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題名 肉食悖論與敵意媒體效應：探討法國與臺灣閱聽人 對植物肉報導的感知差異之比較研究
MEAT PARADOX AND HOSTILE MEDIA EFFECT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EXPLORE PERCEPTIONDIFFERENCES OF PLANT-BASED SUBSTITUTES’ NEWS COVERAGE BETWEEN FRENCH AND TAIWANESE AUDIENCES
作者 白璐逸
Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémence
貢獻者 韓義興
Han, Yi-Hsing
白璐逸
Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémence
關鍵詞 肉食悖論
植物肉
敵意媒體效應
比較研究
Meat Paradox
plant-based substitutes
Hostile Media Effect
cross-cultural study
日期 2023
上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 Cognitive dissonance happens when beliefs about animal ethics do not match eating behaviours, eliciting conflicting emotions. This is what we call the "Meat Paradox" (Loughnan et al., 2014), an attitudinal ambivalence reinforced by anti-vegan societal and media biases. From this dilemma were invented plant-based substitutes: food products made of vegetarian ingredients, eaten as more ethical replacements for meat. Commonly used for a long time in Taiwan, they have only recently entered European markets. Although beneficial from a health and ecological perspective, they encounter reluctance from many. Previous studies have focused on the roles of moral disengagement to understand the origins of the Meat Paradox (Bastian & Loughnan, 2017) and its cross-cultural disparities (Khara et al., 2021), but the relationship between media portrayals of plant-based substitutes and its audience`s consequential attitudes remain under-investigated. The Hostile Media Effect (HME) is a theory explaining how pre-existing beliefs can influence perception of news content, suggesting that people with strong opinions on a specific issue may perceive its media coverage as biassed against their side, particularly if it is a controversial topic (Gunther & Liebhart, 2006). It may help to explain why some individuals in certain countries might be more resistant to switch to plant-based diets, as their cultural bias shapes their preconceptions about veganism, which in turn affect their interpretation of related media messages. The current research employed a two-condition online experiment (balanced vs. slanted articles) to investigate the HME on French and Taiwanese audiences’ perceptions of plant-based substitutes news stories. Results show Taiwanese to perceive more negativity and paradoxical social norms compared with French participants. With a small sample size and low reliability, this study offers only partial evidence but important insights into the interaction between demographic, sociocultural factors influencing the Meat Paradox and HME.
當有關動物倫理的信念與飲食行為不一致時，就會產生認知失調，從而引發矛盾的情緒。這就是我們所說的 "肉食悖論"（Loughnan 等人，2014），一種因反素食的社會和媒體偏見而加劇的態度矛盾。在這種兩難境地下，人們發明了植物替代品：由素食成分製成的食品，作為肉類更道德的替代品食用。植物替代品在台灣使用已久，最近才進入歐洲市場。儘管從健康和生態角度來看，植物替代品是有益的，但許多人並不願意食用。以往的研究側重於道德脫離的作用，以了解肉類悖論的起源（Bastian & Loughnan，2017）及其跨文化差異（Khara et al.，2021），但媒體對植物基礎替代品的描繪及其受眾所產生的態度之間的關係仍然未受到足夠的研究。敵意媒體效應是一種解釋先前存在的信念如何影響對新聞內容看法的理論，它認為對某一特定問題有強烈意見的人可能會認為媒體的報導對其一方有偏見，尤其是當該問題是一個有爭議的話題時（Gunther & Liebhart，2006）。這可能有助於解釋為什麼某些國家的某些人可能會更抵制轉用植物性飲食，因為他們的文化偏見會影響他們對素食主義的先入之見，進而影響他們對相關媒體信息的解讀。本研究採用了兩種條件的線上實驗（立場平衡文章 vs立場偏斜文章）來研究敵意媒體效應對法國和台灣受眾對植物基替代品新聞報導看法的影響。結果顯示，與法國受試者相比，台灣受試者感知到更多的負面情緒和自相矛盾的社會規範。由於樣本量小、可靠性低，本研究只提供了部分證據，但對影響肉類悖論和敵意媒體效應的人口、社會文化因素之間的相互作用提供了重要見解。
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
109461011
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 韓義興zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Han, Yi-Hsingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 白璐逸zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémenceen_US
dc.creator (作者) 白璐逸zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Blandeau-Michel, Louise Manon Clémenceen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 15:18:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109461011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147006-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109461011zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Cognitive dissonance happens when beliefs about animal ethics do not match eating behaviours, eliciting conflicting emotions. This is what we call the "Meat Paradox" (Loughnan et al., 2014), an attitudinal ambivalence reinforced by anti-vegan societal and media biases. From this dilemma were invented plant-based substitutes: food products made of vegetarian ingredients, eaten as more ethical replacements for meat. Commonly used for a long time in Taiwan, they have only recently entered European markets. Although beneficial from a health and ecological perspective, they encounter reluctance from many. Previous studies have focused on the roles of moral disengagement to understand the origins of the Meat Paradox (Bastian & Loughnan, 2017) and its cross-cultural disparities (Khara et al., 2021), but the relationship between media portrayals of plant-based substitutes and its audience`s consequential attitudes remain under-investigated. The Hostile Media Effect (HME) is a theory explaining how pre-existing beliefs can influence perception of news content, suggesting that people with strong opinions on a specific issue may perceive its media coverage as biassed against their side, particularly if it is a controversial topic (Gunther & Liebhart, 2006). It may help to explain why some individuals in certain countries might be more resistant to switch to plant-based diets, as their cultural bias shapes their preconceptions about veganism, which in turn affect their interpretation of related media messages. The current research employed a two-condition online experiment (balanced vs. slanted articles) to investigate the HME on French and Taiwanese audiences’ perceptions of plant-based substitutes news stories. Results show Taiwanese to perceive more negativity and paradoxical social norms compared with French participants. With a small sample size and low reliability, this study offers only partial evidence but important insights into the interaction between demographic, sociocultural factors influencing the Meat Paradox and HME.zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 當有關動物倫理的信念與飲食行為不一致時，就會產生認知失調，從而引發矛盾的情緒。這就是我們所說的 "肉食悖論"（Loughnan 等人，2014），一種因反素食的社會和媒體偏見而加劇的態度矛盾。在這種兩難境地下，人們發明了植物替代品：由素食成分製成的食品，作為肉類更道德的替代品食用。植物替代品在台灣使用已久，最近才進入歐洲市場。儘管從健康和生態角度來看，植物替代品是有益的，但許多人並不願意食用。以往的研究側重於道德脫離的作用，以了解肉類悖論的起源（Bastian & Loughnan，2017）及其跨文化差異（Khara et al.，2021），但媒體對植物基礎替代品的描繪及其受眾所產生的態度之間的關係仍然未受到足夠的研究。敵意媒體效應是一種解釋先前存在的信念如何影響對新聞內容看法的理論，它認為對某一特定問題有強烈意見的人可能會認為媒體的報導對其一方有偏見，尤其是當該問題是一個有爭議的話題時（Gunther & Liebhart，2006）。這可能有助於解釋為什麼某些國家的某些人可能會更抵制轉用植物性飲食，因為他們的文化偏見會影響他們對素食主義的先入之見，進而影響他們對相關媒體信息的解讀。本研究採用了兩種條件的線上實驗（立場平衡文章 vs立場偏斜文章）來研究敵意媒體效應對法國和台灣受眾對植物基替代品新聞報導看法的影響。結果顯示，與法國受試者相比，台灣受試者感知到更多的負面情緒和自相矛盾的社會規範。由於樣本量小、可靠性低，本研究只提供了部分證據，但對影響肉類悖論和敵意媒體效應的人口、社會文化因素之間的相互作用提供了重要見解。en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements: page iii
Abstract: page iv
Table of contents: page vi
List of figures and tables: page viii
Research interests: page 1
1. Introduction: page 5
1.1. Animal ethics: carnism, antispeciesism, sentience: page 8
1.2. Attitudinal ambivalence & cognitive dissonance: page 11
1.3. A systemic mental dissociation: page 14
1.4. Beyond indifference, reluctance: page 18
1.5. Culinary pride & food identity: page 21
1.6. Vegaphobia? Anti-vegan media bias: page 23
1.7. Opinions on plant-based substitutes: page 25
2. Literature review: page 28
2.1. Socioculture of the Meat Paradox: page 28
2.1.1. The Meat Paradox: page 28
2.1.2. Religion: page 31
2.1.3. Residence area: page 33
2.1.4. Gender: page 35
2.1.5. Age: page 36
2.1.6. Education: page 37
2.1.7. Income: page 38
2.2. Hostile Media Effect: page 40
2.2.1 Perceived bias: page 40
2.2.2. Confirmatory bias: page 42
2.2.3. Influence of Presumed Media Influence: page 43
3. Method: page 46
3.1. Research framework: page 46
3.1.1. Conceptual model: page 46
3.1.2. Hypotheses: page 46
3.2. Experimental design: page 48
3.2.1. Participants: page 48
3.2.2. Stimulus materials: page 48
3.2.3. Procedure: page 50
3.2.4. Measures: page 51
3.2.4.1. Independent variables: page 52
3.2.4.2. Dependent variables: page 54
3.2.4.3. Control variables: page 56
3.3. Pilot test: page 58
3.3.1. Demographics: page 58
3.3.2. Media use: page 60
3.3.3. Media phenomena: page 61
3.3.4. Adjustments: page 64
4. Results: page 65
4.1. Survey participation: page 65
4.2. Descriptive statistics: page 66
4.2.1. Demographics: page 66
4.2.2. Media use: page 71
4.2.2.1. Media use frequency: page 71
4.2.2.2. Media use intensity: page 71
4.2.3. Food pride: page 72
4.3. Socioculture of the Meat Paradox: page 73
4.3.1. H1 – Religion: page 73
4.3.2. H2 – Area of residence: page 75
4.3.3. H3 – Gender: page 76
4.3.4. H4 – Age: page 77
4.3.5. H5 – Education: page 78
4.3.6. H6 – Income: page 79
4.4. Hostile Media Effect: page 80
4.4.1. H7 – Perceived bias: page 80
4.4.2. H8 – Attitude strength: page 83
4.4.3. H9 – Confirmation Bias: page 84
4.4.4. H10 – Influence of Presumed Media Influence: page 85
5. Discussion & Conclusion: page 86
5.1. Demographics: page 87
5.2. Socioculture of the Meat Paradox: page 87
5.3. Hostile Media Effect: page 89
5.4. Limitations & implications: page 92
5.5. Conclusion: page 98
6. References: page 100
7. Appendix: page 115
7.1. Stimuli: news articles: page 115
7.2. Questionnaire: page 117		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 10313320 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109461011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 肉食悖論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 植物肉zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 敵意媒體效應zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比較研究zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Meat Paradoxen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) plant-based substitutesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hostile Media Effecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) cross-cultural studyen_US
dc.title (題名) 肉食悖論與敵意媒體效應：探討法國與臺灣閱聽人 對植物肉報導的感知差異之比較研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) MEAT PARADOX AND HOSTILE MEDIA EFFECT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EXPLORE PERCEPTIONDIFFERENCES OF PLANT-BASED SUBSTITUTES’ NEWS COVERAGE BETWEEN FRENCH AND TAIWANESE AUDIENCESen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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