學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 肉食悖論與敵意媒體效應：探討法國與臺灣閱聽人 對植物肉報導的感知差異之比較研究
MEAT PARADOX AND HOSTILE MEDIA EFFECT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EXPLORE PERCEPTIONDIFFERENCES OF PLANT-BASED SUBSTITUTES’ NEWS COVERAGE BETWEEN FRENCH AND TAIWANESE AUDIENCES作者 白璐逸
Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémence貢獻者 韓義興
Han, Yi-Hsing
白璐逸
Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémence關鍵詞 肉食悖論
植物肉
敵意媒體效應
比較研究
Meat Paradox
plant-based substitutes
Hostile Media Effect
cross-cultural study日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8) 摘要 Cognitive dissonance happens when beliefs about animal ethics do not match eating behaviours, eliciting conflicting emotions. This is what we call the "Meat Paradox" (Loughnan et al., 2014), an attitudinal ambivalence reinforced by anti-vegan societal and media biases. From this dilemma were invented plant-based substitutes: food products made of vegetarian ingredients, eaten as more ethical replacements for meat. Commonly used for a long time in Taiwan, they have only recently entered European markets. Although beneficial from a health and ecological perspective, they encounter reluctance from many. Previous studies have focused on the roles of moral disengagement to understand the origins of the Meat Paradox (Bastian & Loughnan, 2017) and its cross-cultural disparities (Khara et al., 2021), but the relationship between media portrayals of plant-based substitutes and its audience`s consequential attitudes remain under-investigated. The Hostile Media Effect (HME) is a theory explaining how pre-existing beliefs can influence perception of news content, suggesting that people with strong opinions on a specific issue may perceive its media coverage as biassed against their side, particularly if it is a controversial topic (Gunther & Liebhart, 2006). It may help to explain why some individuals in certain countries might be more resistant to switch to plant-based diets, as their cultural bias shapes their preconceptions about veganism, which in turn affect their interpretation of related media messages. The current research employed a two-condition online experiment (balanced vs. slanted articles) to investigate the HME on French and Taiwanese audiences’ perceptions of plant-based substitutes news stories. Results show Taiwanese to perceive more negativity and paradoxical social norms compared with French participants. With a small sample size and low reliability, this study offers only partial evidence but important insights into the interaction between demographic, sociocultural factors influencing the Meat Paradox and HME.
當有關動物倫理的信念與飲食行為不一致時，就會產生認知失調，從而引發矛盾的情緒。這就是我們所說的 "肉食悖論"（Loughnan 等人，2014），一種因反素食的社會和媒體偏見而加劇的態度矛盾。在這種兩難境地下，人們發明了植物替代品：由素食成分製成的食品，作為肉類更道德的替代品食用。植物替代品在台灣使用已久，最近才進入歐洲市場。儘管從健康和生態角度來看，植物替代品是有益的，但許多人並不願意食用。以往的研究側重於道德脫離的作用，以了解肉類悖論的起源（Bastian & Loughnan，2017）及其跨文化差異（Khara et al.，2021），但媒體對植物基礎替代品的描繪及其受眾所產生的態度之間的關係仍然未受到足夠的研究。敵意媒體效應是一種解釋先前存在的信念如何影響對新聞內容看法的理論，它認為對某一特定問題有強烈意見的人可能會認為媒體的報導對其一方有偏見，尤其是當該問題是一個有爭議的話題時（Gunther & Liebhart，2006）。這可能有助於解釋為什麼某些國家的某些人可能會更抵制轉用植物性飲食，因為他們的文化偏見會影響他們對素食主義的先入之見，進而影響他們對相關媒體信息的解讀。本研究採用了兩種條件的線上實驗（立場平衡文章 vs立場偏斜文章）來研究敵意媒體效應對法國和台灣受眾對植物基替代品新聞報導看法的影響。結果顯示，與法國受試者相比，台灣受試者感知到更多的負面情緒和自相矛盾的社會規範。由於樣本量小、可靠性低，本研究只提供了部分證據，但對影響肉類悖論和敵意媒體效應的人口、社會文化因素之間的相互作用提供了重要見解。參考文獻 • Adams, C. J. (1990). The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. Continuum.• Adams, C. J., Breitman, P., & Messina, V. (2014). Never Too Late to Go Vegan: The Over-50 Guide to Adopting and Thriving on a Plant-Based Diet. The Experiment.• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t• Antoine. (2023). What percentage of Taiwan can speak English? Bubble Tea Island. https://bubbleteaisland.com/2023/05/09/what-percentage-of-taiwan-can-speak-english/• Apostolidis, C., & McLeay, F. (2019). To meat or not to meat? Comparing empowered meat consumers` and anti-consumers` preferences for sustainability labels. Food Quality and Preference, 77, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.04.008• Ariès, P. (2019). Lettre ouverte aux mangeurs de viande qui souhaitent le rester sans culpabiliser: Pourquoi les vegans ont tout faux ! Larousse.• Baker, S. (1993). Picturing the Beast: Animals, Identity, and Representation. Manchester University Press. Bastian, B., &• Loughnan, S. (2017). Resolving the Meat-Paradox: A Motivational Account of Morally Troublesome Behavior and Its Maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316647562• Bastian, B., Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Radke, H. R. M. (2011). Don`t Mind Meat? The Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Human Consumption. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424291• Bechtold, K.-B., Spahic, A., Sommer, L., Nosten, P., Alexandre, M., Jaczniakowska-McGirr, S., Perez-Cueto, A., Faber, I., De Steur, H., Schouteten, J., Rini, L., Machen, P., & Oukka, H.-M. (2021). What consumers want: a survey on European consumer attitudes towards plant-based foods with a focus on flexitarians. In European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (N°862957). Smart Protein Project.• Bentham, J. (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.• Borders, T. F., Rohrer, J. E., & Cardarelli, K. M. (2006). Gender-specific disparities in obesity. Journal of Community Health, 31(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-005-8189-8• BPI France. (2023, February 20). Marché vegan : 40 % des Français veulent consommer davantage de produits végétaux. Big Média. https://bigmedia.bpifrance.fr/decryptages/marche-vegan-40-des-francais-veulent-consommer-davantage-de-produits-vegetaux• Brandner, M. M. E., Fyfe, C. L., Horgan, G. W., & Johnstone, A. M. (2022). Self-Reported Purchasing Behaviour, Sociodemographic Predictors of Plant-Based Protein Purchasing and Knowledge about Protein in Scotland and England. Nutrients, 14(21), 4706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214706• Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., & Bastian, B. (2011). The effect of categorization as food on the perceived moral standing of animals. Appetite, 57(1), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.020• Bryant, C. (2019). We Can`t Keep Meating Like This: Attitudes towards Vegetarian and Vegan Diets in the United Kingdom. Sustainability, 11(23), 6844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236844• Canel-Depitre, B. (2015). La gastronomie française impactée par l`éthique animale. In Proceedings International Marketing Trends Conference 2015. Université Le Havre. http://archives.marketing-trends-congress.com/2015/pages/PDF/008.pdf• Cavazza, N., Pillaud, V., & Butera, F. (2019). Attitudinal ambivalence. Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0254• Chan, Y.-W., Hsia, Y.-Y., Shih, C.-W., & Ting, Y.-S. (2023). The Study on Plant-based Diet Cognition and Consumer Behavior in Taiwan. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 15(3). https://www.ijoi-online.org/attachments/article/426/1280%20Final.pdf• Chang, H.-C. (2020). Investigation About The Consuming Motivation of Vegetable Diet Affecting The Willingness to Recommend [Master`s thesis]. Chaoyang University of Technology.• Chen, H.-S. (2022). Towards Environmentally Sustainable Diets: Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions for Plant-Based Meat Alternatives in Taiwan. Nutrients, 14(18), 3853. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183853• Chen, Y.-J. (2010). Bodily Memory and Sensibility: Culinary Preferences and National Consciousness in the Case of "Taiwanese Cuisine". Taiwan Journal of Anthropology, 8(3), 163–196. https://doi.org/10.7115/tja.201012.0163• Coelho, R. (2019). Veganism – Motivations and obstacles [Master`s thesis]. Linnæus University.• Cole, M., & Morgan, K. (2011). Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK national newspapers. The British Journal of Sociology, 62(1), 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01348.x• Cooper, J. D., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A New Look at Dissonance Theory. Elsevier eBooks, 229–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60121-5• Csabai, J., Szabó, B., Kosztyuné Krajnyák, E., Szabóné Berta, O., & Hörcsik, Z. T. (2022). The Current State of Vegetarianism in Hungary, its Possible Effects on the Agricultural Structure and the Food System. South Western Journal Horticulture, Biology and Environment, 13, 31–57.• Csarnó, H. G., Han, Y.-H., & Hsu, S.-H. (2022). In Social Media We Distrust: Investigating Users` Hostile Media Perception of Facebook News Content. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13313, 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06050-2_9• Cullen, F., & Kingston, H. (2009). Analysis of Rural and Urban Consumer Behavior Toward New Food Products Using a Food-Related Lifestyle Instrument. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 12(1), 18–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020802671842• Dabi, F., Pratviel, E., & Dubrulle, J.-P. (2018). Les Français et le Made in France: Vague 2018 (FD/EP/JPD N° 115601). Département Opinion et Stratégies d’Entreprise, IFOP. https://www.ifop.com/publication/les-francais-et-le-made-in-france-vague-2018/• De Boer, J., & Aiking, H. (2011). On the merits of plant-based proteins for global food security: Marrying macro and micro perspectives. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.001• De Boer, J., Schösler, H., & Aiking, H. (2014). “Meatless days” or “less but better”? Exploring strategies to adapt Western meat consumption to health and sustainability challenges. Appetite, 76, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.002• De Boer, J., Schösler, H., & Boersema, J. J. (2013). Climate change and meat eating: An inconvenient couple? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.09.001• De Gavelle, E., Davidenko, O., Fouillet, H., Delarue, J., Darcel, N., Huneau, J. F., & Mariotti, F. (2019). Self-declared attitudes and beliefs regarding protein sources are a good prediction of the degree of transition to a low-meat diet in France. Appetite, 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104345• Derrida, J. (1989). Cahiers Confrontation: Après le sujet qui vient (By R. Major; Vol. 20). Éditions Aubier-Montaigne.• Desaulniers, E. (2015, January 30). Le végétarisme et ses ennemis : entrevue avec Renan Larue. Penser avant d’ouvrir la bouche. https://penseravantdouvrirlabouche.com/2015/01/30/le-vegetarisme-et-ses-ennemis-entrevue-avec-renan-larue/• Dietz, T., Frisch, A. S., Kalof, L., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values and Vegetarianism: An Exploratory Analysis. Rural Sociology, 60(3), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1995.tb00589.x• Earle, M., Hodson, G., Dhont, K., & MacInnis, C. C. (2019). Eating with our eyes (closed): Effects of visually associating animals with meat on antivegan/vegetarian attitudes and meat consumption willingness. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 818–835. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219861848• Egasse, M. (1888). Bulletin Général de Thérapeutique Médicale, Chirurgicale, Obstétricale et Pharmaceutique (Vol. 115). Académie de Médecine. https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/cote?90014x1888x115• Einhorn, L. (2020). Food, classed? Social inequality and diet: Understanding stratified meat consumption patterns in Germany [PhD dissertation]. Universität zu Köln.• El-Din El-Moussaoui, H. M. E., & Al-Daghestani, S. I. M. (2022). Avoiding information and its relationship to confirmation bias. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(5), 7466–7485.• Fediw, A. (2018). Attitudes toward Vegans and Vegetarians: The Role of Anticipated Moral Reproach and Dissonance [Undergraduate Honours Thesis]. King`s University College.• Fourquet, J., & Jussian, L. (2021). Les Français et leur rapport à la langue anglaise. In Ifop (JF / LJ N° 117809). Le Point. https://www.ifop.com/publication/les-francais-et-leur-rapport-a-la-langue-anglaise/• Francione, G. L. (2012, October 2). "Carnism"? There Is Nothing "Invisible" About The Ideology Of Animal Exploitation. Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach. https://www.abolitionistapproach.com/carnism-there-is-nothing-invisible-about-the-ideology-of-animal-exploitation/• Gallopel, K., & Lesage, C. (2003). Prise en compte du phénomène de dissonance cognitive pour accroître l’efficacité des campagnes anti-tabac sur une cible de jeunes Français. Politiques Et Management Public. https://doi.org/10.3406/pomap.2003.2823• Gallup International Association. (2015). Losing our religion? Two thirds of people still claim to be religious. Worldwide Independent Network of Market Research.• Gan, C. C., & Ting, D. H. (2014). Pre-purchase behaviour: Is there a cognitive dissonance? Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 8(5), 35–40. http://ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2014/Special%202/35-40.pdf• Gibert, M. (2015). Voir son steak comme un animal mort: Véganisme et psychologie morale. Lux Éditeur.• Giroux, V., & Larue, R. (2019). Le véganisme (Que sais-je ?). Presses universitaires de France.• Grauerholz, L. (2007). Cute Enough to Eat: The Transformation of Animals into Meat for Human Consumption in Commercialized Images. Humanity & Society, 31(4), 334–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/016059760703100404• Grundy, E., Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Watkins, K., Houlden, T., Farr, N. G., Askin, H., Lee, J., Mintoft-Jones, A., Cyna, S., Dziegielewski, A., Gelber, R., Rowe, A. A., Mathur, M. B., Timmons, S., Zhao, K., Wilks, M., Peacock, J., Harris, J., . . . Zorker, M. (2021). Interventions that influence animal-product consumption: A meta-review. Future Foods, 5, 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100111• Gunther, A. C. (1998). The Persuasive Press Inference: Effects of Mass Media on Perceived Public Opinion. Communication Research, 25(5), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365098025005002• Gunther, A. C., & Liebhart, J. L. (2006). Broad Reach or Biased Source? Decomposing the Hostile Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00295.x• Gunther, A. C., & Schmitt, K. M. (2004). Mapping Boundaries of the Hostile Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 54(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02613.x• Hansen, G. J., & Kim, H. J. (2011). Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research. Communication Research Reports, 28(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.565280• Ho, S., Goh, T. J., Chuah, A. S. F., Leung, Y. W., Bekalu, M. A., & Viswanath, K. (2020). Past Debates, Fresh Impact on Nano-Enabled Food: A Multigroup Comparison of Presumed Media Influence Model Based on Spillover Effects of Attitude Toward Genetically Modified Food. Journal of Communication, 70(4), 598–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa019• Hoballah, R. (2022, September 27). Transition écologique : les Français sont prêts pour le changement. TF1 INFO. https://www.tf1info.fr/environnement-ecologie/exclusif-transition-ecologique-les-francais-sont-prets-pour-le-changement-selon-notre-sondage-2233624.html• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations – Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. In McGraw-Hill eBooks (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.• Holroyd, E. (2002). Health-Seeking Behaviors and Social Change: The Experience of the Hong Kong Chinese Elderly. Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10432302012006002• Hopkins, P. E., & Dacey, A. (2008). Vegetarian Meat: Could Technology Save Animals and Satisfy Meat Eaters? Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 21(6), 579–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-008-9110-0• Huang, W. (2020, February 21). How China Got Milk (K. Tse, Trans.). Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005211• Huge, M. E., & Glynn, C. J. (2010). Hostile Media and the Campaign Trail: Perceived Media Bias in the Race for Governor. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01473.x• Inglehart, R. (1995). Public Support for Environmental Protection: Objective Problems and Subjective Values in 43 Societies. PS Political Science & Politics, 28(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.2307/420583• Joy, M. (2001, September). From Carnivore to Carnist: Liberating the Language of Meat. Satya.• Joy, M. (2009). Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows: An Introduction to Carnism. Conari Press.• Kühn, D., Profeta, A., Krikser, T., Mehlhose, C., Kircher, C., & Heinz, V. (2022). Adaption of the Meat Attachment Scale (MEAS) to Germany: Interplay with Food Neophobia, Preference for Organic Foods, Social Trust and Trust in Food Technology Innovations. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202204.0246.v1• Kunst, J. R., & Haugestad, C. a. P. (2018). The effects of dissociation on willingness to eat meat are moderated by exposure to unprocessed meat: A cross-cultural demonstration. Appetite, 120, 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.016• Kunst, J. R., & Hohle, S. M. (2016). Meat eaters by dissociation: How we present, prepare and talk about meat increases willingness to eat meat by reducing empathy and disgust. Appetite, 105, 758–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.009• Kupsala, S. (2018). Contesting the meat–animal link and the visibility of animals killed for food: a focus group study in Finland. Food, Culture, and Society, 21(2), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2018.1427928• Lee, K. (2022). New Consumers Embrace Plant-based Trends in Taiwan. In Global Agricultural Information Network (No. TW2022-0013). Agricultural Trade Office of Taipei, United States Department of Agriculture.• Lerner, J. S., & Kalof, L. (1999). The Animal Text: Message and Meaning in Television Advertisements. Sociological Quarterly, 40(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb00568.x Lestel, D. (2011). Apologie du carnivore.• Fayard. Lewis, K. C. (2018). A Meat Paradox: Media`s Role in Mitigating the Omnivore`s Dilemma [Master`s thesis]. University of Southern Mississippi.• Lin, H.-M., Pang, C. L., & Liao, D.-C. (2020). Home food making, belonging, and identity negotiation in Belgian Taiwanese immigrant women`s everyday food practices. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-020-00061-5• Lockwood, A. (2016). The Pig in Thin Air: An Identification. Lantern.• Loughnan, S., Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2014). The Psychology of Eating Animals. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(2), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414525781• Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Bastian, B. (2010). The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals. Appetite, 55(1), 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.043• Luneau, G. (2020). Steak barbare: Hold-up végan sur l`assiette. De l`Aube.• McFalls, E. L., & Cobb-Roberts, D. (2001). Reducing Resistance to Diversity through Cognitive Dissonance Instruction. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487101052002007• McGuire, L., Fry, E., Palmer, S. B., & Faber, N. S. (2022). Age‐related differences in reasoning about the acceptability of eating animals. Social Development, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12655• Mensink, G., Barbosa, C. L., & Brettschneider, A.-K. (2016). Prevalence of persons following a vegetarian diet in Germany. Journal of Health Monitoring. https://doi.org/10.17886/rki-gbe-2016-039• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2022). Education. Government Portal of Republic of China, Taiwan. https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_9.php• Modlinska, K., Adamczyk, D., Maison, D., & Pisula, W. (2020). Gender Differences in Attitudes to Vegans/Vegetarians and Their Food Preferences, and Their Implications for Promoting Sustainable Dietary Patterns–A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 12(16), 6292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166292• Morton, M. (2004). Cupboard Love: A Dictionary of Culinary Curiosities. Insomniac Press.• Moser, S. C., & Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating Climate Change: Closing the Science‐Action Gap. Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.003.0011• Myers, T. A., Nisbet, M. C., Maibach, E. W., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2012). A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Climatic Change, 113(3–4), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0513-6• Naylor, R. W., Droms, C. M., & Haws, K. L. (2009). Eating with a Purpose: Consumer Response to Functional Food Health Claims in Conflicting versus Complementary Information Environments. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.28.2.221• Nickerson, R. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175• Odoxa. (2015). Le regard des Français sur leur gastronomie. https://www.odoxa.fr/sondage/les-francais-et-leur-gastronomie/• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). Regards sur l`éducation 2022. In Regards sur l`éducation. Éditions OCDE. https://doi.org/10.1787/8b532813-fr• Perloff, R. M. (2015). A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect. Mass Communication and Society, 18(6), 701–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234• Pfeiler, T. M., & Egloff, B. (2018). Examining the "Veggie" personality: Results from a representative German sample. Appetite, 120, 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.005• Piazza, J., Rozin, P., Loughnan, S., Luong, M., Kulik, J., Watkins, H. M., & Seigerman, M. (2015). Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns. Appetite, 91, 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.011• Poda, G. G., Hsu, C.-Y., Rau, H.-H., & Chao, J. C. J. (2019). Impact of socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and health status on nutritional status among the elderly in Taiwan. Nutrition Research and Practice, 13(3), 222. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2019.13.3.222• Pohjolainen, P., Tapio, P., Vinnari, M., Jokinen, P., & Räsänen, P. (2016). Consumer consciousness on meat and the environment — Exploring differences. Appetite, 101, 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.012• Pohlmann, A. (2014). Threatened at the Table: Meat Consumption, Maleness and Men`s Gender Identities [PhD dissertation]. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.• Pointke, M., Ohlau, M., Risius, A., & Pawelzik, E. (2022). Plant-Based Only: Investigating Consumers’ Sensory Perception, Motivation, and Knowledge of Different Plant-Based Alternative Products on the Market. Foods, 11(15), 2339. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152339• Pope, S. B. (2016). Cognitive dissonance in relation to the perceived status of farmed animals and meat consumption: Effects on attitudes and behavioural intentions [Master`s thesis]. Central Queensland University.• Poulain, J.-P. (2012). Dictionnaire des cultures alimentaires. Presses Universitaires de France.• PureVPN. (2023). 10 Most Unbiased News Sources in 2023. PUREVPN. https://www.purevpn.com/blog/unbiased-news-sources/• Rachmatullah, A., Ha, M., & Park, J. (2019). Relations among education, religiosity and socioeconomic variables. South African Journal of Education, 39(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1611• Rothgerber, H. (2013). Real men don`t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14(4), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030379• Rothgerber, H., & Rosenfeld, D. (2021). Meat‐related cognitive dissonance: The social psychology of eating animals. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12592• Santo, R., Kim, B. F., Goldman, S. E., Dutkiewicz, J., Biehl, E., Bloem, M. W., Neff, R. A., & Nachman, K. E. (2020). Considering Plant-Based Meat Substitutes and Cell-Based Meats: A Public Health and Food Systems Perspective. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134•Shaw, E., & Mac Con Iomaire, M. (2019). A comparative analysis of the attitudes of rural and urban consumers towards cultured meat. British Food Journal, 121(8), 1782–1800. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2018-0433• Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. HarperCollins.• Soroka, S., Fournier, P., & Nir, L. (2019). Cross-national evidence of a negativity bias in psychophysiological reactions to news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(38), 18888–18892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908369116• Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., & De Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf• Sun, T., & Wu, G. (2004). Consumption patterns of Chinese urban and rural consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(4), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760410542156• Tian, K., & Dong, L. (2010). Consumer-Citizens of China: The Role of Foreign Brands in the Imagined Future China. Routledge. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/34630/1/391033.pdf• Tian, Q., Hilton, D., & Becker, M. (2016). Confronting the meat paradox in different cultural contexts: Reactions among Chinese and French participants. Appetite, 96, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.009• Tian, Q., Zheng, Q., & Li, S. (2019). Underlying Differences Between Chinese Omnivores and Vegetarians in the Evaluations of Different Dietary Groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02644• Vainio, A., Irz, X., & Hartikainen, H. (2018). How effective are messages and their characteristics in changing behavioural intentions to substitute plant-based foods for red meat? The mediating role of prior beliefs. Appetite, 125, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.002• Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577• Verbeke, W., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., De Barcellos, M. D., Krystallis, A., & Grunert, K. G. (2010). European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork. Meat Science, 84(2), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.05.001• Wang, G., Madison, T. P., Bai, Y., & Liu, C. (2022). Consumers’ experiences and preferences for plant-based meat food: Evidence from a choice experiment in four cities of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(1), 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.09.008• Wei, C. (2021, February 16). Plant-Based Meat Has Thrived in Asia for Centuries—and It`s Still Going Strong. Food & Wine. https://www.foodandwine.com/cooking-techniques/plant-based-meat-china-taiwan-buddhist-vegetarian• White, M. P., Pahl, S., Buehner, M. J., & Haye, A. (2003). Trust in Risky Messages: The Role of Prior Attitudes. Risk Analysis, 23(4), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00350• Xie, Y., Cai, L., Zhao, D., Liu, H., & Zhou, G. (2022). Real meat and plant-based meat analogues have different in vitro protein digestibility properties. Food Chemistry, 387, 132917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132917• 經濟部技術處. (2023, July 27). 經濟部展出科技專案研發技術 前列腺癌新藥、仿真植物肉成果吸睛 [Press release]. https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/doit/news/News.aspx?kind=1&menu_id=13419&news_id=110699 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
109461011資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461011 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 韓義興 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Han, Yi-Hsing en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 白璐逸 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémence en_US dc.creator (作者) 白璐逸 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémence en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109461011 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147006 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109461011 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Cognitive dissonance happens when beliefs about animal ethics do not match eating behaviours, eliciting conflicting emotions. This is what we call the "Meat Paradox" (Loughnan et al., 2014), an attitudinal ambivalence reinforced by anti-vegan societal and media biases. From this dilemma were invented plant-based substitutes: food products made of vegetarian ingredients, eaten as more ethical replacements for meat. Commonly used for a long time in Taiwan, they have only recently entered European markets. Although beneficial from a health and ecological perspective, they encounter reluctance from many. Previous studies have focused on the roles of moral disengagement to understand the origins of the Meat Paradox (Bastian & Loughnan, 2017) and its cross-cultural disparities (Khara et al., 2021), but the relationship between media portrayals of plant-based substitutes and its audience`s consequential attitudes remain under-investigated. The Hostile Media Effect (HME) is a theory explaining how pre-existing beliefs can influence perception of news content, suggesting that people with strong opinions on a specific issue may perceive its media coverage as biassed against their side, particularly if it is a controversial topic (Gunther & Liebhart, 2006). It may help to explain why some individuals in certain countries might be more resistant to switch to plant-based diets, as their cultural bias shapes their preconceptions about veganism, which in turn affect their interpretation of related media messages. The current research employed a two-condition online experiment (balanced vs. slanted articles) to investigate the HME on French and Taiwanese audiences’ perceptions of plant-based substitutes news stories. Results show Taiwanese to perceive more negativity and paradoxical social norms compared with French participants. With a small sample size and low reliability, this study offers only partial evidence but important insights into the interaction between demographic, sociocultural factors influencing the Meat Paradox and HME. zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 當有關動物倫理的信念與飲食行為不一致時，就會產生認知失調，從而引發矛盾的情緒。這就是我們所說的 "肉食悖論"（Loughnan 等人，2014），一種因反素食的社會和媒體偏見而加劇的態度矛盾。在這種兩難境地下，人們發明了植物替代品：由素食成分製成的食品，作為肉類更道德的替代品食用。植物替代品在台灣使用已久，最近才進入歐洲市場。儘管從健康和生態角度來看，植物替代品是有益的，但許多人並不願意食用。以往的研究側重於道德脫離的作用，以了解肉類悖論的起源（Bastian & Loughnan，2017）及其跨文化差異（Khara et al.，2021），但媒體對植物基礎替代品的描繪及其受眾所產生的態度之間的關係仍然未受到足夠的研究。敵意媒體效應是一種解釋先前存在的信念如何影響對新聞內容看法的理論，它認為對某一特定問題有強烈意見的人可能會認為媒體的報導對其一方有偏見，尤其是當該問題是一個有爭議的話題時（Gunther & Liebhart，2006）。這可能有助於解釋為什麼某些國家的某些人可能會更抵制轉用植物性飲食，因為他們的文化偏見會影響他們對素食主義的先入之見，進而影響他們對相關媒體信息的解讀。本研究採用了兩種條件的線上實驗（立場平衡文章 vs立場偏斜文章）來研究敵意媒體效應對法國和台灣受眾對植物基替代品新聞報導看法的影響。結果顯示，與法國受試者相比，台灣受試者感知到更多的負面情緒和自相矛盾的社會規範。由於樣本量小、可靠性低，本研究只提供了部分證據，但對影響肉類悖論和敵意媒體效應的人口、社會文化因素之間的相互作用提供了重要見解。 en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements: page iiiAbstract: page ivTable of contents: page viList of figures and tables: page viiiResearch interests: page 11. Introduction: page 51.1. Animal ethics: carnism, antispeciesism, sentience: page 81.2. Attitudinal ambivalence & cognitive dissonance: page 111.3. A systemic mental dissociation: page 141.4. Beyond indifference, reluctance: page 181.5. Culinary pride & food identity: page 211.6. Vegaphobia? Anti-vegan media bias: page 231.7. Opinions on plant-based substitutes: page 252. Literature review: page 282.1. Socioculture of the Meat Paradox: page 282.1.1. The Meat Paradox: page 282.1.2. Religion: page 312.1.3. Residence area: page 332.1.4. Gender: page 352.1.5. Age: page 362.1.6. Education: page 372.1.7. Income: page 382.2. Hostile Media Effect: page 402.2.1 Perceived bias: page 402.2.2. Confirmatory bias: page 422.2.3. Influence of Presumed Media Influence: page 433. Method: page 463.1. Research framework: page 463.1.1. Conceptual model: page 463.1.2. Hypotheses: page 463.2. Experimental design: page 483.2.1. Participants: page 483.2.2. Stimulus materials: page 483.2.3. Procedure: page 503.2.4. Measures: page 513.2.4.1. Independent variables: page 523.2.4.2. Dependent variables: page 543.2.4.3. Control variables: page 563.3. Pilot test: page 583.3.1. Demographics: page 583.3.2. Media use: page 603.3.3. Media phenomena: page 613.3.4. Adjustments: page 644. Results: page 654.1. Survey participation: page 654.2. Descriptive statistics: page 664.2.1. Demographics: page 664.2.2. Media use: page 714.2.2.1. Media use frequency: page 714.2.2.2. Media use intensity: page 714.2.3. Food pride: page 724.3. Socioculture of the Meat Paradox: page 734.3.1. H1 – Religion: page 734.3.2. H2 – Area of residence: page 754.3.3. H3 – Gender: page 764.3.4. H4 – Age: page 774.3.5. H5 – Education: page 784.3.6. H6 – Income: page 794.4. Hostile Media Effect: page 804.4.1. H7 – Perceived bias: page 804.4.2. H8 – Attitude strength: page 834.4.3. H9 – Confirmation Bias: page 844.4.4. H10 – Influence of Presumed Media Influence: page 855. Discussion & Conclusion: page 865.1. Demographics: page 875.2. Socioculture of the Meat Paradox: page 875.3. Hostile Media Effect: page 895.4. Limitations & implications: page 925.5. Conclusion: page 986. References: page 1007. Appendix: page 1157.1. Stimuli: news articles: page 1157.2. Questionnaire: page 117 zh_TW dc.format.extent 10313320 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461011 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 肉食悖論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 植物肉 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 敵意媒體效應 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比較研究 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Meat Paradox en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) plant-based substitutes en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hostile Media Effect en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) cross-cultural study en_US dc.title (題名) 肉食悖論與敵意媒體效應：探討法國與臺灣閱聽人 對植物肉報導的感知差異之比較研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) MEAT PARADOX AND HOSTILE MEDIA EFFECT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EXPLORE PERCEPTIONDIFFERENCES OF PLANT-BASED SUBSTITUTES’ NEWS COVERAGE BETWEEN FRENCH AND TAIWANESE AUDIENCES en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) • Adams, C. J. (1990). The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. Continuum.• Adams, C. J., Breitman, P., & Messina, V. (2014). Never Too Late to Go Vegan: The Over-50 Guide to Adopting and Thriving on a Plant-Based Diet. The Experiment.• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t• Antoine. (2023). What percentage of Taiwan can speak English? Bubble Tea Island. https://bubbleteaisland.com/2023/05/09/what-percentage-of-taiwan-can-speak-english/• Apostolidis, C., & McLeay, F. (2019). To meat or not to meat? Comparing empowered meat consumers` and anti-consumers` preferences for sustainability labels. Food Quality and Preference, 77, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.04.008• Ariès, P. (2019). Lettre ouverte aux mangeurs de viande qui souhaitent le rester sans culpabiliser: Pourquoi les vegans ont tout faux ! Larousse.• Baker, S. (1993). Picturing the Beast: Animals, Identity, and Representation. Manchester University Press. Bastian, B., &• Loughnan, S. (2017). Resolving the Meat-Paradox: A Motivational Account of Morally Troublesome Behavior and Its Maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316647562• Bastian, B., Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Radke, H. R. M. (2011). Don`t Mind Meat? The Denial of Mind to Animals Used for Human Consumption. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424291• Bechtold, K.-B., Spahic, A., Sommer, L., Nosten, P., Alexandre, M., Jaczniakowska-McGirr, S., Perez-Cueto, A., Faber, I., De Steur, H., Schouteten, J., Rini, L., Machen, P., & Oukka, H.-M. (2021). What consumers want: a survey on European consumer attitudes towards plant-based foods with a focus on flexitarians. In European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (N°862957). Smart Protein Project.• Bentham, J. (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.• Borders, T. F., Rohrer, J. E., & Cardarelli, K. M. (2006). Gender-specific disparities in obesity. Journal of Community Health, 31(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-005-8189-8• BPI France. (2023, February 20). Marché vegan : 40 % des Français veulent consommer davantage de produits végétaux. Big Média. https://bigmedia.bpifrance.fr/decryptages/marche-vegan-40-des-francais-veulent-consommer-davantage-de-produits-vegetaux• Brandner, M. M. E., Fyfe, C. L., Horgan, G. W., & Johnstone, A. M. (2022). Self-Reported Purchasing Behaviour, Sociodemographic Predictors of Plant-Based Protein Purchasing and Knowledge about Protein in Scotland and England. Nutrients, 14(21), 4706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214706• Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., & Bastian, B. (2011). The effect of categorization as food on the perceived moral standing of animals. Appetite, 57(1), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.020• Bryant, C. (2019). We Can`t Keep Meating Like This: Attitudes towards Vegetarian and Vegan Diets in the United Kingdom. Sustainability, 11(23), 6844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236844• Canel-Depitre, B. (2015). La gastronomie française impactée par l`éthique animale. In Proceedings International Marketing Trends Conference 2015. Université Le Havre. http://archives.marketing-trends-congress.com/2015/pages/PDF/008.pdf• Cavazza, N., Pillaud, V., & Butera, F. (2019). Attitudinal ambivalence. Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0254• Chan, Y.-W., Hsia, Y.-Y., Shih, C.-W., & Ting, Y.-S. (2023). The Study on Plant-based Diet Cognition and Consumer Behavior in Taiwan. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 15(3). https://www.ijoi-online.org/attachments/article/426/1280%20Final.pdf• Chang, H.-C. (2020). Investigation About The Consuming Motivation of Vegetable Diet Affecting The Willingness to Recommend [Master`s thesis]. Chaoyang University of Technology.• Chen, H.-S. (2022). Towards Environmentally Sustainable Diets: Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions for Plant-Based Meat Alternatives in Taiwan. Nutrients, 14(18), 3853. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183853• Chen, Y.-J. (2010). Bodily Memory and Sensibility: Culinary Preferences and National Consciousness in the Case of "Taiwanese Cuisine". Taiwan Journal of Anthropology, 8(3), 163–196. https://doi.org/10.7115/tja.201012.0163• Coelho, R. (2019). Veganism – Motivations and obstacles [Master`s thesis]. Linnæus University.• Cole, M., & Morgan, K. (2011). Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK national newspapers. The British Journal of Sociology, 62(1), 134–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01348.x• Cooper, J. D., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A New Look at Dissonance Theory. Elsevier eBooks, 229–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60121-5• Csabai, J., Szabó, B., Kosztyuné Krajnyák, E., Szabóné Berta, O., & Hörcsik, Z. T. (2022). The Current State of Vegetarianism in Hungary, its Possible Effects on the Agricultural Structure and the Food System. South Western Journal Horticulture, Biology and Environment, 13, 31–57.• Csarnó, H. G., Han, Y.-H., & Hsu, S.-H. (2022). In Social Media We Distrust: Investigating Users` Hostile Media Perception of Facebook News Content. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13313, 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06050-2_9• Cullen, F., & Kingston, H. (2009). Analysis of Rural and Urban Consumer Behavior Toward New Food Products Using a Food-Related Lifestyle Instrument. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 12(1), 18–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020802671842• Dabi, F., Pratviel, E., & Dubrulle, J.-P. (2018). Les Français et le Made in France: Vague 2018 (FD/EP/JPD N° 115601). Département Opinion et Stratégies d’Entreprise, IFOP. https://www.ifop.com/publication/les-francais-et-le-made-in-france-vague-2018/• De Boer, J., & Aiking, H. (2011). On the merits of plant-based proteins for global food security: Marrying macro and micro perspectives. Ecological Economics, 70(7), 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.001• De Boer, J., Schösler, H., & Aiking, H. (2014). “Meatless days” or “less but better”? Exploring strategies to adapt Western meat consumption to health and sustainability challenges. Appetite, 76, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.002• De Boer, J., Schösler, H., & Boersema, J. J. (2013). Climate change and meat eating: An inconvenient couple? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.09.001• De Gavelle, E., Davidenko, O., Fouillet, H., Delarue, J., Darcel, N., Huneau, J. F., & Mariotti, F. (2019). Self-declared attitudes and beliefs regarding protein sources are a good prediction of the degree of transition to a low-meat diet in France. Appetite, 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104345• Derrida, J. (1989). Cahiers Confrontation: Après le sujet qui vient (By R. Major; Vol. 20). Éditions Aubier-Montaigne.• Desaulniers, E. (2015, January 30). Le végétarisme et ses ennemis : entrevue avec Renan Larue. Penser avant d’ouvrir la bouche. https://penseravantdouvrirlabouche.com/2015/01/30/le-vegetarisme-et-ses-ennemis-entrevue-avec-renan-larue/• Dietz, T., Frisch, A. S., Kalof, L., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values and Vegetarianism: An Exploratory Analysis. Rural Sociology, 60(3), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1995.tb00589.x• Earle, M., Hodson, G., Dhont, K., & MacInnis, C. C. (2019). Eating with our eyes (closed): Effects of visually associating animals with meat on antivegan/vegetarian attitudes and meat consumption willingness. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 818–835. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219861848• Egasse, M. (1888). Bulletin Général de Thérapeutique Médicale, Chirurgicale, Obstétricale et Pharmaceutique (Vol. 115). Académie de Médecine. https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histmed/medica/cote?90014x1888x115• Einhorn, L. (2020). Food, classed? Social inequality and diet: Understanding stratified meat consumption patterns in Germany [PhD dissertation]. Universität zu Köln.• El-Din El-Moussaoui, H. M. E., & Al-Daghestani, S. I. M. (2022). Avoiding information and its relationship to confirmation bias. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(5), 7466–7485.• Fediw, A. (2018). Attitudes toward Vegans and Vegetarians: The Role of Anticipated Moral Reproach and Dissonance [Undergraduate Honours Thesis]. King`s University College.• Fourquet, J., & Jussian, L. (2021). Les Français et leur rapport à la langue anglaise. In Ifop (JF / LJ N° 117809). Le Point. https://www.ifop.com/publication/les-francais-et-leur-rapport-a-la-langue-anglaise/• Francione, G. L. (2012, October 2). "Carnism"? There Is Nothing "Invisible" About The Ideology Of Animal Exploitation. Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach. https://www.abolitionistapproach.com/carnism-there-is-nothing-invisible-about-the-ideology-of-animal-exploitation/• Gallopel, K., & Lesage, C. (2003). Prise en compte du phénomène de dissonance cognitive pour accroître l’efficacité des campagnes anti-tabac sur une cible de jeunes Français. Politiques Et Management Public. https://doi.org/10.3406/pomap.2003.2823• Gallup International Association. (2015). Losing our religion? Two thirds of people still claim to be religious. Worldwide Independent Network of Market Research.• Gan, C. C., & Ting, D. H. (2014). Pre-purchase behaviour: Is there a cognitive dissonance? Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 8(5), 35–40. http://ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2014/Special%202/35-40.pdf• Gibert, M. (2015). Voir son steak comme un animal mort: Véganisme et psychologie morale. Lux Éditeur.• Giroux, V., & Larue, R. (2019). Le véganisme (Que sais-je ?). Presses universitaires de France.• Grauerholz, L. (2007). Cute Enough to Eat: The Transformation of Animals into Meat for Human Consumption in Commercialized Images. Humanity & Society, 31(4), 334–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/016059760703100404• Grundy, E., Slattery, P., Saeri, A. K., Watkins, K., Houlden, T., Farr, N. G., Askin, H., Lee, J., Mintoft-Jones, A., Cyna, S., Dziegielewski, A., Gelber, R., Rowe, A. A., Mathur, M. B., Timmons, S., Zhao, K., Wilks, M., Peacock, J., Harris, J., . . . Zorker, M. (2021). Interventions that influence animal-product consumption: A meta-review. Future Foods, 5, 100111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100111• Gunther, A. C. (1998). The Persuasive Press Inference: Effects of Mass Media on Perceived Public Opinion. Communication Research, 25(5), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365098025005002• Gunther, A. C., & Liebhart, J. L. (2006). Broad Reach or Biased Source? Decomposing the Hostile Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00295.x• Gunther, A. C., & Schmitt, K. M. (2004). Mapping Boundaries of the Hostile Media Effect. Journal of Communication, 54(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02613.x• Hansen, G. J., & Kim, H. J. (2011). Is the Media Biased Against Me? A Meta-Analysis of the Hostile Media Effect Research. Communication Research Reports, 28(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.565280• Ho, S., Goh, T. J., Chuah, A. S. F., Leung, Y. W., Bekalu, M. A., & Viswanath, K. (2020). Past Debates, Fresh Impact on Nano-Enabled Food: A Multigroup Comparison of Presumed Media Influence Model Based on Spillover Effects of Attitude Toward Genetically Modified Food. Journal of Communication, 70(4), 598–621. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa019• Hoballah, R. (2022, September 27). Transition écologique : les Français sont prêts pour le changement. TF1 INFO. https://www.tf1info.fr/environnement-ecologie/exclusif-transition-ecologique-les-francais-sont-prets-pour-le-changement-selon-notre-sondage-2233624.html• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations – Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. In McGraw-Hill eBooks (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.• Holroyd, E. (2002). Health-Seeking Behaviors and Social Change: The Experience of the Hong Kong Chinese Elderly. Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10432302012006002• Hopkins, P. E., & Dacey, A. (2008). Vegetarian Meat: Could Technology Save Animals and Satisfy Meat Eaters? Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 21(6), 579–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-008-9110-0• Huang, W. (2020, February 21). How China Got Milk (K. Tse, Trans.). Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005211• Huge, M. E., & Glynn, C. J. (2010). Hostile Media and the Campaign Trail: Perceived Media Bias in the Race for Governor. Journal of Communication, 60(1), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01473.x• Inglehart, R. (1995). Public Support for Environmental Protection: Objective Problems and Subjective Values in 43 Societies. PS Political Science & Politics, 28(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.2307/420583• Joy, M. (2001, September). From Carnivore to Carnist: Liberating the Language of Meat. Satya.• Joy, M. (2009). Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows: An Introduction to Carnism. Conari Press.• Kühn, D., Profeta, A., Krikser, T., Mehlhose, C., Kircher, C., & Heinz, V. (2022). Adaption of the Meat Attachment Scale (MEAS) to Germany: Interplay with Food Neophobia, Preference for Organic Foods, Social Trust and Trust in Food Technology Innovations. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202204.0246.v1• Kunst, J. R., & Haugestad, C. a. P. (2018). The effects of dissociation on willingness to eat meat are moderated by exposure to unprocessed meat: A cross-cultural demonstration. Appetite, 120, 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.016• Kunst, J. R., & Hohle, S. M. (2016). Meat eaters by dissociation: How we present, prepare and talk about meat increases willingness to eat meat by reducing empathy and disgust. Appetite, 105, 758–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.009• Kupsala, S. (2018). Contesting the meat–animal link and the visibility of animals killed for food: a focus group study in Finland. Food, Culture, and Society, 21(2), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528014.2018.1427928• Lee, K. (2022). New Consumers Embrace Plant-based Trends in Taiwan. In Global Agricultural Information Network (No. TW2022-0013). Agricultural Trade Office of Taipei, United States Department of Agriculture.• Lerner, J. S., & Kalof, L. (1999). The Animal Text: Message and Meaning in Television Advertisements. Sociological Quarterly, 40(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb00568.x Lestel, D. (2011). Apologie du carnivore.• Fayard. Lewis, K. C. (2018). A Meat Paradox: Media`s Role in Mitigating the Omnivore`s Dilemma [Master`s thesis]. University of Southern Mississippi.• Lin, H.-M., Pang, C. L., & Liao, D.-C. (2020). Home food making, belonging, and identity negotiation in Belgian Taiwanese immigrant women`s everyday food practices. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-020-00061-5• Lockwood, A. (2016). The Pig in Thin Air: An Identification. Lantern.• Loughnan, S., Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2014). The Psychology of Eating Animals. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(2), 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414525781• Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Bastian, B. (2010). The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals. Appetite, 55(1), 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.043• Luneau, G. (2020). Steak barbare: Hold-up végan sur l`assiette. De l`Aube.• McFalls, E. L., & Cobb-Roberts, D. (2001). Reducing Resistance to Diversity through Cognitive Dissonance Instruction. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487101052002007• McGuire, L., Fry, E., Palmer, S. B., & Faber, N. S. (2022). Age‐related differences in reasoning about the acceptability of eating animals. Social Development, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12655• Mensink, G., Barbosa, C. L., & Brettschneider, A.-K. (2016). Prevalence of persons following a vegetarian diet in Germany. Journal of Health Monitoring. https://doi.org/10.17886/rki-gbe-2016-039• Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2022). Education. Government Portal of Republic of China, Taiwan. https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_9.php• Modlinska, K., Adamczyk, D., Maison, D., & Pisula, W. (2020). Gender Differences in Attitudes to Vegans/Vegetarians and Their Food Preferences, and Their Implications for Promoting Sustainable Dietary Patterns–A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 12(16), 6292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166292• Morton, M. (2004). Cupboard Love: A Dictionary of Culinary Curiosities. Insomniac Press.• Moser, S. C., & Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating Climate Change: Closing the Science‐Action Gap. Oxford University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566600.003.0011• Myers, T. A., Nisbet, M. C., Maibach, E. W., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2012). A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Climatic Change, 113(3–4), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0513-6• Naylor, R. W., Droms, C. M., & Haws, K. L. (2009). Eating with a Purpose: Consumer Response to Functional Food Health Claims in Conflicting versus Complementary Information Environments. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.28.2.221• Nickerson, R. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175• Odoxa. (2015). Le regard des Français sur leur gastronomie. https://www.odoxa.fr/sondage/les-francais-et-leur-gastronomie/• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). Regards sur l`éducation 2022. In Regards sur l`éducation. Éditions OCDE. https://doi.org/10.1787/8b532813-fr• Perloff, R. M. (2015). A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect. Mass Communication and Society, 18(6), 701–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1051234• Pfeiler, T. M., & Egloff, B. (2018). Examining the "Veggie" personality: Results from a representative German sample. Appetite, 120, 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.005• Piazza, J., Rozin, P., Loughnan, S., Luong, M., Kulik, J., Watkins, H. M., & Seigerman, M. (2015). Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns. Appetite, 91, 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.011• Poda, G. G., Hsu, C.-Y., Rau, H.-H., & Chao, J. C. J. (2019). Impact of socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and health status on nutritional status among the elderly in Taiwan. Nutrition Research and Practice, 13(3), 222. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2019.13.3.222• Pohjolainen, P., Tapio, P., Vinnari, M., Jokinen, P., & Räsänen, P. (2016). Consumer consciousness on meat and the environment — Exploring differences. Appetite, 101, 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.012• Pohlmann, A. (2014). Threatened at the Table: Meat Consumption, Maleness and Men`s Gender Identities [PhD dissertation]. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.• Pointke, M., Ohlau, M., Risius, A., & Pawelzik, E. (2022). Plant-Based Only: Investigating Consumers’ Sensory Perception, Motivation, and Knowledge of Different Plant-Based Alternative Products on the Market. Foods, 11(15), 2339. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11152339• Pope, S. B. (2016). Cognitive dissonance in relation to the perceived status of farmed animals and meat consumption: Effects on attitudes and behavioural intentions [Master`s thesis]. Central Queensland University.• Poulain, J.-P. (2012). Dictionnaire des cultures alimentaires. Presses Universitaires de France.• PureVPN. (2023). 10 Most Unbiased News Sources in 2023. PUREVPN. https://www.purevpn.com/blog/unbiased-news-sources/• Rachmatullah, A., Ha, M., & Park, J. (2019). Relations among education, religiosity and socioeconomic variables. South African Journal of Education, 39(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1611• Rothgerber, H. (2013). Real men don`t eat (vegetable) quiche: Masculinity and the justification of meat consumption. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14(4), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030379• Rothgerber, H., & Rosenfeld, D. (2021). Meat‐related cognitive dissonance: The social psychology of eating animals. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12592• Santo, R., Kim, B. F., Goldman, S. E., Dutkiewicz, J., Biehl, E., Bloem, M. W., Neff, R. A., & Nachman, K. E. (2020). Considering Plant-Based Meat Substitutes and Cell-Based Meats: A Public Health and Food Systems Perspective. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134•Shaw, E., & Mac Con Iomaire, M. (2019). A comparative analysis of the attitudes of rural and urban consumers towards cultured meat. British Food Journal, 121(8), 1782–1800. https://doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2018-0433• Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. HarperCollins.• Soroka, S., Fournier, P., & Nir, L. (2019). Cross-national evidence of a negativity bias in psychophysiological reactions to news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(38), 18888–18892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908369116• Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M., & De Haan, C. (2006). Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/a0701e/a0701e.pdf• Sun, T., & Wu, G. (2004). Consumption patterns of Chinese urban and rural consumers. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 21(4), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760410542156• Tian, K., & Dong, L. (2010). Consumer-Citizens of China: The Role of Foreign Brands in the Imagined Future China. Routledge. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/34630/1/391033.pdf• Tian, Q., Hilton, D., & Becker, M. (2016). Confronting the meat paradox in different cultural contexts: Reactions among Chinese and French participants. Appetite, 96, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.009• Tian, Q., Zheng, Q., & Li, S. (2019). Underlying Differences Between Chinese Omnivores and Vegetarians in the Evaluations of Different Dietary Groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02644• Vainio, A., Irz, X., & Hartikainen, H. (2018). How effective are messages and their characteristics in changing behavioural intentions to substitute plant-based foods for red meat? The mediating role of prior beliefs. Appetite, 125, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.002• Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577• Verbeke, W., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., De Barcellos, M. D., Krystallis, A., & Grunert, K. G. (2010). European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork. Meat Science, 84(2), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.05.001• Wang, G., Madison, T. P., Bai, Y., & Liu, C. (2022). Consumers’ experiences and preferences for plant-based meat food: Evidence from a choice experiment in four cities of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(1), 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2022.09.008• Wei, C. (2021, February 16). Plant-Based Meat Has Thrived in Asia for Centuries—and It`s Still Going Strong. Food & Wine. https://www.foodandwine.com/cooking-techniques/plant-based-meat-china-taiwan-buddhist-vegetarian• White, M. P., Pahl, S., Buehner, M. J., & Haye, A. (2003). Trust in Risky Messages: The Role of Prior Attitudes. Risk Analysis, 23(4), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00350• Xie, Y., Cai, L., Zhao, D., Liu, H., & Zhou, G. (2022). Real meat and plant-based meat analogues have different in vitro protein digestibility properties. Food Chemistry, 387, 132917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132917• 經濟部技術處. (2023, July 27). 經濟部展出科技專案研發技術 前列腺癌新藥、仿真植物肉成果吸睛 [Press release]. https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/doit/news/News.aspx?kind=1&menu_id=13419&news_id=110699 zh_TW
