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題名 數位平台相關媒體著作權法及公平交易法相關爭議的探討
Digital Platform-Based Media and Its Copyright/Competition Law-related Issues作者 陳昱儒
Chen, Yu-Ju貢獻者 劉孔中
陳昱儒
Chen, Yu-Ju關鍵詞 人工智慧
媒體著作權
數位平台
平台模式
數據
演算法
數位市場法
著作權法
公平交易法
新聞媒體議價法
數位經濟競爭政策白皮書
AI
ChatGPT
Artificial Intelligence
media copyright
digital platforms
platform models
data
algorithms
Copyright Law
Fair Trade Act
Digital Markets Act
News Media Bargaining Code
White Paper on Competition Policy in the Digital Economy日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 14:48:34 (UTC+8) 摘要 新聞媒體肩負著「形成公共意見的媒介，具有監督政府行使公權力、影響國家政策」的重要功能，數位平台挑戰傳統新聞媒體的角色，改變媒體生態，其已成為民眾獲得新聞主要來源，數位平台將新聞媒體業者所產出的內容吸引用戶，再藉由廣告銷售方式，將網路流量「變現」，導致新聞媒體業者收入銳減，此種情況在新興科技AI應用下，相關著作權權益歸屬爭議處於建構階段的現況下，傳統新聞媒體業者產出的創作無法得到保障。鑑於新聞內容具有高度的公共財性質，如不對新聞媒體－重要的新聞內容產製者提供一定的制度設計保障，任由數位平台業者搭便車，勢將影響新聞媒體業者的收入、影響新聞媒體製播新聞、投入言論市場的意願，為此，本文著眼於數位平台運用新興科技與平台模式，並在強大的網路效應致生著作權法及公平交易法爭議下，提出法律觀點與建議，包括：於第四章，探討數位平台相關媒體著作權爭議時，提出以新聞媒體多元及數位平台產業價值鏈角度共同切入提出解決方案；於第五章，就數位平台與新聞媒體議價制度爭議，分析重要國家立法例，並對兩位立法委員已提出之草案及澳洲之《新聞媒體議價法令》進行比較後，提出「著作權法」與「競爭法」觀點共建的台灣模式版本。於第六章，透過對歐盟《數位市場法》及台灣《數位經濟政策白皮書》的分析，建議「建立（事前及事後）層級化的「數位競爭」體制，包括：相應的調修《公平交易法》及《白皮書》，加入事前規範的產業規範（如數據及演算法制度），以確保數位平台上的參與者都有公平競爭的機會。綜上，希望本文在數位平台相關著作權法及公平交易法爭議中，提供更全面的觀點，保護媒體多元，共創新聞自由與媒體價值。
News media bears the crucial functions of "shaping public opinion, supervising government exercise of public authority, and influencing national policies." Digital platforms challenge the traditional roles of news media, altering the media landscape. They have become the primary source of news for the public. Digital platforms attract users with content produced by news media outlets and monetize web traffic through advertising sales, leading to significant declines in revenue for news media entities. In this context, amid ongoing debates over Copyright and Ownership Rights in the realm of emerging AI technology applications, traditional news media creators struggle to secure their creations. Given the highly public nature of news content, if adequate safeguards aren`t provided for key news content producers against digital platforms capitalizing without contribution, it could impact the revenue of news media entities and influence their willingness to create and broadcast news, as well as participate in the marketplace of ideas.To address these concerns, this article focuses on the use of emerging technologies and platform models by digital platforms. Amidst controversies surrounding Copyright Law and Fair-Trade practices, it presents legal viewpoints and suggestions. This includes exploring solutions from the perspectives of news media diversity and the digital platform industry value chain when addressing media-related Copyright disputes in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, it analyzes vital national legislation. It compares proposed drafts from two legislators along with Australia`s " News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code", offering a Taiwanese model that incorporates viewpoints from Copyright Law and Competition Law. Chapter Six suggests establishing a hierarchical "Digital Competition" framework based on an analysis of the EU`s "Digital Markets Act" and Taiwan`s " White Paper on Competition Policy in the Digital Economy." This entails adjusting the "Fair Trade Act" and "White Paper," introducing preemptive industry regulations to ensure fair competition opportunities for participants on digital platforms.In conclusion, this article aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on controversies related to Copyright and Fair-Trade practices concerning digital platforms. 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國立政治大學
科技管理與智慧財產研究所
105364133資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105364133 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 劉孔中 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳昱儒 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Yu-Ju en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳昱儒 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yu-Ju en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 14:48:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 14:48:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 14:48:34 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0105364133 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/146865 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 科技管理與智慧財產研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 105364133 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 新聞媒體肩負著「形成公共意見的媒介，具有監督政府行使公權力、影響國家政策」的重要功能，數位平台挑戰傳統新聞媒體的角色，改變媒體生態，其已成為民眾獲得新聞主要來源，數位平台將新聞媒體業者所產出的內容吸引用戶，再藉由廣告銷售方式，將網路流量「變現」，導致新聞媒體業者收入銳減，此種情況在新興科技AI應用下，相關著作權權益歸屬爭議處於建構階段的現況下，傳統新聞媒體業者產出的創作無法得到保障。鑑於新聞內容具有高度的公共財性質，如不對新聞媒體－重要的新聞內容產製者提供一定的制度設計保障，任由數位平台業者搭便車，勢將影響新聞媒體業者的收入、影響新聞媒體製播新聞、投入言論市場的意願，為此，本文著眼於數位平台運用新興科技與平台模式，並在強大的網路效應致生著作權法及公平交易法爭議下，提出法律觀點與建議，包括：於第四章，探討數位平台相關媒體著作權爭議時，提出以新聞媒體多元及數位平台產業價值鏈角度共同切入提出解決方案；於第五章，就數位平台與新聞媒體議價制度爭議，分析重要國家立法例，並對兩位立法委員已提出之草案及澳洲之《新聞媒體議價法令》進行比較後，提出「著作權法」與「競爭法」觀點共建的台灣模式版本。於第六章，透過對歐盟《數位市場法》及台灣《數位經濟政策白皮書》的分析，建議「建立（事前及事後）層級化的「數位競爭」體制，包括：相應的調修《公平交易法》及《白皮書》，加入事前規範的產業規範（如數據及演算法制度），以確保數位平台上的參與者都有公平競爭的機會。綜上，希望本文在數位平台相關著作權法及公平交易法爭議中，提供更全面的觀點，保護媒體多元，共創新聞自由與媒體價值。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) News media bears the crucial functions of "shaping public opinion, supervising government exercise of public authority, and influencing national policies." Digital platforms challenge the traditional roles of news media, altering the media landscape. They have become the primary source of news for the public. Digital platforms attract users with content produced by news media outlets and monetize web traffic through advertising sales, leading to significant declines in revenue for news media entities. In this context, amid ongoing debates over Copyright and Ownership Rights in the realm of emerging AI technology applications, traditional news media creators struggle to secure their creations. Given the highly public nature of news content, if adequate safeguards aren`t provided for key news content producers against digital platforms capitalizing without contribution, it could impact the revenue of news media entities and influence their willingness to create and broadcast news, as well as participate in the marketplace of ideas.To address these concerns, this article focuses on the use of emerging technologies and platform models by digital platforms. Amidst controversies surrounding Copyright Law and Fair-Trade practices, it presents legal viewpoints and suggestions. This includes exploring solutions from the perspectives of news media diversity and the digital platform industry value chain when addressing media-related Copyright disputes in Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, it analyzes vital national legislation. It compares proposed drafts from two legislators along with Australia`s " News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code", offering a Taiwanese model that incorporates viewpoints from Copyright Law and Competition Law. Chapter Six suggests establishing a hierarchical "Digital Competition" framework based on an analysis of the EU`s "Digital Markets Act" and Taiwan`s " White Paper on Competition Policy in the Digital Economy." This entails adjusting the "Fair Trade Act" and "White Paper," introducing preemptive industry regulations to ensure fair competition opportunities for participants on digital platforms.In conclusion, this article aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on controversies related to Copyright and Fair-Trade practices concerning digital platforms. It strives to safeguard media diversity and foster journalistic freedom and media value. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 誌 謝 i中文摘要 i英文摘要 ii目 次 iii表 次 xii圖 次 xiii第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機與目的 1第二節 研究方法與限制 2第一項 研究方法 2第一款 文獻分析法 2第二款 案例研析法 2第三款 立法政策比較分析法 3第二項 研究限制 4第一款 技術與平台模式不斷更迭 4第二款 法規制度滯後 5第三節 研究架構 5第二章 數位平台的市場特徵與生態圈特性 7第一節 數位平台的定義與分類 7第一項 平台的定義 7第二項 平台的分類 10第二節 數位平台的市場特徵 11第一項 雙邊或多邊市場 11第二項 網路效應 12第三項 平台多棲（Multi-homing）與轉換（平台）成本 14第四項 動態競爭市場 15第三節 數位平台的商業思維與生態圈特性 16第一項 傳統經濟模式與平台經濟模式下的商業思維 16第二項 生態圈與資源共享 17第三章 數位平台與媒體 17第一節 媒體識讀 17第一項 媒體的定義與本質 17第二項 媒體的特性與功能 18第三項 新興科技AI對「表意自由」的挑戰 19第二節 數位平台對新聞媒體的衝擊 20第一項 數位平台是民眾獲得新聞的主要來源 20第二項 數位平台對新聞媒體影響 23第一款 對「新聞媒體的內容來源與成本」的影響 24第二款 對「新聞媒體業務」的影響 24第三款 對「新聞媒體監管單位」的影響 24第四款 對「新聞媒體多元」的影響 25第三項 數位平台與新聞媒體付費議題 27第三節 數位平台對廣告媒體的衝擊 28第四節 本文探討數位平台相關媒體的範圍 28第四章 數位平台相關媒體著作權法爭議 29第一節 新興科技應用與相關著作權法爭議：聚焦人工智慧 29第一項 本文探討的人工智慧（AI）範圍 29第二項 人工智慧產出的數位著作特徵與著作權法議題 31第一款 深度學習人工智慧（包括ChatGPT） 31第二款 人工智慧（AI）的著作權法議題 32第一目 誰是著作人，可否取得著作權 32第二目 以人工智慧訓練資料時的著作權法議題 44第二節 以人工智慧（AI）產出新聞（節目）的著作權爭議 51第一項 以人工智慧產出的新聞作品對「表意自由」的影響 51第二項 以人工智慧產出新聞（含他方轉載）的權益分配爭議 52第三項 以ChatGPT產出的新聞（節目）的著作權歸屬爭議 56第三節 平台業者可否主張合理使用 58第一項 合理使用制度的公私益衡平 58第一款 「合理使用」條款的公益目的 58第二款 從Google v. Oracle軟體案談合理使用的「轉化性」要件 60第三款 從Authors Guild v. Google案談AI機器學習演算法的合理使用 62第二項 主張合理使用對新聞獨立性的影響 63第四節 搭配利益合理分配的權利保護 65第一項 從科技管理的觀點談起 65第二項 權利標記－metadata（元數據） 67第三項 演算法稽核 69第一款 演算法帶來的挑戰 70第二款 如何稽核演算法 70第一目 稽核制度的要求 71第二目 稽核演算法的方法 72第五節 數位平台相關媒體著作權法爭議解決建議：以新聞媒體多元及數位平台產業價值鏈角度共同切入 73第五章 數位平台相關媒體競爭法的爭議 76第一節 歐盟《數位市場法》（Digital Markets Act）簡介 76第一項 立法目的與預期效益 77第二項 大型網路平台（守門人）的認定標準 79第一款 規範對象 79第二款 核心平台服務 80第三款 守門人的要件與門檻 81第三項 對守門人課予的義務及罰責 82第一款 義務 82第二款 罰責 85第二節 從歐盟的競爭管制架構及觀點看市場競爭力及「數據」議題 85第一項 歐盟對「數位平台」的競爭管制架構：競爭政策、競爭法及產業管制法 85第一款 歐盟的「競爭政策」與「數位競爭政策」 86第一目 歐盟的「競爭政策」 86第二目 歐盟的「數位競爭政策」 88第二款 與「數位平台」有關的「競爭法」及「產業管制法」《數位市場法》 89第三款 小結：歐盟「數位平台」的競爭管制架構簡述 91第二項 與「數位平台－政策面」有關的競爭議題 93第一款 適應新挑戰的競爭政策 93第二款 數位時代的競爭政策報告 94第三項 從《數位市場法》看造成「數位平台」弱市場競爭力的關鍵 98第一款 成就大者恆大的守門人地位的重要因素 98第一目 網路效應、多邊平台與轉換成本（門檻） 99第二目 數據累積、生態系統與範圍經濟 102第二款 使用不公平的商業條件，造成弱市場競爭力 105第四項 歐盟對重要的競爭參數「數據」的觀點與「數據戰略」介紹 107第一款 歐盟「數位時代的競爭政策報告」的「數據」觀點 107第一目 對「數據」的觀察與監管見解 107第二目 數據訪問在法律制度，包括競爭規則上的評估因素 109第二款 歐盟的「數據戰略」 111第一目 戰略目標及四個關鍵工具 111第二目 《數據法案》（Data Act） 112第三目 《數據治理法》（Data Governance Act） 113第三節 相關媒體競爭議題 115第一項 《數位市場法》的事前管制邏輯：來自違反競爭的案例經驗 115第二項 《數位市場法》對「數據」及「廣告」的管制規定 116第一款 《數位市場法》與媒體相關的「數據」及「廣告」管制規定 116第一目 數據的保護及使用限制、數據訪問和數據捆綁 117第二目 排名中立，禁止不當的自我偏好 119第三目 廣告中介的透明度 120第二款 從「重要個案或分析」看守門人濫用優勢地位的相關媒體行為 120第一目 與「數據的保護及使用限制、數據訪問規範」議題相關 120第二目 與「排名中立，禁止不當的自我偏好」議題相關－Google Search （Shopping）案 129第三目 與「廣告中介的透明度」議題相關－英國競爭及市場管理局的調查報告 133第四節 新聞媒體付費議題 137第一項 新聞媒體付費議題要維護的價值 137第二項 各國模式與觀點 139第三項 重要的模式介紹 140第一款 著作權法觀點：歐盟《數位單一市場著作權指令》簡介 141第二款 競爭法觀點：澳洲《新聞媒體議價法令》簡介 142第四項 模式如何選擇 144第一款 一場市場競爭的博弈 144第二款 對新聞媒體業者：是雞湯還是毒藥 147第三款 台灣的現狀檢視 147第五項 本文建議：「著作權法」與「競爭法」觀點共建的台灣模式 149第一款 台灣《新聞媒體議價法》各草案的現況 149第二款 本文建議以「著作權法」與「競爭法」觀點共建的台灣模式 150第三款 制定適合台灣的「數位平台媒體議價授權法案」 151第一目 台灣《新聞媒體議價法》各草案（含與澳洲《新聞媒體議價法令》簡單）比較 151第二目 台灣《新聞媒體議價法》各草案中待討論條款 154第三目 本文建議版本 161第六章 台灣相關媒體公平交易的立法展望 168第一節 台灣多以「事後執法」的角度思考媒體的競爭議題 168第一項 「數位經濟競爭政策白皮書」 168第二項 在白皮書視角下的媒體（數據、廣告與新聞）競爭議題 170第一款 數據 170第二款 廣告 172第三款 新聞 173第二節 《數位市場法》的借鏡 174第一項 數位平台做（事前）產業規範的需求（正當性） 175第一款 全球數位平台的弱競爭力局勢 175第二款 科技發展瞬息萬變，等待競爭法介入緩不濟急 176第二項 建議建立數位平台（事前與事後）層級化競爭規範架構 177第七章 結論與建議 178參考文獻 181 zh_TW dc.format.extent 16171461 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105364133 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人工智慧 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體著作權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位平台 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平台模式 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數據 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 演算法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位市場法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 著作權法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公平交易法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聞媒體議價法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位經濟競爭政策白皮書 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) AI en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) ChatGPT en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Artificial Intelligence en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) media copyright en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) digital platforms en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) platform models en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) data en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) algorithms en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Copyright Law en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fair Trade Act en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Digital Markets Act en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) News Media Bargaining Code en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) White Paper on Competition Policy in the Digital Economy en_US dc.title (題名) 數位平台相關媒體著作權法及公平交易法相關爭議的探討 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Digital Platform-Based Media and Its Copyright/Competition Law-related Issues en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文文獻一、書籍１ 魏裕昌，「第1章 資訊傳播的興起與發展」，收於柯舜智主編，資訊傳播概說，翰蘆圖書出版有限公司，頁17-30（2017）。２ 傑弗瑞.帕克（Geoffrey Parker），馬歇爾.范艾爾史泰恩（Marshall Van Alstyne），桑吉.喬德利（Sangeet Paul Choudary），李芳齡譯，平台經濟模式：從啟動、獲利到成長的全方位攻略，天下雜誌（2016）。３ 麥可.庫蘇馬諾（Michael A. 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