數女青年能滿腔熱血投入軍隊不容易，是上級關注重點，也是管理上的壓力。
但上級照顧相對只是表面上，私下如重男輕女等傳統觀念仍影響著學歷、待遇甚至女青年自己。上級對於女性軍官的管理方式和女青年本身結婚或其他生涯方面規劃而造成女性無法久留於軍隊中，也促使長期發展下來女性軍人仍為軍隊附屬。
This article reviews the Women`s Youth Work Brigade established in 1949 from the perspective of war and gender, and reanalyzes the first all-female officer corps after the Nationalist government moved to Taiwan. The author reviews theories related to women and the military and finds that the Women`s Army Corps was originally established by Sun Liren to support the military with field medical and logistical services, modeled after the U.S. Women`s Army Corps of World War II. However, the American concept was adapted to the culture of the Taiwanese military, and eventually women officers became political officers to educate the troops spiritually and ideologically, and to use their youth, beauty, and enthusiasm to relieve the troops` stress through song and dance games.
In this process of transformation, first, in the national army, which is dominated by men and provincial communities, women are protected as images that can set up masculinity and heroism, and even become the object of marriage fantasies, so the desire of women to return to their hometowns and the female soldiers working in front of the enemy can inspire soldiers` responsibility, confidence and fighting spirit.
Secondly, like American female soldiers, the female youth work brigade faced not only the enemy, but also discrimination, stereotypes and sexual harassment. Giving young women the rank of officer would protect and reduce harassment by less educated non-commissioned officers, who would have to move in and out of groups and avoid being stationed in the same place for too long and endangering safety. After all, it is not easy for a few young women to join the army with enthusiasm, which is a point of concern for their superiors and a pressure for management.
However, the care of the superiors is only superficial, but in private, traditional concepts such as the preference for men over women still affect the qualifications, treatment and even the young women themselves. The way female officers are managed by their superiors and the young women`s marriage and other career plans make it impossible for women to stay in the military for long.
參考文獻 中文文獻
王曉丹（2019）。這是愛女，也是厭女-如何看穿這世界拉攏與懲戒女人的兩手策略。新北：大家。
李美枝（1987）。性別角色面面觀。台北：聯經。
沈明室（2003）。女性與軍隊。台北：揚智文化。
沈明室（1999b）。戰爭與女性軍人―以美國為例。國防雜誌，15（3），57-77。
沈明室（1999）。各國女性軍人發展概述。國防雜誌，15（5），33-53。
汪宏倫、鄭祖邦、朱元鴻、黃金麟、姚人多、藍適齊、彭仁郁、趙彥寧、莊佳穎（2014）。戰爭與社會：理論、歷史、主體經驗。台北：聯經。
林桶法（2006）。戰後初期到1950年代 臺灣人口移出與移入，臺灣學通訊，（1），4-7。
周海娟、陳靜儀、羅晴云、林秉宏、李修德（2014）。女性與軍隊。台北：國防部政治作戰學院。
周碧娥（2022）。性別社會學：性別做為範疇、理論與實作。台北：三民。
洪夏天（譯）（2020）。被隱形的女性：從各式數據看女性受到的不公對待，消弭生活、職場、設計、醫療中的各種歧視（Caroline Criado Perez原作）。台北：商周出版。
俞彥娟（2004）。美國第二波婦女運動歷史研究之回顧：兼評王雅各《台灣婦女解放運動史》。女學學誌：婦女與性別研究 ，（18），215-237。
孫敏華（1998）。現職軍士官對女性軍人態度之研究。軍事社會科學半年刊，（3），1-30。
國防部（2016）。國防部105年度推動性別主流化成果報告。臺北：國防部。
國防部（2021）。國防部性別平等推動計畫（108 至111 年）(110 年修正版) 。臺北：國防部。
國防部（2021）。國防部110 年度性別平等成果報告。臺北：國防部。
國防部（2020）。國防部發布新聞稿，說明「恢復徵兵制」、「女性徵兵服役」等情，2020年9月30日，取自：https://www.mnd.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?p=77400。
郭思餘（譯）（2012）。研究方法 質化與量化方法之應用Understanding Research（W. Lawrence Neuman原著）。台北：雙葉。
莫大華（1996）。美國女性官兵擔任戰鬥職務政策之探析。美歐月刊，11（10），44-59。
莫大華（1997）。美國軍中防治性騷擾問題之研究–兼論對國軍的啟示。國軍八十六年軍事社會科學學術研討會論文集（104-124）
陳三井、朱浤源、吳慧美（1995）。女青年大隊訪問紀錄。台北：中央研究院近代史研究所。
陳鴻獻（2014）。1950年代初期國軍正工制度的重建。國史館館刊，（42），63-87。
華文第（2000）。木蘭風雲五十年。台北：智庫文化。
曾瓊業（2006）。巾幗英雄女青年工作大隊口述歷史。台北：國防部史政編譯室。
鈕文英（2012）。質性研究方法與論文寫作。台北：雙葉。
楊翠（2006）。女性與白色恐怖政治事件。台灣人權與政治事件學術研討會，台中。
楊連仲（譯）（1999）。女性軍人的新契機：對戰備、團結與士氣的影響（Harrell, Margaret C.; Miller, Laura L.原作）。臺北：國防部史政編譯局。
錢淑芬（2011）。軍隊性別平權與去性別化的辯證關係：對「軍人性別化」態度意涵的理論性探討。國防與性別：百年回顧與前瞻學術研討會」論文。台北：國防大學。
盧立莉（2003）。性別與軍隊組織：我國中高階女性軍人與軍隊體制互動經驗探討，社區發展季刊，（104），381-401。
霍海源、畢恆達、劉長萱與楊國樞（2015）。社會及行為科學研究法。台北：東華。

英文文獻
Boss, Christine E. (2001). Women in 1900：Gateway to the Economy of the Twentieth Century (Ed.). Temple University Press.
Dahl, Gorden B, Kotsadam, Andreas; Rooth, Dan-Olof (2021). Does Integration Change Gender Attitudes? The Effect of Randomly Assigning Women to Traditionally Male Teams. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 987–1030.
Diiorio, Judith A. (1992). Feminism and war: Theoretical issues and debates. Reference Services Review, Vol.20, No.2,51-68.
Dower, John W. (1987). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (Ed.). W. W. Norton&Company.
Doan, Alesha E. (2017). Not a Woman, but a Soldier: Exploring Identity through Translocational Positionality. Sex Roles. 76(3-4),1-14.
Dunivin, Karen O. (1994). Military Culture：Change and Continuity. Armed Forces & Society, Vol.20, No.4, 531-547.
D`Amico, Francine. (1998). Feminist Perspectives on Women Warriors. A Journal of Social Justice. Vol.8, No.3, 379-384.
Goldstein, Joshua S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa (Ed.). Washington DC: American University.
Goldman, Mancy (1973). The Changing Role of Women in the Armed Forces. The University of Chicago Press. Vol.78, No.4, 892-911.
Hampf, M. Michaela (2004). “Dykes’’ or ‘‘whores’’: Sexuality and the Women’s Army Corps in the United States during World War II. Women’s Studies International Forum. Vol.27, No.1, 21-30.
Klein, Uta (1998). War and Gender: what do we learn from Israel? . In Lorentzen, Lois Ann, and Jennifer E. Turpin (Eds.), The Women and War Reader, (pp. 148-154). New York: New York University Press.
Meyer, Leisa D. (1992). Creating G.I. Jane: The Regulation of Sexuality and Sexual Behavior in the Women`s. Feminist Studies, Inc. Vol. 18, No.3,587-601.
Morden, Bettie J. (1990) The Women’s Army Corps 1945-1978. Washington, D.C.
Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna (1996). War and Violence Against Women. In Turpin, J. and Lorentzen, L. (Eds.). The Gendered New World Order: Militarism, Development and the Environment, (pp. 195-211). New York: Routledge.
Nantais, Cynthia; Lee, Martha F. (1999). Women in the United States Military: Protectors or Protected? The Case of Prisoner of War Melissa Rathbun-Nealy. Journal of Gender Studies, Vol.2 ,181-192.
Peterson, V. Spike (1994). Gendered nationalism: Reproducing "Us" versus "Them". Peace Review, Vol.6, No.1, 77-83.
Ruddick, Sara (1990) Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Press.
Peace Pledge Union (1997) Women and Peace Resource Guide. London: Peace Pledge Union.
Prugl, Elisabeth. (2003). Gender and War: Causes, Constructions, and Critique. Perspectives on Politics, Vol.1, No.2, 335-342.
Roberts, Mary Louise (2013) What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American G.I. in World War II France (Ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Silva, Jennifer M. (2008). "A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity". Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960.
Stiglmayer, Alexandra (1994) Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Ed.). U of Nebraska Press.
Stewart, Jennifer Nichol (2000). Wacky Times: An Analysis of the WAC in World War II and its Effects on Women. International Social Science Review, Vol.75, No. 1/2, 26-37.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1992) Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Segal, M. W. (1993). Women in the Armed Forces, in: R. Howes & M. Stevenson. (Eds.) Women and Men`s Wars, Oxford: Paragon.
Sharoni, Simona; & Welland, Julia; & Park, Linda Steiner; & Pedersen, Jennifer (2016) Handbook on Gender and War (Eds.). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Woollacott, Angela (1996). Women munitions makers, war and citizenship. Peace Review, Vol.8, No.3:373-378.
Ziobro, Melissa (2012). Skirted Soldiers: The Women`s Army Corps and Gender Integration of the U.S. Army during World War II. Army Historical Foundation, Vol.17, No.4, 36-43.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
110921312
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110921312
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉曉鵬zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 范翔宥zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Fan Hsiang-Yuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 范翔宥zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Fan, Hsiang-Yuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 14:20:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 14:20:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 14:20:11 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110921312en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146644-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 行政管理碩士學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110921312zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文以戰爭與性別的角度回顧1949年成立的女青年工作大隊，並重新分析國民政府剛遷台後第一支全女性軍官部隊。作者回顧女性與軍隊相關理論，並發現女青年工作大隊成立初衷為孫立人模仿照二戰美國的「陸軍女性兵團」（Women’s Army Corps）以戰地醫療和後勤服務來支持軍隊作戰。然而美國的理念經過台灣軍隊文化的調整，最終使女性軍官成為政工幹部對部隊實施精神及思想教育，並利用其年輕、貌美、熱情以歌舞遊戲的方式舒緩部隊壓力。
在這個變遷過程中，首先，在以男性與外省族群為主的國軍中，女性被保護形象可襯托陽剛與英雄氣慨，甚至成為婚姻幻想對象等功能，故女性返鄉的渴望、敵前工作的女軍人，便可以激發士兵的責任、信心與鬥志。
其次，和美國女性軍人相同，女青年工作大隊面對的不僅是敵人，還有歧視、刻板印象與性騷擾。賦予女青年的軍官階級可以保護並減少文化素質較低的士官兵騷擾，女青年軍官須團進團出，並避免在同一個地方駐守太久而危及安全。畢竟少數女青年能滿腔熱血投入軍隊不容易，是上級關注重點，也是管理上的壓力。
但上級照顧相對只是表面上，私下如重男輕女等傳統觀念仍影響著學歷、待遇甚至女青年自己。上級對於女性軍官的管理方式和女青年本身結婚或其他生涯方面規劃而造成女性無法久留於軍隊中，也促使長期發展下來女性軍人仍為軍隊附屬。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This article reviews the Women`s Youth Work Brigade established in 1949 from the perspective of war and gender, and reanalyzes the first all-female officer corps after the Nationalist government moved to Taiwan. The author reviews theories related to women and the military and finds that the Women`s Army Corps was originally established by Sun Liren to support the military with field medical and logistical services, modeled after the U.S. Women`s Army Corps of World War II. However, the American concept was adapted to the culture of the Taiwanese military, and eventually women officers became political officers to educate the troops spiritually and ideologically, and to use their youth, beauty, and enthusiasm to relieve the troops` stress through song and dance games.
In this process of transformation, first, in the national army, which is dominated by men and provincial communities, women are protected as images that can set up masculinity and heroism, and even become the object of marriage fantasies, so the desire of women to return to their hometowns and the female soldiers working in front of the enemy can inspire soldiers` responsibility, confidence and fighting spirit.
Secondly, like American female soldiers, the female youth work brigade faced not only the enemy, but also discrimination, stereotypes and sexual harassment. Giving young women the rank of officer would protect and reduce harassment by less educated non-commissioned officers, who would have to move in and out of groups and avoid being stationed in the same place for too long and endangering safety. After all, it is not easy for a few young women to join the army with enthusiasm, which is a point of concern for their superiors and a pressure for management.
However, the care of the superiors is only superficial, but in private, traditional concepts such as the preference for men over women still affect the qualifications, treatment and even the young women themselves. The way female officers are managed by their superiors and the young women`s marriage and other career plans make it impossible for women to stay in the military for long.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 壹、緒論………………………………………………………………………………………1
一、研究動機……………………………………………………...........1
二、研究目的……………………………………………………...........2
貳、文獻回顧……………………………………………………………………………5
一、女性在戰爭文化中被塑造的角色………………..…...…..............5
二、成為戰爭的受害者………………………………..…...…..............7
三、戰爭影響下女性加入軍隊………………………..…...…..............8
四、二戰的美國女性軍人……………………………..…...…............10
五、女青年工作大隊………………………………..…...…................12
參、美國女性軍人經驗到臺灣………………………………………………15
一、女性軍官養成………………………………..…...…....................15
二、戰地女性經驗………………………………..…...…....................17
三、戰鬥支援部隊………………………………..…...…....................21
肆、中體西用與孫蔣經驗…………………………………………………………23
一、融合西方的軍事訓練構想…………………..…...…....................23
二、總政治部後期教育…………………………..…...…....................26
三、成功的政工幹部……………………………..…...…....................30
伍、性別功能與衝突…………………………………………………………………35
一、被保護的女青年………………………..…...…...................35
二、被需要的女青年………………………..….......................39
三、軍隊的附屬品…………………………..…........................43
陸、結論…………………………………………………………………………………………51
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………………55
中文文獻………………………………………………………………..55
英文文獻………………………………………………………………..57
附錄一：張秋香女士訪談紀錄逐字稿……………………………59
附錄二：樂茞軍女士訪談紀錄逐字稿……………………………69
附錄三：余國芳女士訪談紀錄逐字稿……………………………77
附錄四：朱逸梅女士訪談紀錄逐字稿……………………………85		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2076619 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110921312en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性軍人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政戰工作zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兩性關係zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 蔣經國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 孫立人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Female Officersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Political Warfareen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender Relationshipsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chiang Ching-Kuoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sun Li-Jenen_US
dc.title (題名) 戰火中的性別-女青年工作大隊的角色變遷(1949~1956)zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Gender in the War: The Evolution of Taiwan’s Women Army Crops Battalion, 1949-1956en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文文獻
王曉丹（2019）。這是愛女，也是厭女-如何看穿這世界拉攏與懲戒女人的兩手策略。新北：大家。
李美枝（1987）。性別角色面面觀。台北：聯經。
沈明室（2003）。女性與軍隊。台北：揚智文化。
沈明室（1999b）。戰爭與女性軍人―以美國為例。國防雜誌，15（3），57-77。
沈明室（1999）。各國女性軍人發展概述。國防雜誌，15（5），33-53。
汪宏倫、鄭祖邦、朱元鴻、黃金麟、姚人多、藍適齊、彭仁郁、趙彥寧、莊佳穎（2014）。戰爭與社會：理論、歷史、主體經驗。台北：聯經。
林桶法（2006）。戰後初期到1950年代 臺灣人口移出與移入，臺灣學通訊，（1），4-7。
周海娟、陳靜儀、羅晴云、林秉宏、李修德（2014）。女性與軍隊。台北：國防部政治作戰學院。
周碧娥（2022）。性別社會學：性別做為範疇、理論與實作。台北：三民。
洪夏天（譯）（2020）。被隱形的女性：從各式數據看女性受到的不公對待，消弭生活、職場、設計、醫療中的各種歧視（Caroline Criado Perez原作）。台北：商周出版。
俞彥娟（2004）。美國第二波婦女運動歷史研究之回顧：兼評王雅各《台灣婦女解放運動史》。女學學誌：婦女與性別研究 ，（18），215-237。
孫敏華（1998）。現職軍士官對女性軍人態度之研究。軍事社會科學半年刊，（3），1-30。
國防部（2016）。國防部105年度推動性別主流化成果報告。臺北：國防部。
國防部（2021）。國防部性別平等推動計畫（108 至111 年）(110 年修正版) 。臺北：國防部。
國防部（2021）。國防部110 年度性別平等成果報告。臺北：國防部。
國防部（2020）。國防部發布新聞稿，說明「恢復徵兵制」、「女性徵兵服役」等情，2020年9月30日，取自：https://www.mnd.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?p=77400。
郭思餘（譯）（2012）。研究方法 質化與量化方法之應用Understanding Research（W. Lawrence Neuman原著）。台北：雙葉。
莫大華（1996）。美國女性官兵擔任戰鬥職務政策之探析。美歐月刊，11（10），44-59。
莫大華（1997）。美國軍中防治性騷擾問題之研究–兼論對國軍的啟示。國軍八十六年軍事社會科學學術研討會論文集（104-124）
陳三井、朱浤源、吳慧美（1995）。女青年大隊訪問紀錄。台北：中央研究院近代史研究所。
陳鴻獻（2014）。1950年代初期國軍正工制度的重建。國史館館刊，（42），63-87。
華文第（2000）。木蘭風雲五十年。台北：智庫文化。
曾瓊業（2006）。巾幗英雄女青年工作大隊口述歷史。台北：國防部史政編譯室。
鈕文英（2012）。質性研究方法與論文寫作。台北：雙葉。
楊翠（2006）。女性與白色恐怖政治事件。台灣人權與政治事件學術研討會，台中。
楊連仲（譯）（1999）。女性軍人的新契機：對戰備、團結與士氣的影響（Harrell, Margaret C.; Miller, Laura L.原作）。臺北：國防部史政編譯局。
錢淑芬（2011）。軍隊性別平權與去性別化的辯證關係：對「軍人性別化」態度意涵的理論性探討。國防與性別：百年回顧與前瞻學術研討會」論文。台北：國防大學。
盧立莉（2003）。性別與軍隊組織：我國中高階女性軍人與軍隊體制互動經驗探討，社區發展季刊，（104），381-401。
霍海源、畢恆達、劉長萱與楊國樞（2015）。社會及行為科學研究法。台北：東華。

英文文獻
Boss, Christine E. (2001). Women in 1900：Gateway to the Economy of the Twentieth Century (Ed.). Temple University Press.
Dahl, Gorden B, Kotsadam, Andreas; Rooth, Dan-Olof (2021). Does Integration Change Gender Attitudes? The Effect of Randomly Assigning Women to Traditionally Male Teams. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 136 (2): 987–1030.
Diiorio, Judith A. (1992). Feminism and war: Theoretical issues and debates. Reference Services Review, Vol.20, No.2,51-68.
Dower, John W. (1987). War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (Ed.). W. W. Norton&Company.
Doan, Alesha E. (2017). Not a Woman, but a Soldier: Exploring Identity through Translocational Positionality. Sex Roles. 76(3-4),1-14.
Dunivin, Karen O. (1994). Military Culture：Change and Continuity. Armed Forces & Society, Vol.20, No.4, 531-547.
D`Amico, Francine. (1998). Feminist Perspectives on Women Warriors. A Journal of Social Justice. Vol.8, No.3, 379-384.
Goldstein, Joshua S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa (Ed.). Washington DC: American University.
Goldman, Mancy (1973). The Changing Role of Women in the Armed Forces. The University of Chicago Press. Vol.78, No.4, 892-911.
Hampf, M. Michaela (2004). “Dykes’’ or ‘‘whores’’: Sexuality and the Women’s Army Corps in the United States during World War II. Women’s Studies International Forum. Vol.27, No.1, 21-30.
Klein, Uta (1998). War and Gender: what do we learn from Israel? . In Lorentzen, Lois Ann, and Jennifer E. Turpin (Eds.), The Women and War Reader, (pp. 148-154). New York: New York University Press.
Meyer, Leisa D. (1992). Creating G.I. Jane: The Regulation of Sexuality and Sexual Behavior in the Women`s. Feminist Studies, Inc. Vol. 18, No.3,587-601.
Morden, Bettie J. (1990) The Women’s Army Corps 1945-1978. Washington, D.C.
Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna (1996). War and Violence Against Women. In Turpin, J. and Lorentzen, L. (Eds.). The Gendered New World Order: Militarism, Development and the Environment, (pp. 195-211). New York: Routledge.
Nantais, Cynthia; Lee, Martha F. (1999). Women in the United States Military: Protectors or Protected? The Case of Prisoner of War Melissa Rathbun-Nealy. Journal of Gender Studies, Vol.2 ,181-192.
Peterson, V. Spike (1994). Gendered nationalism: Reproducing "Us" versus "Them". Peace Review, Vol.6, No.1, 77-83.
Ruddick, Sara (1990) Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon Press.
Peace Pledge Union (1997) Women and Peace Resource Guide. London: Peace Pledge Union.
Prugl, Elisabeth. (2003). Gender and War: Causes, Constructions, and Critique. Perspectives on Politics, Vol.1, No.2, 335-342.
Roberts, Mary Louise (2013) What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American G.I. in World War II France (Ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Silva, Jennifer M. (2008). "A New Generation of Women? How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity". Social Forces. 87 (2): 937–960.
Stiglmayer, Alexandra (1994) Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Ed.). U of Nebraska Press.
Stewart, Jennifer Nichol (2000). Wacky Times: An Analysis of the WAC in World War II and its Effects on Women. International Social Science Review, Vol.75, No. 1/2, 26-37.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1992) Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Segal, M. W. (1993). Women in the Armed Forces, in: R. Howes & M. Stevenson. (Eds.) Women and Men`s Wars, Oxford: Paragon.
Sharoni, Simona; & Welland, Julia; & Park, Linda Steiner; & Pedersen, Jennifer (2016) Handbook on Gender and War (Eds.). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Woollacott, Angela (1996). Women munitions makers, war and citizenship. Peace Review, Vol.8, No.3:373-378.
Ziobro, Melissa (2012). Skirted Soldiers: The Women`s Army Corps and Gender Integration of the U.S. Army during World War II. Army Historical Foundation, Vol.17, No.4, 36-43.		zh_TW