學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 臺北市國中兼行政教師情緒勞務與職業倦怠對工作幸福感之影響
The Effect of Emotional labor and Occupational Burnout on Job Related Well-being for Junior High School Teachers with a Concurrent Administrative Post in Taipei City作者 董浚昱
TUNG, CHUN-YU貢獻者 吳政達
董浚昱
TUNG, CHUN-YU關鍵詞 情緒勞務
職業倦怠
工作幸福感
國中教師行政
中介效果
Emotional labor
Job burnout
Job well-being
Middle school teacher administration
Mediated effect日期 2023 上傳時間 2-Aug-2023 14:33:04 (UTC+8) 摘要 摘要教師在現今教育環境少子化與社會變遷下面臨兩大轉變，一是學生互動模式轉變，另一是外在壓力擴大。面臨少子化與高社會期待，教師不僅需要個人資源，更需要學校資源的有效配置，才能因應各項外在期待，如各項評鑑或家長參與。然而，城市化所面臨的資源重分配而加諸在教師身上的多元任務，使得教師在面對學生、家長、行政、社會得致力於不同角色扮演，是否加劇教師的壓力及倦怠，進而影響其工作幸福感，是研究學者所關注的議題。因此本研究的目的有三，第一、兼任行政工作教師之工作幸福感如何受到情緒勞務與職業倦怠的影響。第二、兼任行政工作教師之情緒勞務對職業倦怠的影響。第三、探討職業倦怠的中介效果。本研究將以臺北市國中兼任行政工作的教師為研究對象。本研究採取便利抽樣調查方式，問卷回收有效為619份。資料分析採用結構方程模式(SEM)分析，統計結果發現情緒勞務對工作幸福感具有負向顯著的影響、職業倦怠對工作幸福感具有負向顯著的影響、以及情緒勞務對職業倦怠具有顯著的影響。此外，中介效果檢定上，在情緒勞務(EMLA)→職業倦怠(BURN)→工作幸福感(WOHA)的間接效果檢驗中發現職業倦怠具備了中介效果。亦即本研究顯示，臺北市國中教師兼行政，工作上較高的情緒勞務與較高職業倦怠直接影響工作幸福感的降低，且較高的情緒勞務帶來較高的職業倦怠感，對於工作幸福感亦是具有影響力的。這表示未來研究值得關注情緒勞務會透過職業倦怠影響工作幸福感。
AbstractThis study will take the teachers who are part-time administrative workers in junior high schools in Taipei City as the research object. The purpose of the study is twofold. First, how is the job well-being of part-time administrative teachers affected by emotional labor and job burnout? Second, the impact of emotional labor of part-time administrative teachers on job burnout. Third, discuss the mediating effect of job burnout.A total of 619 valid questionnaires were recovered. The data analysis adopts Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis, and the statistical results show that emotional labor has a negative and significant impact on job well-being, job burnout has a negative and significant impact on job well-being, and emotional labor has a significant impact on job burnout . In addition, in the test of the mediating effect, in the indirect effect test of emotional labor service (EMLA)→job burnout (BURN)→work well-being (WOHA), it was found that job burnout had a mediating effect. That is to say, this study shows that for teachers and administrators of junior high schools in Taipei City, higher emotional labor and higher job burnout directly affect the reduction of job well-being, and higher emotional labor leads to higher job burnout, which has a greater impact on job satisfaction. Well-being is also influential. This means that future research should pay attention to the effect of emotional labor on job well-being through job burnout.參考文獻 參考文獻王友蘭. (2018). 幼兒園教師情緒勞務、工作倦怠對離職傾向之研究 [Research on the Correlation between Preschool Teacher`s Emotional Service, Job Burnout and Turnover Intention]. 美和學報, 37(1), 9-40.邢堂萱, & 洪雅惠. (2021). 桃園市國中資源班教師情緒勞務與工作倦怠關係之研究 [A Study on the Relationship between Junior high School Resource Teachers` Emotional Labor and Job Burnout in Taoyuan City]. 溝通障礙教育, 8, 19-49. https://doi.org/10.6933/tjlcd.202109_8.0002陳信憲, & 許銘珊. (2011). 大專校院教師情緒勞務與工作倦怠之相關研究 [The Study of Relationship between the Faculty`s Emotional Labor and Job Burnout in the University]. 高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類(30), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7060/knujst.201106.0001蕭文龍, & 陳世智. (2018). AMOS結構方程模式最佳入門實用書. 基峰資訊.顔國樑, & 李昱憲. (2008). 情緒勞務與工作倦怠內涵相關研究分析及其對國民小學行政的啟示 [A Analysis on the Contents and the Related Studies of Emotional Labor and Burnout and Revelation of Elementary School Administrators]. 學校行政(57), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.6423/hhhc.200809.0001蘇玲慧. (2019). 教師情緒勞務與工作倦怠關係研究之後設分析 [A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Teachers` Emotional Labor and Job Burnout]. 教育行政論壇, 11(1), 53-72.Aaker, D. A., & Bagozzi, R. P. (1979). Unobservable Variables in Structural Equation Models with an Application in Industrial Selling. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(2), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150680Aazami, S., Akmal, S., & Shamsuddin, K. (2015). A model of work-family conflict and well-being among Malaysian working women. Work, 52 3, 687-695.Akın, U. (2020). Exploring the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Organizational Commitment Levels of Teachers. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.91.4Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., Göllner, R., & Trautwein, U. (2018). Student misbehavior and teacher well-being: Testing the mediating role of the teacher-student relationship. Learning and Instruction, 58, 126-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.05.006Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.2307/258824Aulén, A.-M., Pakarinen, E., Feldt, T., & Lerkkanen, M.-K. (2021). Teacher coping profiles in relation to teacher well-being: A mixed method approach. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103323Bagozzi, R. P., & Edwards, J. R. (1998). A General Approach for Representing Constructs in Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 45-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100104Bodenheimer, G., & Shuster, S. M. (2020). Emotional labour, teaching and burnout: Investigating complex relationships. Educational Research, 62(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2019.1705868Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004Bottiani, J. H., Duran, C. A. K., Pas, E. T., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2019). Teacher stress and burnout in urban middle schools: Associations with job demands, resources, and effective classroom practices. Journal of School Psychology, 77, 36-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.002Boyd, N. M., & Nowell, B. (2020). Sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and public service motivation: a simultaneous test of affective states on employee well-being and engagement in a public service work context. Public Management Review, 22(7), 1024-1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2020.1740301Chang, M.-L. (2009). An Appraisal Perspective of Teacher Burnout: Examining the Emotional Work of Teachers. Educational Psychology Review, 21(3), 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9106-yChen, H., Liu, F., Pang, L., Liu, F., Fang, T., Wen, Y., Chen, S., Xie, Z., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., & Gu, X. (2020). Are You Tired of Working amid the Pandemic? The Role of Professional Identity and Job Satisfaction against Job Burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9188. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9188Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/249674Chirico, F., Sharma, M., Zaffina, S., & Magnavita, N. (2020). Spirituality and Prayer on Teacher Stress and Burnout in an Italian Cohort: A Pilot, Before-After Controlled Study [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02933Chung, H.-C., Chen, Y.-C., Chang, S.-C., Hsu, W.-L., & Hsieh, T.-C. (2021). Development and Validation of Nurses’ Well-Being and Caring Nurse–Patient Interaction Model: A Psychometric Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7750. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/7750Churchill, G. A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150876Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: an introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 339-357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.001Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.2307/249524Fernet, C., Chanal, J., & Guay, F. (2017). What fuels the fire: Job- or task-specific motivation (or both)? On the hierarchical and multidimensional nature of teacher motivation in relation to job burnout. Work & Stress, 31(2), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1303758Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312Gracia, E., & Ashkanasy, N. (2014). Emotional Labor as a Dynamic Process in Service Organizations: Development of a Multi-Perspective, Multilevel Model. In (Vol. 10, pp. 331-365). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1746-9791_2014_0000010021Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95Grandey, A. A. (2003). When "the show must go on": Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040678Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010 ). Multivariate Data Analysis.7th Edition Pearson.Hair, J. J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R., L, & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.Han, J., Yin, H., Wang, J., & Bai, Y. (2020). Challenge job demands and job resources to university teacher well-being: the mediation of teacher efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 45(8), 1771-1785. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1594180Hatzinikolakis, J., & Crossman, J. (2020). The Management of Emotional Labor in the Work of Australian University Business School Academics and the Implications for Wellbeing.Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & Cosano-Rivas, F. (2011). Burnout, workplace support, job satisfaction and life satisfaction among social workers in Spain: A structural equation model. International Social Work, 56(2), 228-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872811421620Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit.Huang, S., Yin, H., & Lv, L. (2019). Job characteristics and teacher well-being: The mediation of teacher self-monitoring and teacher self-efficacy. Educational Psychology, 39(3), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1543855Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1992). LISREL VIII: Analysis of linear structural relations. Scientific Software.Junaid, M., Hussain, K., Akram, U., Asghar, M. M., Zafar, S., & Hou, F. (2020). Brand love: the emotional bridge between tourists’ perceived value and well-being. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(12), 1329-1342. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1853577Kenny, D. A. (2006). Series editor’s note. In T. A. Brown (Ed.), Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford.Keyes, C. L. M. (2006). Subjective Well-Being in Mental Health and Human Development Research Worldwide: An Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-5550-3Kim, H. J., Hur, W.-M., Moon, T.-W., & Jun, J.-K. (2017). Is all support equal? The moderating effects of supervisor, coworker, and organizational support on the link between emotional labor and job performance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(2), 124-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2016.11.002Kim, L. E., Jörg, V., & Klassen, R. M. (2019). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Teacher Personality on Teacher Effectiveness and Burnout. Educational Psychology Review, 31(1), 163-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-018-9458-2Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed. Guilford Press.Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 4th ed. Guilford Press.Kuusimäki, A.-M., Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Tirri, K. (2019). The Role of Digital School-Home Communication in Teacher Well-Being [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02257Kwon, K.-A., Ford, T. G., Salvatore, A. L., Randall, K., Jeon, L., Malek-Lasater, A., Ellis, N., Kile, M. S., Horm, D. M., Kim, S. G., & Han, M. (2022). Neglected Elements of a High-Quality Early Childhood Workforce: Whole Teacher Well-Being and Working Conditions. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01124-7Lee, C.-J., Ko, C.-H., Huang, Y.-C., Tsai, Y.-H., & Keng, S. (2020). Effects of Tourism Experience for Job Involvement and Well-Being. Advances in Economics and Business, 8, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2020.080304Lee, Y. H. (2017). Emotional labor, teacher burnout, and turnover intention in high-school physical education teaching. European Physical Education Review, 25(1), 236-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17719559Lin, Y.-C., Yu, C., & Yi, C.-C. (2014). The Effects of Positive Affect, Person-Job Fit, and Well-being on Job Performance. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.9.1537Lin, Y.-S., Huang, W.-S., Yang, C.-T., & Chiang, M.-J. (2014). Work–leisure conflict and its associations with well-being: The roles of social support, leisure participation and job burnout. Tourism Management, 45, 244-252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.004Madigan, D. J., & Kim, L. E. (2021). Towards an understanding of teacher attrition: A meta-analysis of burnout, job satisfaction, and teachers’ intentions to quit. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103425McGivern, G., Currie, G., Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L., & Waring, J. (2015). Hybrid Manager-Professionals` Identity Work: The Maintenance and Hybridization of Medical Professionalism in Managerial Contexts [https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12119]. Public Administration, 93(2), 412-432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12119Nashu, F., & Arora, S. (2020). A Correlational Study to Analyse Burnout in Working Women and its Impact on Well Being. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, 14(2), 100-106.O’Connor, K. (2008). “You choose to care”: Teachers, emotions and professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education - TEACH TEACH EDUC, 24, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.11.008Olcay, G. A., & Kunday, Ö. (2017). Considering Education for Opportunity versus Necessity-Based Entrepreneurs: Does Income Lead to Greater Entrepreneurial Well-Being? Business and Economics Research Journal, 8, 759-772.Olk, S., Lindenmeier, J., Tscheulin, D. K., & Zogaj, A. (2021). Emotional labor in a non-isolated service encounter - The impact of customer observation on perceived authenticity and perceived fairness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102316Pervaiz, S., Ali, A., & Asif, M. (2019). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor strategies and satisfaction of secondary teachers in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management, 33, 721-733. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2017-0350Rajendran, N., Watt, H., & Richardson, P. (2020). Teacher burnout and turnover intent. The Australian Educational Researcher, 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00371-xSaloviita, T., & Pakarinen, E. (2021). Teacher burnout explained: Teacher-, student-, and organisation-level variables. Teaching and Teacher Education, 97, 103221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103221Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., van der Heijden, F. M. M. A., & Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902834021Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513Shir, N. (2015). Entrepreneurial Well-Being: The Payoff Structure of Business CreationSkaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Dimensions of teacher burnout: relations with potential stressors at school. Social Psychology of Education, 20(4), 775-790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9391-0Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2020). Teacher burnout: relations between dimensions of burnout, perceived school context, job satisfaction and motivation for teaching. A longitudinal study. Teachers and Teaching, 26(7-8), 602-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.1913404Smith, M. K., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006Töre, E. (2020). Effects of Intrinsic Motivation on Teacher Emotional Labor: Mediating Role of Affective Commitment. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(5), 390-403. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.277.24Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications [doi:10.1037/10694-000]. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000Tsang, K. K., Teng, Y., Lian, Y., & Wang, L. (2021). School Management Culture, Emotional Labor, and Teacher Burnout in Mainland China. Sustainability, 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169141Vada, S., Prentice, C., & Hsiao, A. (2019). The role of positive psychology in tourists’ behavioural intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 293-303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.06.015Viac, C., & Fraser, P. (2020). Teachers’ well-being: A framework for data collection and analysis. OECD Education Working Papers, 213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/c36fc9d3-enWaldbuesser, C., Rubinsky, V., & Titsworth, S. (2021). Teacher emotional labor: examining teacher feeling rules in the college classroom. Communication Education, 70(4), 384-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2021.1936097Xu, L. (2019). Teacher–researcher role conflict and burnout among Chinese university teachers: a job demand-resources model perspective. Studies in Higher Education, 44(6), 903-919. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1399261Yin, H.-b., & Lee, J. C.-K. (2012). Be passionate, but be rational as well: Emotional rules for Chinese teachers’ work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.08.005Yin, H., Huang, S., & Chen, G. (2019). The relationships between teachers’ emotional labor and their burnout and satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Educational Research Review, 28, 100283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100283Yin, H., Huang, S., & Lee, J. C. K. (2017). Choose your strategy wisely: Examining the relationships between emotional labor in teaching and teacher efficacy in Hong Kong primary schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, 127-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.04.006Yin, H., Huang, S., & Lv, L. (2018). A Multilevel Analysis of Job Characteristics, Emotion Regulation, and Teacher Well-Being: A Job Demands-Resources Model [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02395Zaretsky, R., & Katz, Y. J. (2019). The Relationship between Teachers` Perceptions of Emotional Labor and Teacher Burnout and Teachers` Educational Level. Athens Journal of Education, 6(2), 127-144.Zhang, Y., Li, J., Song, Y., & Gong, Z. (2021). Radical and incremental creativity: associations with work performance and well-being. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(3), 968-983. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2019-0351Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Hua, W. (2019). The Impact of Psychological Capital and Occupational Stress on Teacher Burnout: Mediating Role of Coping Styles. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 28(4), 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00446-4Zheng, X., Shi, X., & Liu, Y. (2020). Leading Teachers` Emotions Like Parents: Relationships Between Paternalistic Leadership, Emotional Labor and Teacher Commitment in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 519-527. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
學校行政碩士在職專班
106911011資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106911011 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 吳政達 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 董浚昱 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) TUNG, CHUN-YU en_US dc.creator (作者) 董浚昱 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) TUNG, CHUN-YU en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Aug-2023 14:33:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Aug-2023 14:33:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Aug-2023 14:33:04 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106911011 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146691 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 學校行政碩士在職專班 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106911011 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 摘要教師在現今教育環境少子化與社會變遷下面臨兩大轉變，一是學生互動模式轉變，另一是外在壓力擴大。面臨少子化與高社會期待，教師不僅需要個人資源，更需要學校資源的有效配置，才能因應各項外在期待，如各項評鑑或家長參與。然而，城市化所面臨的資源重分配而加諸在教師身上的多元任務，使得教師在面對學生、家長、行政、社會得致力於不同角色扮演，是否加劇教師的壓力及倦怠，進而影響其工作幸福感，是研究學者所關注的議題。因此本研究的目的有三，第一、兼任行政工作教師之工作幸福感如何受到情緒勞務與職業倦怠的影響。第二、兼任行政工作教師之情緒勞務對職業倦怠的影響。第三、探討職業倦怠的中介效果。本研究將以臺北市國中兼任行政工作的教師為研究對象。本研究採取便利抽樣調查方式，問卷回收有效為619份。資料分析採用結構方程模式(SEM)分析，統計結果發現情緒勞務對工作幸福感具有負向顯著的影響、職業倦怠對工作幸福感具有負向顯著的影響、以及情緒勞務對職業倦怠具有顯著的影響。此外，中介效果檢定上，在情緒勞務(EMLA)→職業倦怠(BURN)→工作幸福感(WOHA)的間接效果檢驗中發現職業倦怠具備了中介效果。亦即本研究顯示，臺北市國中教師兼行政，工作上較高的情緒勞務與較高職業倦怠直接影響工作幸福感的降低，且較高的情緒勞務帶來較高的職業倦怠感，對於工作幸福感亦是具有影響力的。這表示未來研究值得關注情緒勞務會透過職業倦怠影響工作幸福感。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) AbstractThis study will take the teachers who are part-time administrative workers in junior high schools in Taipei City as the research object. The purpose of the study is twofold. First, how is the job well-being of part-time administrative teachers affected by emotional labor and job burnout? Second, the impact of emotional labor of part-time administrative teachers on job burnout. Third, discuss the mediating effect of job burnout.A total of 619 valid questionnaires were recovered. The data analysis adopts Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis, and the statistical results show that emotional labor has a negative and significant impact on job well-being, job burnout has a negative and significant impact on job well-being, and emotional labor has a significant impact on job burnout . In addition, in the test of the mediating effect, in the indirect effect test of emotional labor service (EMLA)→job burnout (BURN)→work well-being (WOHA), it was found that job burnout had a mediating effect. That is to say, this study shows that for teachers and administrators of junior high schools in Taipei City, higher emotional labor and higher job burnout directly affect the reduction of job well-being, and higher emotional labor leads to higher job burnout, which has a greater impact on job satisfaction. Well-being is also influential. This means that future research should pay attention to the effect of emotional labor on job well-being through job burnout. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究背景與動機 1第二節 研究目的 2第三節 研究流程 3第四節 研究範圍與限制 4第二章 文獻探討 5第一節 情緒勞務的理論與相關研究 5第二節 職業倦怠的理論與相關研究 10第三節 工作幸福感的理論與相關研究 16第三章 研究方法 22第一節 研究架構與假設 22第二節 研究變量的說明 24第三節 研究對象與問卷發放 26第四節 資料分析方法 27第五節 預試分析 27第六節 驗證式因素分析 35第四章 研究結果與討論 47第一節 研究樣本之分析 47第二節 研究變項之現況分析 49第三節 正式樣本之信度(Reliability)分析 53第四節 研究變項之相關分析 56第五節 背景變項之差異分析 58第六節 研究假說與中介效果檢定 72第五章 結論與建議 77第一節 研究結論與實務建議 77第二節 結論與未來研究建議 84參考文獻 85 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2250966 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106911011 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情緒勞務 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 職業倦怠 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 工作幸福感 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國中教師行政 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中介效果 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Emotional labor en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Job burnout en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Job well-being en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Middle school teacher administration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mediated effect en_US dc.title (題名) 臺北市國中兼行政教師情緒勞務與職業倦怠對工作幸福感之影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Effect of Emotional labor and Occupational Burnout on Job Related Well-being for Junior High School Teachers with a Concurrent Administrative Post in Taipei City en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻王友蘭. (2018). 幼兒園教師情緒勞務、工作倦怠對離職傾向之研究 [Research on the Correlation between Preschool Teacher`s Emotional Service, Job Burnout and Turnover Intention]. 美和學報, 37(1), 9-40.邢堂萱, & 洪雅惠. (2021). 桃園市國中資源班教師情緒勞務與工作倦怠關係之研究 [A Study on the Relationship between Junior high School Resource Teachers` Emotional Labor and Job Burnout in Taoyuan City]. 溝通障礙教育, 8, 19-49. https://doi.org/10.6933/tjlcd.202109_8.0002陳信憲, & 許銘珊. (2011). 大專校院教師情緒勞務與工作倦怠之相關研究 [The Study of Relationship between the Faculty`s Emotional Labor and Job Burnout in the University]. 高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類(30), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7060/knujst.201106.0001蕭文龍, & 陳世智. (2018). AMOS結構方程模式最佳入門實用書. 基峰資訊.顔國樑, & 李昱憲. (2008). 情緒勞務與工作倦怠內涵相關研究分析及其對國民小學行政的啟示 [A Analysis on the Contents and the Related Studies of Emotional Labor and Burnout and Revelation of Elementary School Administrators]. 學校行政(57), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.6423/hhhc.200809.0001蘇玲慧. (2019). 教師情緒勞務與工作倦怠關係研究之後設分析 [A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Teachers` Emotional Labor and Job Burnout]. 教育行政論壇, 11(1), 53-72.Aaker, D. A., & Bagozzi, R. P. (1979). Unobservable Variables in Structural Equation Models with an Application in Industrial Selling. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(2), 147-158. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150680Aazami, S., Akmal, S., & Shamsuddin, K. (2015). A model of work-family conflict and well-being among Malaysian working women. Work, 52 3, 687-695.Akın, U. (2020). Exploring the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Organizational Commitment Levels of Teachers. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.91.4Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., Göllner, R., & Trautwein, U. (2018). Student misbehavior and teacher well-being: Testing the mediating role of the teacher-student relationship. Learning and Instruction, 58, 126-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.05.006Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.2307/258824Aulén, A.-M., Pakarinen, E., Feldt, T., & Lerkkanen, M.-K. (2021). Teacher coping profiles in relation to teacher well-being: A mixed method approach. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103323Bagozzi, R. P., & Edwards, J. R. (1998). A General Approach for Representing Constructs in Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 45-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100104Bodenheimer, G., & Shuster, S. M. (2020). Emotional labour, teaching and burnout: Investigating complex relationships. Educational Research, 62(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2019.1705868Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004Bottiani, J. H., Duran, C. A. K., Pas, E. T., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2019). Teacher stress and burnout in urban middle schools: Associations with job demands, resources, and effective classroom practices. Journal of School Psychology, 77, 36-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.002Boyd, N. M., & Nowell, B. (2020). Sense of community, sense of community responsibility, organizational commitment and identification, and public service motivation: a simultaneous test of affective states on employee well-being and engagement in a public service work context. Public Management Review, 22(7), 1024-1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2020.1740301Chang, M.-L. (2009). An Appraisal Perspective of Teacher Burnout: Examining the Emotional Work of Teachers. Educational Psychology Review, 21(3), 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9106-yChen, H., Liu, F., Pang, L., Liu, F., Fang, T., Wen, Y., Chen, S., Xie, Z., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., & Gu, X. (2020). Are You Tired of Working amid the Pandemic? The Role of Professional Identity and Job Satisfaction against Job Burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9188. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9188Chin, W. W. (1998). Commentary: Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi. http://www.jstor.org/stable/249674Chirico, F., Sharma, M., Zaffina, S., & Magnavita, N. (2020). Spirituality and Prayer on Teacher Stress and Burnout in an Italian Cohort: A Pilot, Before-After Controlled Study [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02933Chung, H.-C., Chen, Y.-C., Chang, S.-C., Hsu, W.-L., & Hsieh, T.-C. (2021). Development and Validation of Nurses’ Well-Being and Caring Nurse–Patient Interaction Model: A Psychometric Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7750. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/15/7750Churchill, G. A. (1979). A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150876Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: an introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 339-357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.02.001Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument. MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.2307/249524Fernet, C., Chanal, J., & Guay, F. (2017). What fuels the fire: Job- or task-specific motivation (or both)? On the hierarchical and multidimensional nature of teacher motivation in relation to job burnout. Work & Stress, 31(2), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1303758Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312Gracia, E., & Ashkanasy, N. (2014). Emotional Labor as a Dynamic Process in Service Organizations: Development of a Multi-Perspective, Multilevel Model. In (Vol. 10, pp. 331-365). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1746-9791_2014_0000010021Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95Grandey, A. A. (2003). When "the show must go on": Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040678Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010 ). Multivariate Data Analysis.7th Edition Pearson.Hair, J. J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R., L, & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.Han, J., Yin, H., Wang, J., & Bai, Y. (2020). Challenge job demands and job resources to university teacher well-being: the mediation of teacher efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 45(8), 1771-1785. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1594180Hatzinikolakis, J., & Crossman, J. (2020). The Management of Emotional Labor in the Work of Australian University Business School Academics and the Implications for Wellbeing.Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & Cosano-Rivas, F. (2011). Burnout, workplace support, job satisfaction and life satisfaction among social workers in Spain: A structural equation model. International Social Work, 56(2), 228-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872811421620Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit.Huang, S., Yin, H., & Lv, L. (2019). Job characteristics and teacher well-being: The mediation of teacher self-monitoring and teacher self-efficacy. Educational Psychology, 39(3), 313-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1543855Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1992). LISREL VIII: Analysis of linear structural relations. Scientific Software.Junaid, M., Hussain, K., Akram, U., Asghar, M. M., Zafar, S., & Hou, F. (2020). Brand love: the emotional bridge between tourists’ perceived value and well-being. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(12), 1329-1342. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1853577Kenny, D. A. (2006). Series editor’s note. In T. A. Brown (Ed.), Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford.Keyes, C. L. M. (2006). Subjective Well-Being in Mental Health and Human Development Research Worldwide: An Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-5550-3Kim, H. J., Hur, W.-M., Moon, T.-W., & Jun, J.-K. (2017). Is all support equal? The moderating effects of supervisor, coworker, and organizational support on the link between emotional labor and job performance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(2), 124-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2016.11.002Kim, L. E., Jörg, V., & Klassen, R. M. (2019). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Teacher Personality on Teacher Effectiveness and Burnout. Educational Psychology Review, 31(1), 163-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-018-9458-2Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed. Guilford Press.Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 4th ed. Guilford Press.Kuusimäki, A.-M., Uusitalo-Malmivaara, L., & Tirri, K. (2019). The Role of Digital School-Home Communication in Teacher Well-Being [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02257Kwon, K.-A., Ford, T. G., Salvatore, A. L., Randall, K., Jeon, L., Malek-Lasater, A., Ellis, N., Kile, M. S., Horm, D. M., Kim, S. G., & Han, M. (2022). Neglected Elements of a High-Quality Early Childhood Workforce: Whole Teacher Well-Being and Working Conditions. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01124-7Lee, C.-J., Ko, C.-H., Huang, Y.-C., Tsai, Y.-H., & Keng, S. (2020). Effects of Tourism Experience for Job Involvement and Well-Being. Advances in Economics and Business, 8, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.13189/aeb.2020.080304Lee, Y. H. (2017). Emotional labor, teacher burnout, and turnover intention in high-school physical education teaching. European Physical Education Review, 25(1), 236-253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17719559Lin, Y.-C., Yu, C., & Yi, C.-C. (2014). The Effects of Positive Affect, Person-Job Fit, and Well-being on Job Performance. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.9.1537Lin, Y.-S., Huang, W.-S., Yang, C.-T., & Chiang, M.-J. (2014). Work–leisure conflict and its associations with well-being: The roles of social support, leisure participation and job burnout. Tourism Management, 45, 244-252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.004Madigan, D. J., & Kim, L. E. (2021). Towards an understanding of teacher attrition: A meta-analysis of burnout, job satisfaction, and teachers’ intentions to quit. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103425McGivern, G., Currie, G., Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L., & Waring, J. (2015). Hybrid Manager-Professionals` Identity Work: The Maintenance and Hybridization of Medical Professionalism in Managerial Contexts [https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12119]. Public Administration, 93(2), 412-432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12119Nashu, F., & Arora, S. (2020). A Correlational Study to Analyse Burnout in Working Women and its Impact on Well Being. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, 14(2), 100-106.O’Connor, K. (2008). “You choose to care”: Teachers, emotions and professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education - TEACH TEACH EDUC, 24, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.11.008Olcay, G. A., & Kunday, Ö. (2017). Considering Education for Opportunity versus Necessity-Based Entrepreneurs: Does Income Lead to Greater Entrepreneurial Well-Being? Business and Economics Research Journal, 8, 759-772.Olk, S., Lindenmeier, J., Tscheulin, D. K., & Zogaj, A. (2021). Emotional labor in a non-isolated service encounter - The impact of customer observation on perceived authenticity and perceived fairness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102316Pervaiz, S., Ali, A., & Asif, M. (2019). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor strategies and satisfaction of secondary teachers in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management, 33, 721-733. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2017-0350Rajendran, N., Watt, H., & Richardson, P. (2020). Teacher burnout and turnover intent. The Australian Educational Researcher, 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00371-xSaloviita, T., & Pakarinen, E. (2021). Teacher burnout explained: Teacher-, student-, and organisation-level variables. Teaching and Teacher Education, 97, 103221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103221Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., van der Heijden, F. M. M. A., & Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902834021Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513Shir, N. (2015). Entrepreneurial Well-Being: The Payoff Structure of Business CreationSkaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Dimensions of teacher burnout: relations with potential stressors at school. Social Psychology of Education, 20(4), 775-790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9391-0Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2020). Teacher burnout: relations between dimensions of burnout, perceived school context, job satisfaction and motivation for teaching. A longitudinal study. Teachers and Teaching, 26(7-8), 602-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.1913404Smith, M. K., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006Töre, E. (2020). Effects of Intrinsic Motivation on Teacher Emotional Labor: Mediating Role of Affective Commitment. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(5), 390-403. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2020.277.24Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications [doi:10.1037/10694-000]. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000Tsang, K. K., Teng, Y., Lian, Y., & Wang, L. (2021). School Management Culture, Emotional Labor, and Teacher Burnout in Mainland China. Sustainability, 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169141Vada, S., Prentice, C., & Hsiao, A. (2019). The role of positive psychology in tourists’ behavioural intentions. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 293-303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.06.015Viac, C., & Fraser, P. (2020). Teachers’ well-being: A framework for data collection and analysis. OECD Education Working Papers, 213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/c36fc9d3-enWaldbuesser, C., Rubinsky, V., & Titsworth, S. (2021). Teacher emotional labor: examining teacher feeling rules in the college classroom. Communication Education, 70(4), 384-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2021.1936097Xu, L. (2019). Teacher–researcher role conflict and burnout among Chinese university teachers: a job demand-resources model perspective. Studies in Higher Education, 44(6), 903-919. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1399261Yin, H.-b., & Lee, J. C.-K. (2012). Be passionate, but be rational as well: Emotional rules for Chinese teachers’ work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.08.005Yin, H., Huang, S., & Chen, G. (2019). The relationships between teachers’ emotional labor and their burnout and satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Educational Research Review, 28, 100283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100283Yin, H., Huang, S., & Lee, J. C. K. (2017). Choose your strategy wisely: Examining the relationships between emotional labor in teaching and teacher efficacy in Hong Kong primary schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 66, 127-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.04.006Yin, H., Huang, S., & Lv, L. (2018). A Multilevel Analysis of Job Characteristics, Emotion Regulation, and Teacher Well-Being: A Job Demands-Resources Model [Original Research]. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02395Zaretsky, R., & Katz, Y. J. (2019). The Relationship between Teachers` Perceptions of Emotional Labor and Teacher Burnout and Teachers` Educational Level. Athens Journal of Education, 6(2), 127-144.Zhang, Y., Li, J., Song, Y., & Gong, Z. (2021). Radical and incremental creativity: associations with work performance and well-being. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(3), 968-983. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-12-2019-0351Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Hua, W. (2019). The Impact of Psychological Capital and Occupational Stress on Teacher Burnout: Mediating Role of Coping Styles. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 28(4), 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-019-00446-4Zheng, X., Shi, X., & Liu, Y. (2020). Leading Teachers` Emotions Like Parents: Relationships Between Paternalistic Leadership, Emotional Labor and Teacher Commitment in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 519-527. zh_TW
