1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Social Science
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 串流音樂平台的興起對於歌曲長度的影響
The impact of the rise of streaming music platforms on song lengths
作者 吳俊儀
Wu, Chun-Yi
貢獻者 黃柏鈞
Huang, Po-Chun
吳俊儀
Wu, Chun-Yi
關鍵詞 串流音樂平台
歌曲長度
新冠疫情
固定效果估計法
兩階段最小平方法
Streaming music platforms
Song length
Fixed-effect estimation
2SLS
COVID-19
日期 2023
上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 15:33:44 (UTC+8)
摘要 串流音樂平台的興起造成音樂產業從實體銷售漸漸轉向串流媒體與數位銷售，而此音樂產業改變可能影響歌曲結構的變化。本文分析串流媒體平台Spotify歌曲排行資料，與266名歌手的個別資料，旨在探討串流音樂平台的訂閱人數增加是否會造成歌曲長度縮短，並對歌曲長度縮短的機制提出推測以及實證。本文首要以固定效果估計法（Fixed-effect estimation）分析串流音樂平台的使用人數佔比與歌曲長度的關係，並以新冠疫情的政策與嚴重程度作為工具變數（Instrumental variables, IV），以兩階段最小平方法（Two Stage Least Square , 2SLS）去除內生性的影響。個體資料部分將利用固定效果估計法去分析歌曲長度與串流次數的關係，並分析歌曲長度變短的原因。實證結果發現串流音樂平台使用人數佔國家比例對於歌曲長度有顯著影響，使用人數比例每增加1%，歌曲長度將下降1.68%，推論平台使用人數增加將導致歌曲長度變短。另外，本文透過創作者在疫情前有無創建TikTok帳號探討歌曲長度縮短的原因，並以實證結果推論歌曲長度改變的因素不全然是因為消費者偏好篩選的結果。
The rise of streaming music platforms has caused the music industry to gradually shift from physical sales to streaming media. This transformation in the music industry may affect changes in song structures. This article analyzes the song ranking data on the music streaming platform Spotify, as well as individual data from 266 artists, with the aim of exploring whether the increase in subscribers to streaming platforms leads to a decrease in song length. Additionally, the article proposes speculation and empirical evidence regarding the mechanisms behind the reduction in song length. The primary analysis in this article utilizes a Fixed-effect estimation to examine the relationship between the proportion of users on streaming music platforms and song length. The policy measures and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic are used as instrumental variables (IV) to control for endogeneity through a two-stage least square (2SLS) approach. In the individual-level analysis, a Fixed-effect estimation is employed to analyze the relationship between song length and the number of streaming instances, as well as to identify the reasons behind the decrease in song length. The empirical results reveal a significant impact of the proportion of users on streaming music platforms on song length. For every 1% increase in the proportion of users, song length decreases by 1.68%. It can be inferred that an increase in platform users leads to a reduction in song length. Furthermore, this article explores the reasons behind the decrease in song length by examining whether the creators had TikTok accounts prior to the pandemic. The empirical results suggest that factors influencing changes in song length are not solely a result of consumer preference filtering.
參考文獻 文化策進院（2022）。2021年台灣文化內容消費趨勢調查報告。https://taicca.tw/uploads/userfiles/220523_2021%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A.pdf?ref=22cs.xyz
文化策進院（2020）。台灣音樂產業轉型劍指何方？從跨界游移的異業合作談起。https://taicca.tw/article/577e71d7
文化策進院（2020）。版權合法卻產生「抄襲爭議」？談華語流行音樂遇上嘻哈 Type Beat 創作的文化衝突。https://taicca.tw/article/6461196f
Activate. (2022). Streaming services used for both music and podcasts in the United States in 2022, by platform [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1351506/streaming-services-music-podcasts-united-states/
Aguiar, L. (2017). Let the music play? Free streaming and its effects on digital music consumption. Information Economics and Policy, 41, 1-14.
Aguiar, L., and Waldfogel, J. (2018). As Streaming Reaches Flood Stage, Does It Stimulate or Depress Music Sales?. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 57, 278-307.
Airnow. (December 3, 2020). Leading music app titles in the Apple App Store in Sweden in November 2020, by number of downloads [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/698788/top-iphone-music-apps-in-sweden-by-number-of-downloads/
Aly-Tovar, R., Bacache-Beauvallet, M., Bourreau, M., and Moreau, F. (2020). Why would artists favor free streaming?. Journal of Cultural Economics, 44, 255-280.
AudienceProject. (May 6, 2020). Which music streaming services do you use? [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/750813/share-of-individuals-using-selected-music-streaming-and-download-services-in-norway/
Billboard(2018), Wixen Music Publishing Calls Out Spotify for Trying to ‘Confuse’ Its Clients Regarding New $1.6B Lawsuit.
https://www.billboard.com/pro/spotify-lawsuit-wixen-music-publishing-confuse-clients-response/
Burgoyne, J. A., Wild, J., and Fujinaga, I. (2011). An Expert Ground Truth Set for Audio Chord Recognition and Music Analysis. In ISMIR (Vol. 11, pp. 633-638).
ChosunBiz. (2017). Sales value of leading digital music companies in South Korea in the first half of 2017 (in billion South Korean won) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/942867/south-korea-major-digital-music-companies-sales-value/
Cooper, M., and Foote, J. (2003). Summarizing popular music via structural similarity analysis. In 2003 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (IEEE Cat. No. 03TH8684) (pp. 127-130). IEEE.
Counterpoint(2019), YoY to Cross 350 Million Subscriptions in 2019.
https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-online-music-streaming-grew-2019/
Crosby, P., and McKenzie, J. (2022). Survey evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on Australian musicians and implications for policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 28(2), 166-186.
Crosby, P., Lenten, L. J., and McKenzie, J. (2018). Social media followers as music fans: Analysis of a music poll event. Economics letters, 168, 85-89.
Curtis, J. S. (2006). Culture and the digital copyright chimera: Assessing the international regulatory system of the music industry in relation to cultural diversity. International Journal of Cultural Property, 13(1), 59-97.
Danaher, B., Huang, Y., Smith, M. D., and Telang, R. (2014). An Empirical Analysis of Digital Music Bundling Strategies. Management Science, 60(6), 1413-1433.
Davenport, T. H., and Beck, J. C. (2001). The attention economy. Ubiquity, 2001(May), 1-es.
Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rodés-Guirao, Cameron Appel, Charlie Giattino, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Saloni Dattani, Diana Beltekian, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser (2020) - "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: `https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus` [Online Resource]
Feldkamp, J. (2021). The rise of TikTok: the evolution of a social media platform during COVID-19. Digital Responses to Covid-19: Digital Innovation, Transformation, and Entrepreneurship During Pandemic Outbreaks, 73-85.
Fortune (2019), Songs Are Getting Shorter. Blame the Economics of Streaming Music. https://fortune.com/2019/01/17/shorter-songs-spotify/
Hiller, R. S. (2016). Sales displacement and streaming music: Evidence from YouTube. Information Economics and Policy, 34, 16-26.
Hiller, R. S., Walter, J. M. (2017). The Rise of Streaming Music and Implications for Music Production. Review of Network Economics, 16(4）, 351-385.
IFPI (2018), Music Consumer Insight Report.
IFPI (2019), Music Listening, A look at how recorded music is enjoyed around the world.
IFPI (2022), Engage With Music.
iiMedia Research. (2023). Number of monthly active users (MAU) of the leading music streaming apps in China as of December 2022 (in millions) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/711295/china-leading-mobile-music-platforms-by-active-user-number/
Impress. (2018). Leading online music streaming services in Japan in 2018, by share of users [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/880047/japan-music-streaming-services-by-user-numbers/
Kaye, D. B. V. (2022). Please duet this: collaborative music making in lockdown on TikTok. Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network, 15(1).
Kworb(n.d.). Spotify Charts Aggregates of all daily and weekly charts provided by Spotify. Retrieved from https://kworb.net/spotify/
Lamere P. (2014). The Skip. https://musicmachinery.com/2014/05/02/the-skip/.
Lidestri, Jim.(2019). BuzzAngle Music 2018 Year-End Report: U.S. Music Industry Consumption.
https://www.buzzanglemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/BuzzAngle-Music-2018-US-Report-Industry.pdf
Marshall, L. (2015). ‘Let`s keep music special. F—Spotify’: on-demand streaming and the controversy over artist royalties. Creative Industries Journal, 8(2), 177-189.
Montecchio, N., Roy, P., and Pachet, F. (2020). The skipping behavior of users of music streaming services and its relation to musical structure. Plos one, 15(9), e0239418.
Mourelatos, E., and Mourelatos, H. (2022). Online video sharing and revenues during the pandemic. Evidence from musical stream data. Applied Economics Letters, 1-7.
Multiscope. (2019). Estimated number of users of music streaming services in the Netherlands in 2018 [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1046134/estimate-of-most-popular-music-streaming-services-in-the-netherlands/
Music Streaming - Worldwide. (n.d.). Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-media/digital-music/music-streaming/worldwide?currency=USD
Nunes, J. C., Ordanini, A., and Valsesia, F. (2015). The power of repetition: Repetitive lyrics in a song increase processing fluency and drive market success. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(2), 187-199.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report September 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/34ffc900-en.
Ofcom. (July 18, 2018). Share of subscribers to music streaming services in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017 [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/898426/music-streaming-services-penetration/
Oliver, P. G., and Lalchev, S. (2022). Digital Transformation in the Music Industry: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Accelerated New Business Opportunities. In Rethinking the Music Business: Music Contexts, Rights, Data, and COVID-19 (pp. 55-72). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Parliament, U. K. (2020). Economics of Music Streaming.
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5802/cmselect/cmcumeds/50/5002.htm
Quartz (2019), The economics of streaming is making songs shorter. https://qz.com/1519823/is-spotify-making-songs-shorter/
RIAA (2022), Year-End Music Industry Revenue Report
Counter Point Search (2020), Global Online Music Streaming Grew 32%
RIAJ(2019), Statistics Trends.
https://www.riaj.or.jp/f/pdf/issue/industry/RIAJ2019E.pdf.
Ritchie, H., Mathieu, E., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Ortiz-Ospina, E., ... and Roser, M. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Our world in data.
Sim, J., Cho, D., Hwang, Y., and Telang, R. (2022). Frontiers: virus shook the streaming star: estimating the COVID-19 impact on music consumption. Marketing Science, 41(1), 19-32.
SNEP. (2018). Music streaming service usage rate among users in France in 2019, by provider [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/975318/ranking-popular-music-streaming-services-france/
Statista. (2023). Number of TikTok users worldwide from 2018 to 2027 (in millions） [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 06, 2023, from
https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1142687/tiktok-users-worldwid
Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2003). Introduction to econometrics (Vol. 104). Boston: Addison Wesley.
USAtoday. (2022), Once upon a time, musicians hated making videos for MTV. Now, artists` ire is aimed at TikTok.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/06/11/halsey-releases-so-good-after-viral-tiktok-video-drama/7560235001/
Way, S. F., Garcia-Gathright, J., & Cramer, H. (2020). Local trends in global music streaming. In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media (Vol. 14, pp. 705-714).
Wlömert, N., and Papies, D. (2016). On-demand streaming services and music industry revenues—Insights from Spotify`s market entry. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(2), 314-327.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟學系
110258031
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110258031
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃柏鈞zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Po-Chunen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳俊儀zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Chun-Yien_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳俊儀zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Chun-Yien_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 15:33:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 15:33:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 15:33:44 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110258031en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147070-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 經濟學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110258031zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 串流音樂平台的興起造成音樂產業從實體銷售漸漸轉向串流媒體與數位銷售，而此音樂產業改變可能影響歌曲結構的變化。本文分析串流媒體平台Spotify歌曲排行資料，與266名歌手的個別資料，旨在探討串流音樂平台的訂閱人數增加是否會造成歌曲長度縮短，並對歌曲長度縮短的機制提出推測以及實證。本文首要以固定效果估計法（Fixed-effect estimation）分析串流音樂平台的使用人數佔比與歌曲長度的關係，並以新冠疫情的政策與嚴重程度作為工具變數（Instrumental variables, IV），以兩階段最小平方法（Two Stage Least Square , 2SLS）去除內生性的影響。個體資料部分將利用固定效果估計法去分析歌曲長度與串流次數的關係，並分析歌曲長度變短的原因。實證結果發現串流音樂平台使用人數佔國家比例對於歌曲長度有顯著影響，使用人數比例每增加1%，歌曲長度將下降1.68%，推論平台使用人數增加將導致歌曲長度變短。另外，本文透過創作者在疫情前有無創建TikTok帳號探討歌曲長度縮短的原因，並以實證結果推論歌曲長度改變的因素不全然是因為消費者偏好篩選的結果。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The rise of streaming music platforms has caused the music industry to gradually shift from physical sales to streaming media. This transformation in the music industry may affect changes in song structures. This article analyzes the song ranking data on the music streaming platform Spotify, as well as individual data from 266 artists, with the aim of exploring whether the increase in subscribers to streaming platforms leads to a decrease in song length. Additionally, the article proposes speculation and empirical evidence regarding the mechanisms behind the reduction in song length. The primary analysis in this article utilizes a Fixed-effect estimation to examine the relationship between the proportion of users on streaming music platforms and song length. The policy measures and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic are used as instrumental variables (IV) to control for endogeneity through a two-stage least square (2SLS) approach. In the individual-level analysis, a Fixed-effect estimation is employed to analyze the relationship between song length and the number of streaming instances, as well as to identify the reasons behind the decrease in song length. The empirical results reveal a significant impact of the proportion of users on streaming music platforms on song length. For every 1% increase in the proportion of users, song length decreases by 1.68%. It can be inferred that an increase in platform users leads to a reduction in song length. Furthermore, this article explores the reasons behind the decrease in song length by examining whether the creators had TikTok accounts prior to the pandemic. The empirical results suggest that factors influencing changes in song length are not solely a result of consumer preference filtering.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第一節 串流音樂平台 4
第二節 新冠疫情對串流音樂影響 7
第三節 TikTok 平台對串流音樂影響 9
第三章 資料與樣本 11
第一節 總體資料 11
第二節 個體資料 12
第四章 模型 13
第一節 總體資料模型設置 13
第二節 內生性問題 15
第三節 個體資料模型設置 16
第五章 實證結果 18
第一節 總體資料分析結果 19
第二節 個體資料分析結果 21
第六章 結論 22
第七章 研究限制 24
參考文獻 24		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2228088 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110258031en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 串流音樂平台zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歌曲長度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新冠疫情zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 固定效果估計法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兩階段最小平方法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Streaming music platformsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Song lengthen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Fixed-effect estimationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 2SLSen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) COVID-19en_US
dc.title (題名) 串流音樂平台的興起對於歌曲長度的影響zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The impact of the rise of streaming music platforms on song lengthsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 文化策進院（2022）。2021年台灣文化內容消費趨勢調查報告。https://taicca.tw/uploads/userfiles/220523_2021%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%B6%A8%E5%8B%A2%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A.pdf?ref=22cs.xyz
文化策進院（2020）。台灣音樂產業轉型劍指何方？從跨界游移的異業合作談起。https://taicca.tw/article/577e71d7
文化策進院（2020）。版權合法卻產生「抄襲爭議」？談華語流行音樂遇上嘻哈 Type Beat 創作的文化衝突。https://taicca.tw/article/6461196f
Activate. (2022). Streaming services used for both music and podcasts in the United States in 2022, by platform [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1351506/streaming-services-music-podcasts-united-states/
Aguiar, L. (2017). Let the music play? Free streaming and its effects on digital music consumption. Information Economics and Policy, 41, 1-14.
Aguiar, L., and Waldfogel, J. (2018). As Streaming Reaches Flood Stage, Does It Stimulate or Depress Music Sales?. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 57, 278-307.
Airnow. (December 3, 2020). Leading music app titles in the Apple App Store in Sweden in November 2020, by number of downloads [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/698788/top-iphone-music-apps-in-sweden-by-number-of-downloads/
Aly-Tovar, R., Bacache-Beauvallet, M., Bourreau, M., and Moreau, F. (2020). Why would artists favor free streaming?. Journal of Cultural Economics, 44, 255-280.
AudienceProject. (May 6, 2020). Which music streaming services do you use? [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/750813/share-of-individuals-using-selected-music-streaming-and-download-services-in-norway/
Billboard(2018), Wixen Music Publishing Calls Out Spotify for Trying to ‘Confuse’ Its Clients Regarding New $1.6B Lawsuit.
https://www.billboard.com/pro/spotify-lawsuit-wixen-music-publishing-confuse-clients-response/
Burgoyne, J. A., Wild, J., and Fujinaga, I. (2011). An Expert Ground Truth Set for Audio Chord Recognition and Music Analysis. In ISMIR (Vol. 11, pp. 633-638).
ChosunBiz. (2017). Sales value of leading digital music companies in South Korea in the first half of 2017 (in billion South Korean won) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/942867/south-korea-major-digital-music-companies-sales-value/
Cooper, M., and Foote, J. (2003). Summarizing popular music via structural similarity analysis. In 2003 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (IEEE Cat. No. 03TH8684) (pp. 127-130). IEEE.
Counterpoint(2019), YoY to Cross 350 Million Subscriptions in 2019.
https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-online-music-streaming-grew-2019/
Crosby, P., and McKenzie, J. (2022). Survey evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on Australian musicians and implications for policy. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 28(2), 166-186.
Crosby, P., Lenten, L. J., and McKenzie, J. (2018). Social media followers as music fans: Analysis of a music poll event. Economics letters, 168, 85-89.
Curtis, J. S. (2006). Culture and the digital copyright chimera: Assessing the international regulatory system of the music industry in relation to cultural diversity. International Journal of Cultural Property, 13(1), 59-97.
Danaher, B., Huang, Y., Smith, M. D., and Telang, R. (2014). An Empirical Analysis of Digital Music Bundling Strategies. Management Science, 60(6), 1413-1433.
Davenport, T. H., and Beck, J. C. (2001). The attention economy. Ubiquity, 2001(May), 1-es.
Edouard Mathieu, Hannah Ritchie, Lucas Rodés-Guirao, Cameron Appel, Charlie Giattino, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Saloni Dattani, Diana Beltekian, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser (2020) - "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: `https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus` [Online Resource]
Feldkamp, J. (2021). The rise of TikTok: the evolution of a social media platform during COVID-19. Digital Responses to Covid-19: Digital Innovation, Transformation, and Entrepreneurship During Pandemic Outbreaks, 73-85.
Fortune (2019), Songs Are Getting Shorter. Blame the Economics of Streaming Music. https://fortune.com/2019/01/17/shorter-songs-spotify/
Hiller, R. S. (2016). Sales displacement and streaming music: Evidence from YouTube. Information Economics and Policy, 34, 16-26.
Hiller, R. S., Walter, J. M. (2017). The Rise of Streaming Music and Implications for Music Production. Review of Network Economics, 16(4）, 351-385.
IFPI (2018), Music Consumer Insight Report.
IFPI (2019), Music Listening, A look at how recorded music is enjoyed around the world.
IFPI (2022), Engage With Music.
iiMedia Research. (2023). Number of monthly active users (MAU) of the leading music streaming apps in China as of December 2022 (in millions) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/711295/china-leading-mobile-music-platforms-by-active-user-number/
Impress. (2018). Leading online music streaming services in Japan in 2018, by share of users [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/880047/japan-music-streaming-services-by-user-numbers/
Kaye, D. B. V. (2022). Please duet this: collaborative music making in lockdown on TikTok. Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network, 15(1).
Kworb(n.d.). Spotify Charts Aggregates of all daily and weekly charts provided by Spotify. Retrieved from https://kworb.net/spotify/
Lamere P. (2014). The Skip. https://musicmachinery.com/2014/05/02/the-skip/.
Lidestri, Jim.(2019). BuzzAngle Music 2018 Year-End Report: U.S. Music Industry Consumption.
https://www.buzzanglemusic.com/wp-content/uploads/BuzzAngle-Music-2018-US-Report-Industry.pdf
Marshall, L. (2015). ‘Let`s keep music special. F—Spotify’: on-demand streaming and the controversy over artist royalties. Creative Industries Journal, 8(2), 177-189.
Montecchio, N., Roy, P., and Pachet, F. (2020). The skipping behavior of users of music streaming services and its relation to musical structure. Plos one, 15(9), e0239418.
Mourelatos, E., and Mourelatos, H. (2022). Online video sharing and revenues during the pandemic. Evidence from musical stream data. Applied Economics Letters, 1-7.
Multiscope. (2019). Estimated number of users of music streaming services in the Netherlands in 2018 [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1046134/estimate-of-most-popular-music-streaming-services-in-the-netherlands/
Music Streaming - Worldwide. (n.d.). Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-media/digital-music/music-streaming/worldwide?currency=USD
Nunes, J. C., Ordanini, A., and Valsesia, F. (2015). The power of repetition: Repetitive lyrics in a song increase processing fluency and drive market success. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(2), 187-199.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report September 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/34ffc900-en.
Ofcom. (July 18, 2018). Share of subscribers to music streaming services in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017 [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/898426/music-streaming-services-penetration/
Oliver, P. G., and Lalchev, S. (2022). Digital Transformation in the Music Industry: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Accelerated New Business Opportunities. In Rethinking the Music Business: Music Contexts, Rights, Data, and COVID-19 (pp. 55-72). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Parliament, U. K. (2020). Economics of Music Streaming.
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5802/cmselect/cmcumeds/50/5002.htm
Quartz (2019), The economics of streaming is making songs shorter. https://qz.com/1519823/is-spotify-making-songs-shorter/
RIAA (2022), Year-End Music Industry Revenue Report
Counter Point Search (2020), Global Online Music Streaming Grew 32%
RIAJ(2019), Statistics Trends.
https://www.riaj.or.jp/f/pdf/issue/industry/RIAJ2019E.pdf.
Ritchie, H., Mathieu, E., Rodés-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Ortiz-Ospina, E., ... and Roser, M. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Our world in data.
Sim, J., Cho, D., Hwang, Y., and Telang, R. (2022). Frontiers: virus shook the streaming star: estimating the COVID-19 impact on music consumption. Marketing Science, 41(1), 19-32.
SNEP. (2018). Music streaming service usage rate among users in France in 2019, by provider [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/975318/ranking-popular-music-streaming-services-france/
Statista. (2023). Number of TikTok users worldwide from 2018 to 2027 (in millions） [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved May 06, 2023, from
https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1142687/tiktok-users-worldwid
Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2003). Introduction to econometrics (Vol. 104). Boston: Addison Wesley.
USAtoday. (2022), Once upon a time, musicians hated making videos for MTV. Now, artists` ire is aimed at TikTok.
https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/06/11/halsey-releases-so-good-after-viral-tiktok-video-drama/7560235001/
Way, S. F., Garcia-Gathright, J., & Cramer, H. (2020). Local trends in global music streaming. In Proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media (Vol. 14, pp. 705-714).
Wlömert, N., and Papies, D. (2016). On-demand streaming services and music industry revenues—Insights from Spotify`s market entry. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(2), 314-327.		zh_TW