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題名 兵法或冰法: 美國北極氣候安全戰略之再檢視
The Art of Frost: Redefining American Security Strategy and Climate Security in the Arctic作者 伍逸欣
Woods, Faith Yvette貢獻者 劉復國
Liu, Fu-Kuo
伍逸欣
Woods, Faith Yvette關鍵詞 氣候安全
北極
北極政策
氣候行動
氣候治理
美國戰略
Climate security
Arctic
Arctic policy
Climate action
Climate governance
American Strategy日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 15:53:14 (UTC+8) 摘要 受到俄羅斯-烏克蘭戰爭所引發的影響, 以及中國在北極地區日益增加的活動與影響，美國已明確將其注意力轉向該地區，並推動制定2022年北極地區國家戰略。在評估美國北極政策的發展及其對傳統霸權美國的優勢之後，不難看出美國北極政策是無效的。美國北極政策未能將氣候變遷視為與國家一樣重要的政策焦點，這導致美國在北極地區的地位落後於其他北極國家。本研究探討了氣候安全領域，並建議美國將氣候安全納入其北極政策的核心。結合以前所未有的氣候行動作為安全策略的運用，美國可以緩解北極地區的緊張局勢。本研究發現北極地區為由於自然環境使然，而成為國家間地緣政治衝突的首個案例，填補了現存文獻中的一個空白，並為將氣候行動納入安全領域提供了理由。這一研究發現有潛力提高氣候變遷在國家安全政策中的重要性，甚至首次使氣候變遷成為美國政治中的兩黨共同議題。
With implications brought on by the Russia-Ukraine War and increased Chinese presence in the Arctic, the United States has explicitly turned its attention to the region, pushing it to develop the 2022 National Strategy for the Arctic Region. After assessing the development of American Arctic policy and its dependence on traditional, hegemonic American advantages, it becomes evident that American Arctic policy is ineffective. American Arctic policy’s failure to consider climate change as an actor equal to that of a nation-state has led the United States to fall behind its Arctic peers. This study explores the field of climate security and suggests that the United States incorporate climate security at the core of its Arctic policy. Coupled with the unprecedented use of climate action as a security strategy, the United States could deescalate Arctic tensions. This research fills a literature gap by discovering the Arctic as the first case of a geopolitical conflict between states due to the natural environment alone and justifying the integration of climate action into the realm of security. Such a finding has the potential to raise the importance of climate change on national agendas and even make climate change a bipartisan issue within American politics for the first time.參考文獻 Abrahams, D. (2019). “From Discourse to Policy: US Policy Communities’ Perceptions of and Approaches to Climate Change and Security.”Conflict, Security & Development, 19(4), 323-345.Ahmad, S., & Zafar, M. A. (2022). “Russia’s Reimagined Arctic in the Age of Geopolitical Competition.” Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs.Alcamo, J., & Endejan, M. (2001). “The Security Diagram: An Approach to Quantifying Global Environmental Security.” Responding to Environmental Conflicts: Implications for Theory and Practice. NATO Science Series, vol 78, 133-147. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0395-7_9Altunkaya, E. (2021). “Revisiting the Environmental Security Concept: Climate Change as a Security Issue”. International Journal of Politics and Security, 3(2), 48-81.Amable, D. S. (2022). “Theorizing the Emergence of Security Regions: An Adaptation for the Regional Security Complex Theory.” Global Studies Quarterly, 2(4), Retrieved March 28, 2023, from https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/2/4/ksac065/677956Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 (amended 1990). National Science Foundation. (n.d.). https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/arctic/iarpc/arc_res_pol_act.jspBiden, J. R. (2023). “Why America Must Lead Again.” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-againBrzoska, M. (2009). “The Securitization of Climate Change and the Power of Conceptions of Security." S&F Sicherheit und Frieden, 27(3), 137-145.Burke, D. C. (2019). “Club diplomacy in the Arctic. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations”, 25(2), 304-326.Buzan, B. (n.d.). “China and Climate Change Governance: A Golden Opportunity.” World Scientific. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/epdf/10.1142/S2377740021500019Marine Mammal Commission. (2022). Climate Change and the Arctic. https://www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/arctic/climate-change/World Wide Fund for Nature Arctic. (2023). Climate Change. https://www.arcticwwf.org/threats/climate-change/Cohn, S. (2023). “With Oil Production in Freefall, Alaska, America’s Worst State for Business, Chases a New Carbon Boom.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/11/alaska-americas-worst-state-for-business-bets-on-a-new-carbon-boom-.html#:~:text=More%20than%20any%20other%20state,has%20been%20well%20over%2090%25.David, M. (2013). “U.S. National Strategy for the Arctic Region: Strong foothold or on Thin Ice?” The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/us-national-strategy-for-arctic-region/Fravel, M. T., Lavelle, K., & Odgaard, L. (2022). “China Engages the Arctic: A Great Power in a Regime Complex.” Asian Security, 18(2), 138-158.Gearan, A., Morello, C., & Hudson, J. (2019, May 3). “Trump Administration Pushed to Strip Mention of Climate Change from Arctic Policy Statement.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-pushed-to-strip-mention-of-climate-change-from-arctic-policy-statement/2019/05/02/1dabcd5e-6c4a-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.htmlHeng, C., & Freymann , E. (n.d.) (2023). “Outsiders Wanting in: Asian States and Arctic Governance.” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/outsiders-wanting-asian-states-and-arctic-governanceInternational Union for Conservation of Nature. (1994). “Strategy to Protect the Arctic Environment.” https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/resrecfiles/GA_19_REC_097_Strategy_to_Protect_the_Arctic_Envir.pdfKing, I. (2020). “Beyond Ends, Ways, and Means: We Need a Better Strategic Framework to Win in an Era of Great Power Competition.” Modern War Institute. https://mwi.usma.edu/beyond-ends-ways-and-means-we-need-a-better-strategic-framework-to-win-in-an-era-of-great-power-competition/Kopra, S. (2022). “China and a New Order in the Arctic.” Power Transition in the Anarchical Society: Rising Powers, Institutional Change and the New World Order, 309-327.Kuo, G. (2019). “When Fossil Fuels Run Out, What Then?” The Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere. https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/fossil-fuels-run/Leoni, Z. (n.d.) (2021). “Obama’s Grand Strategy: Between Off-Shore Balancing and the ‘Pivot to Asia.” American Grand Strategy from Obama to Trump: Imperialism After Bush and China`s Hegemonic Challenge.https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-54742-4Lorenz, A. (2023). “When Will We Run Out of Fossil Fuels?” FairPlanet. https://www.fairplanet.org/story/when-will-we-run-out-of-fossil-fuels/Maizland, L. (n.d.). “China’s Fight Against Climate Change and Environmental Degradation.” Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-climate-change-policies-environmental-degradationMaxim, R., Muro, M., & Cromwell, E. C. (2022). “Despite an Optimistic Jobs Report, New Data Shows Native American Unemployment Remains Staggeringly High.” Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/despite-an-optimistic-jobs-report-new-data-shows-native-american-unemployment-remains-staggeringly-high/Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). “Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order.’ International Security, 43(4), 7-50.McDonald, M. (2013). “Discourses of Climate Security.” Political Geography, 33, 42-51.Misachi, J. (2018). “How Far is Russia from Alaska?” WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-far-is-russia-from-alaska.htmlNakamura, T. (2023). Executive Summary. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Arctic Research. https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2022/ArtMID/8054/ArticleID/985/Executive-SummaryNg, E. (2022). “Renewables To Meet 70 Percent of China’s Additional Power Needs by 2024.” South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3163644/climate-change-renewable-energy-meet-over-70-cent-chinas-additional-powerPolar Research and Policy Initiative. (2016). “National Security Decision Memorandum 144 (December 1971)”. The Polar Connection. https://polarconnection.org/national-security-decision-memorandum-144-december-1971/#:~:text=The%20memo%20suggested%20that%20the,security%20interests%20in%20the%20region.Poynting, M., & McGrath, M. (2023). “Climate Change: China’s Green Power Surge Offers Hope on Warming.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66043485Ramesh, R. (2022). “Return of Geopolitics: Navigating through a New Normal in the Arctic.” Current Developments in Arctic Law, 10, 115-120. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2022120769809Riley, R. L. 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(2022). “Energy, Geopolitics and the Dying Arctic Ice Fields: an Enviro-political Perspective.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1084, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.Times, G. (n.d.). “China’s Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy Reaches One Billion Kilowatts: NEA.” Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1239475.shtmlThe United Nations. (2020). “Briefing Note - United Nations Climate Security Mechanism.” Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs. https://dppa.un.org/sites/default/files/csm_toolbox-1-briefing_note.pdfTzu, S. (n.d.). “The Art of War by Sun Tzu.” Sun Tzu`s The Art of War. Retrieved March 28, 2023, from https://suntzusaid.com/download.phpInternational Maritime Organization. (1982). “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.” https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/legal/pages/unitednationsconventiononthelawofthesea.aspxUnited States Institute of Peace. (2009) “Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction: Strategic Framework for Stabilization and Reconstruction.” https://www.usip.org/strategic-framework-stabilization-and-reconstructionWahal, A. (2022). “On International Treaties, the United States Refuses to Play Ball.” Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/international-treaties-united-states-refuses-play-ball#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20did%20not%20ratify%20UNCLOS%20because%20of%20fears,seas%20to%20the%20United%20Nations.White House. (2013). “National Strategy for the Arctic Region - The White House.” https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf\\World Bank Group. 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國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
110926034資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926034 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 劉復國 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Fu-Kuo en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 伍逸欣 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Woods, Faith Yvette en_US dc.creator (作者) 伍逸欣 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Woods, Faith Yvette en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 15:53:14 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 15:53:14 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 15:53:14 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110926034 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147153 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110926034 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 受到俄羅斯-烏克蘭戰爭所引發的影響, 以及中國在北極地區日益增加的活動與影響，美國已明確將其注意力轉向該地區，並推動制定2022年北極地區國家戰略。在評估美國北極政策的發展及其對傳統霸權美國的優勢之後，不難看出美國北極政策是無效的。美國北極政策未能將氣候變遷視為與國家一樣重要的政策焦點，這導致美國在北極地區的地位落後於其他北極國家。本研究探討了氣候安全領域，並建議美國將氣候安全納入其北極政策的核心。結合以前所未有的氣候行動作為安全策略的運用，美國可以緩解北極地區的緊張局勢。本研究發現北極地區為由於自然環境使然，而成為國家間地緣政治衝突的首個案例，填補了現存文獻中的一個空白，並為將氣候行動納入安全領域提供了理由。這一研究發現有潛力提高氣候變遷在國家安全政策中的重要性，甚至首次使氣候變遷成為美國政治中的兩黨共同議題。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) With implications brought on by the Russia-Ukraine War and increased Chinese presence in the Arctic, the United States has explicitly turned its attention to the region, pushing it to develop the 2022 National Strategy for the Arctic Region. After assessing the development of American Arctic policy and its dependence on traditional, hegemonic American advantages, it becomes evident that American Arctic policy is ineffective. American Arctic policy’s failure to consider climate change as an actor equal to that of a nation-state has led the United States to fall behind its Arctic peers. This study explores the field of climate security and suggests that the United States incorporate climate security at the core of its Arctic policy. Coupled with the unprecedented use of climate action as a security strategy, the United States could deescalate Arctic tensions. This research fills a literature gap by discovering the Arctic as the first case of a geopolitical conflict between states due to the natural environment alone and justifying the integration of climate action into the realm of security. Such a finding has the potential to raise the importance of climate change on national agendas and even make climate change a bipartisan issue within American politics for the first time. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11.1 Research Background and Motivation 11.2 Literature Review 61.3 Research Questions and Purpose 121.4 Methodology and Theoretical Framework 131.5 Limitations 161.6 Contributions 16CHAPTER 2: EARLY AMERICAN ARCTIC POLICY (1971-2013) 182.1 The Development of American Arctic Policy 182.2 The 2013 National Strategy for the Arctic Region 232.2.1 Obama Doctrine 232.2.2 Goal of the National Strategy for the Arctic Region (2013) 232.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Obama’s Arctic National Strategy 30CHAPTER 3: CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN ARCTIC POLICY 333.1 The 2022 National Strategy for the Arctic Region 333.1.1 The Biden Doctrine 333.1.2 Goals for the National Strategy for the Arctic Region (2022) 343.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biden’s Arctic National Strategy 433.2 The Fracture in Modern U.S. Arctic Policy 473.2.1 The Foundations of American Foreign Policy and their Decline 49CHAPTER 4: CLIMATE SECURITY AND THE REDEFINITION OF CLIMATE CHANGE 524.1 Climate Security 524.1.1 Rising Seas, Rising Tensions- Examining the Relationship Between Climate Change and Security 544.2 The Redefinition of Climate Change in the Arctic 574.3 Climate Action: The Only Course of Action 58CHAPTER 5: COMMUNING WITH CHINA 635.1 The Implications of Arctic Affairs on the Asia-Pacific 635.2 Chinese Interest in the Arctic 655.3 Communing with China 66Conclusion 69References 72 zh_TW dc.format.extent 5994760 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926034 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候安全 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 北極 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 北極政策 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候行動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 氣候治理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國戰略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate security en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Arctic en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Arctic policy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate action en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Climate governance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) American Strategy en_US dc.title (題名) 兵法或冰法: 美國北極氣候安全戰略之再檢視 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Art of Frost: Redefining American Security Strategy and Climate Security in the Arctic en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abrahams, D. (2019). “From Discourse to Policy: US Policy Communities’ Perceptions of and Approaches to Climate Change and Security.”Conflict, Security & Development, 19(4), 323-345.Ahmad, S., & Zafar, M. A. (2022). “Russia’s Reimagined Arctic in the Age of Geopolitical Competition.” Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs.Alcamo, J., & Endejan, M. (2001). “The Security Diagram: An Approach to Quantifying Global Environmental Security.” Responding to Environmental Conflicts: Implications for Theory and Practice. NATO Science Series, vol 78, 133-147. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0395-7_9Altunkaya, E. (2021). “Revisiting the Environmental Security Concept: Climate Change as a Security Issue”. International Journal of Politics and Security, 3(2), 48-81.Amable, D. S. (2022). “Theorizing the Emergence of Security Regions: An Adaptation for the Regional Security Complex Theory.” Global Studies Quarterly, 2(4), Retrieved March 28, 2023, from https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/2/4/ksac065/677956Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 (amended 1990). National Science Foundation. (n.d.). https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/arctic/iarpc/arc_res_pol_act.jspBiden, J. R. (2023). “Why America Must Lead Again.” Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-againBrzoska, M. (2009). “The Securitization of Climate Change and the Power of Conceptions of Security." S&F Sicherheit und Frieden, 27(3), 137-145.Burke, D. C. (2019). “Club diplomacy in the Arctic. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations”, 25(2), 304-326.Buzan, B. (n.d.). “China and Climate Change Governance: A Golden Opportunity.” World Scientific. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/epdf/10.1142/S2377740021500019Marine Mammal Commission. (2022). Climate Change and the Arctic. https://www.mmc.gov/priority-topics/arctic/climate-change/World Wide Fund for Nature Arctic. (2023). Climate Change. https://www.arcticwwf.org/threats/climate-change/Cohn, S. (2023). “With Oil Production in Freefall, Alaska, America’s Worst State for Business, Chases a New Carbon Boom.” CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/11/alaska-americas-worst-state-for-business-bets-on-a-new-carbon-boom-.html#:~:text=More%20than%20any%20other%20state,has%20been%20well%20over%2090%25.David, M. (2013). “U.S. National Strategy for the Arctic Region: Strong foothold or on Thin Ice?” The Arctic Institute - Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/us-national-strategy-for-arctic-region/Fravel, M. T., Lavelle, K., & Odgaard, L. (2022). “China Engages the Arctic: A Great Power in a Regime Complex.” Asian Security, 18(2), 138-158.Gearan, A., Morello, C., & Hudson, J. (2019, May 3). “Trump Administration Pushed to Strip Mention of Climate Change from Arctic Policy Statement.” The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-administration-pushed-to-strip-mention-of-climate-change-from-arctic-policy-statement/2019/05/02/1dabcd5e-6c4a-11e9-8f44-e8d8bb1df986_story.htmlHeng, C., & Freymann , E. (n.d.) (2023). “Outsiders Wanting in: Asian States and Arctic Governance.” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/outsiders-wanting-asian-states-and-arctic-governanceInternational Union for Conservation of Nature. (1994). “Strategy to Protect the Arctic Environment.” https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/resrecfiles/GA_19_REC_097_Strategy_to_Protect_the_Arctic_Envir.pdfKing, I. (2020). “Beyond Ends, Ways, and Means: We Need a Better Strategic Framework to Win in an Era of Great Power Competition.” Modern War Institute. https://mwi.usma.edu/beyond-ends-ways-and-means-we-need-a-better-strategic-framework-to-win-in-an-era-of-great-power-competition/Kopra, S. (2022). “China and a New Order in the Arctic.” Power Transition in the Anarchical Society: Rising Powers, Institutional Change and the New World Order, 309-327.Kuo, G. (2019). “When Fossil Fuels Run Out, What Then?” The Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere. https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/fossil-fuels-run/Leoni, Z. (n.d.) (2021). “Obama’s Grand Strategy: Between Off-Shore Balancing and the ‘Pivot to Asia.” American Grand Strategy from Obama to Trump: Imperialism After Bush and China`s Hegemonic Challenge.https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-54742-4Lorenz, A. 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