1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Social Science
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

Publications-學位論文

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 重審印度尼西亞一帶一路項目：2015年雅萬高鐵授予中國決策分析
REVISITING BRI PROJECT IN INDONESIA: AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA ’S DECISION TO AWARD JAKARTA-BANDUNG HIGH-SPEED RAIL TO CHINA IN 2015
作者 辛景昂
Sinaga, Tinggi Marojahan
貢獻者 袁力強
Li, Chiang Yuan
辛景昂
Tinggi Marojahan Sinaga
關鍵詞 印尼-中國
雅加達-萬隆高鐵
雙層賽局
外交政策
一帶一路倡議
國際發展援助
Indonesia-China
Jakarta-Bandung HSR
Two-Level games
Foreign Policy
Belt and Road Initiatives
International Development Aid
日期 2023
上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 15:53:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 印度尼西亞是一個新興經濟體，為世界第三大民主國家和世界第四人口大國。然而，該國一直在與不完善的交通基礎設施作鬥爭，這些不完善的基礎設施帶來了各種經濟挑戰，例如價格平價、爪哇島與邊境、最外圍和最不發達地區之間的收入差距。據世界銀行統計，自2004年以來，印尼交通基礎設施的缺乏導致其GDP損失了1%。因此，改善基礎設施來推動發國民經濟增長成為必要。為此，印度尼西亞以包容性、無歧視的理念歡迎國際合作，儘管政治制度存在差異也不排斥。冷戰結束後，國際世界秩序似乎再次分裂為兩大陣營：美利堅合眾國及其盟國和中華人民共和國及其盟國，成為相互競爭的兩大經濟體。印度尼西亞一直以自己是一個不結盟國家而自豪，願意與任何一方享有經濟合作關係。例如，2015年，新當選的總統佐科·維多多不顧外界對「一帶一路」的各種負面評價，決定歡迎此中國倡議的大型項目。佐科·維多多通過加強與多方國家的經濟合作，確保印尼的外國直接投資（FDI）來源多元化。在「一帶一路」倡議下，印度尼西亞和中國同意於 2015 年建設雅加達-萬隆高鐵，以連接該國兩個最大的經濟中心。儘管該項目是前政府時期由日本國際協力機構（JICA）策劃和研究，佐科考量印尼與中國雙方國家利益，將此歸功於中國。由於「一帶一路」的可信度、環保問題、缺乏可行性研究以及其他比高鐵更緊迫的社會問題，建設高鐵的決定在印尼國內引起了爭議。此外，這一決定還引起了與日本的緊張關係。因為日本完成了可行性研究，並與前政府就高鐵建設達成協議。印尼發展國民經濟的歷程一直備受關注，因為儘管並非各方都對印尼與各陣營國家交好的的政策決定感到滿意，他們仍保持良好關係。因此，本文旨在對「一帶一路」倡議下印尼與中國在雅加達-萬隆高鐵項目上的經濟合作進行分析。作者運用羅伯特·普特南的雙層賽局理論(two-level games theory)，通過分析國內層面和國際層面的談判進程，回答了印尼如何以及為何將項目授予中國而不是日本的研究問題。印尼做出這一決定的因素有哪些？高鐵建設將在多大程度上有利於印尼經濟？最後「一帶一路」對印尼經濟的前景和挑戰是什麼？本研究將採用質化方法，利用一手資訊、相關文獻中的二手資料以及選定的研究案例，對研究主題進行整體分析。 本文的研究結果如下：1）佐科作為首席談判代表及其所擁有之政治工具在國內和國際舞台的談判中發揮了至關重要的作用。他設法滿足了公眾的需求，並通過讓合資企業（KCIC）取代印尼政府作為該項目的擔保人，來最大限度地降低自身在高鐵談判方面的風險。 2）印尼將高鐵建置權授予中國，因為中國的提案符合佐科的發展戰略願景：技術轉讓、企業對企業模式（B2B）、融資機制（合資企業-KCIC）。3）「一帶一路」大幅增加了中國對印尼的直接投資，使中國成為印尼最大的貿易夥伴。中國也成為支持印尼發展目標，取代國際發展援助的替代方案。
Indonesia is an emerging economy with the third-biggest democracy and the fourth-most populous country in the world. However, the country has been struggling with unsophisticated transportation infrastructures that create various economic challenges such as price parity, gap income between Java Island and frontier, outermost and least developed regions. According to the World Bank the lack of Indonesia’s transportation infrastructure contributed to a one percent loss of its GDP since 2004. Therefore, infrastructure development is needed to boost its national economic growth. In so doing, Indonesia welcomes international cooperation inclusively without discrimination despite political system differences. The international world order seems to be divided once again after the cold war into two great powers, the United States of America (USA) and allies and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and allies as the two world’s largest economies who are competing against each other.
Indonesia has always been proud to be a non-block country and enjoys economic partnership from any parties. For instance, in 2015, the newly elected president Joko Widodo decided to welcome a mega project from China’s Belt and Road Initiatives regardless of various negative images and pessimisms towards BRI. Jokowi ensures that Indonesia’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) sources have to be diversified by strengthening economic cooperation with any countries. Under BRI, Indonesia and China agreed to construct Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail in 2015 as an effort to connect the two largest economic hubs of the country. Although the project had been planned and studied by Japan’s JICA under the previous administration, Jokowi awarded it to China due to considerations of complementary goals between the national interest of Indonesia and China. Indonesia’s decision to construct HSR itself has caused debate domestically due to the BRI credibility, environment issues, lack of feasible studies and other urgent social issues that are more urgent than HSR. Moreover the decision also caused tension with Japan as Japan had conducted feasibility studies and had a deal with the previous government for the HSR construction. Indonesia’s journey on developing its national economy has been a spotlight to many as the government is able to manage good relations with many parties despite not all of them are satisfied by Indonesia`s policy decision. Therefore, this thesis tends to provide an analysis of the Indonesia and China economic cooperation on the High-Speed Rail Jakarta-Bandung project under the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI). The author utilizes Robert Putnam`s two-level games theory to answer the research question of how and why Indonesia awarded the project to China over Japan by analyzing the negotiation’s process at both domestic and International level. What are the factors of Indonesia`s decision and to what extent the HSR construction will benefit Indonesia’s economy and lastly what are the prospects and challenges of BRI to Indonesia’s economy. Qualitative method will be used in this research with primary and secondary data from related literature as well as a chosen study case to provide a holistic analysis regarding the research topic. The findings of the thesis are as follows: 1) Jokowi as a chief negotiator and his political instruments played an essential important role during the negotiation on both domestic and international stage. He managed to answer the needs of the public as well as minimized the risk from China regarding HSR negotiations by securing the Joint Venture (KCIC) as the guarantor of the project instead of the government. 2) Indonesia awarded the HSR to China as China’s proposal serves the vision of Jokowi’s development strategy; technology transfer, business to business model (B2B), Funding mechanism (Joint Venture-KCIC). 3) BRI has significantly increased China’s FDI to Indonesia, made China as the largest trading partner and became an alternative of international development aid to support Indonesia’s development goals.
參考文獻 Acharya, A. (2015). Indonesia Matters: Asia`s Emerging Democratic Power. World Scientific.
AidData. (2017). CDB provides a $2.3805 billion loan tranche for the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail Project.
Analysis: Jokowi insists on extending Jakarta-Bandung HSR to Surabaya. (2022, November 7). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/07/analysis-jokowi-insists-on-extending-jakarta-bandung-hsr-to-surabaya.html
Analysis: RI-China reach agreement on Jakarta-Bandung HSR cost-overrun. (2023, February 22). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/02/22/analysis-ri-china-reach-agreement-on-jakarta-bandung-hsr-cost-overrun.html
ASEAN-China Centre. (2013, October 03). Speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping to the Indonesian Parliament. Retrieved from ASEAN-China Centre: http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-10/03/c_133062675.htm
Astana, W. J. (2013). Xi proposes a `new Silk Road` with Central Asia. Retrieved from China Daily:https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm
Arase, D. (2018). CHINA’S TWO SILK ROADS INITIATIVE: What It Means for Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Affair 2015, 25-45.
Bantah Isu Serbuan 10 Juta TKA China, Jokowi Sebut Hanya 23.000 Orang. (2018, August 8). KOMPAS.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/08/10590981/bantah-isu-serbuan-10-juta-tka-china-jokowi-sebut-hanya-23000-orang
Beeson, M. (2018). Geoeconomics with Chinese characteristics: the BRI and China`s evolving grand strategy.
Bukan 9 (Nawacita), Ini 5 Poin Visi Pembangunan A La Jokowi. (2019, July 14). CNBC Indonesia. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190714215435-16-84837/bukan-9--nawacita--ini-5-poin-visi-pembangunan-a-la-jokowi
Belt and Road Initiative. (2018, March 29). World Bank. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative
Bo, Y. (2020, August 10). China has 36,000 km of high-speed railways - Chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily - Global Edition. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202008/10/WS5f30a422a31083481725f3f0.html
Cadell, C., & Perry, M. (2017, October 7). Chinese watchdog says 1.34 million officials punished for graft since 2013. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-corruption-idUSKBN1CD04B
Crabtree, J. (2019, April 25). China needs to make BRI more transparent and predictable. Financial Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.ft.com/content/3c5d6d14-66ac-11e9-b809-6f0d2f5705f6
Explainer | China-Indonesia trade: how important is it, and what are the main exports? (2022, July 26). South China Morning Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3186660/china-indonesia-trade-how-important-it-and-what-are-main
Frommer, F., & Pletcher, K. (2023, July 13). High-speed rail | Definition, History, Technology, Development, & Facts. Britannica. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/high-speed-rail
Ge, J., & Hu, A. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiatives: Economic Geography Reformation (W. Liu, Ed.). Springer Nature Singapore.
Gong, X. (2020). China’s Economic Statecraft: The Belt and Road in Southeast Asia and the Impact on the Indo-Pacific.
Here are Jokowi-Ma`ruf`s nine `missions` for 2019`s presidential poll. (2018, December 5). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/12/04/here-are-jokowi-marufs-nine-missions-for-2019s-presidential-poll.html
Heriyanto, D. (2016, April 11). Q&A: High-speed railway tug of war: Japan vs. China. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/04/11/qa-high-speed-railway-tug-of-war-japan-vs-china.html
IMF Staff Completes 2023 Article IV Mission to Indonesia. (2023, March 22). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/03/21/pr2387-indonesia-imf-staff-completes-2023-article-iv-mission-to-indonesia
Indeks Demokrasi Indonesia 2022 Stagnan - Data Tempo.co. (2023, February 20). Data - Tempo.co. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://data.tempo.co/data/1624/indeks-demokrasi-indonesia-2022-stagnan
Indonesia-China Relations Under President Xi Jinping. (2019). In F. Cibulka & A. C.-H. Lim (Eds.), China and Southeast Asia in the Xi Jinping Era (pp. 153-168). Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Incorporated.
Indonesia`s Exports to China and Chinese Investment to Indonesia in 2020 are Increasing. (2021, February 28). Kemlu. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://kemlu.go.id/beijing/en/news/11416/indonesias-exports-to-china-and-chinese-investment-to-indonesia-in-2020-are-increasing
Indonesia-Ivestments.com. (2023, February). Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI). Retrieved from Indonesia Ivestments: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/proyek/rencana-pembangunan-pemerintah/masterplan-percepatan-dan-perluasan-pembangunan-ekonomi-indonesia-mp3ei/item306
Indonesia and Japan reach deal on ¥458 billion Jakarta-Surabaya rail project. (2019, September 24). The Japan Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/24/business/indonesia-japan-reach-deal-%C2%A5458-billion-jakarta-surabaya-rail-project/
Indonesia, Populasi Etnis Cina Terbanyak di Dunia. (2016, December 13). Databoks. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2016/12/13/indonesia-populasi-etnis-cina-terbanyak-di-dunia
Ironi Kereta Cepat: Ngotot Diklaim B to B, Tapi Pakai Duit APBN Halaman all - Kompas.com. (2022, May 26). Money Kompas. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://money.kompas.com/read/2022/05/26/104146726/ironi-kereta-cepat-ngotot-diklaim-b-to-b-tapi-pakai-duit-apbn?page=all
James McBride, N. B. (2023fEBRUARY, February 2). China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from cfr.org: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative
Jawa Barat Jadi Provinsi dengan Penduduk Terbanyak, Bagaimana dengan DKI Jakarta ? Halaman all - Kompas.com. (2021, December 31). Kompas Regional. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/31/184223678/jawa-barat-jadi-provinsi-dengan-penduduk-terbanyak-bagaimana-dengan-dki?page=all
J.P. (2017, May 15). What is China’s belt and road initiative? Retrieved from The Economist: https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/05/14/what-is-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative?ppccampaignID=&ppcadID=&ppcgclID=&gclid=CjwKCAiAmJGgBhAZEiwA1JZoltOoQCgcmoQZBj28wE7d3FN6sNKK273vHDmlwZiUBjtk4bBWJECQhxoCbqYQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
Jiao, W. (2013, September 8). Xi proposes a `new Silk Road` with Central Asia[1]. China Daily. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm
Jokowi has fifth meeting with China’s Xi - National. (2016, September 3). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/09/03/jokowi-has-fifth-meeting-with-chinas-xi.html
Jokowi Reflects on Communist Allegations Made Against Him. (n.d.). Tempo.co English. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://en.tempo.co/read/917920/jokowi-reflects-on-communist-allegations-made-against-him
Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung - Kereta Cepat Indonesia China. (n.d.). KCIC. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://kcic.co.id/en/
Kuroda, H. (n.d.). Asia’s Challenges. OECD. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.oecd.org/development/asia-challenges.htm
Kwok, Y. (2016, June 23). Indonesian President Boards Warship in Message to China. Time. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://time.com/4379401/indonesia-china-jokowi-natuna-sovereignty-maritime-fishing-dispute/
Legg, C., & Hookway, C. (2008, August 16). Pragmatism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/
Lim, G., Li, C., & Syailendra, E. A. (2020). Why is it so hard to push Chinese railway projects in Southeast Asia? The role of domestic politics in Malaysia and Indonesia. World Development.
Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Pearson.
Luhut Ditunjuk Jokowi Pimpin Komite Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung, Apa Tugasnya? (2021, October 8). KOMPAS.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/10/08/18485701/luhut-ditunjuk-jokowi-pimpin-komite-kereta-cepat-jakarta-bandung-apa
Luhut Resmi Pimpin Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung. (2021, October 8). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20211008170343-92-705298/luhut-resmi-pimpin-proyek-kereta-cepat-jakarta-bandung
Majority of public dissatisfied with SBY - National. (2013, May 27). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/27/majority-public-dissatisfied-with-sby.html
Melihat Lagi 9 Poin Nawa Cita Jokowi-JK Usai 5 Tahun, Sudahkah Tercapai? (2019, October 18). detikNews. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4750768/melihat-lagi-9-poin-nawa-cita-jokowi-jk-usai-5-tahun-sudahkah-tercapai
Muhtadi, B., Foong, H. Y., & Negara, S. D. (2023, May 4). Jokowi`s High Approval Ratings Make Him a Potential Kingmaker. ISEAS, 1-12.
Muhtadi, B., Hui, Y.-F., & Negara, S. D. (2023). The Indonesia National Survey Project 2022: Engaging with Developments in the Political, Economic and Social Spheres. ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. SAGE.
Moramudali, U. (2020, January 1). The Hambantota Port Deal: Myths and Realities. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/the-hambantota-port-deal-myths-and-realities/
Mydans, S. (1998, March 10). Crisis Aside, What Pains Indonesia Is the Humiliation (Published 1998). The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/10/world/crisis-aside-what-pains-indonesia-is-the-humiliation.html
"Nawa Cita", 9 Agenda Prioritas Jokowi-JK. (2014, May 21). KOMPAS.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/21/0754454/.Nawa.Cita.9.Agenda.Prioritas.Jokowi-JK
Negara, S. D. (2016). INDONESIA’S INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE JOKOWI ADMINISTRATION. Southeast Asian Affairs, 145-166.
Negara, S. D., & Suryadinata, L. (2018). INDONESIA AND CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVES: PERSPECTIVES, ISSUES AND PROSPECTS. Trends in Southeast Asia, 1-51.
Optimizing Trade Relations between Indonesia and China, the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing Facilitates Cooperation Signing Activities between Business Actors. (n.d.). Kemlu. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.kemlu.go.id/beijing/en/news/22066/optimizing-trade-relations-between-indonesia-and-china-the-indonesian-embassy-in-beijing-facilitates-cooperation-signing-activities-between-business-actors
Prabandari, A., & Sulaiman, Y. (2019, March 31). Experts respond to Indonesia`s 4th round of presidential debate: Jokowi defeats Prabowo. The Conversation. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://theconversation.com/experts-respond-to-indonesias-4th-round-of-presidential-debate-jokowi-defeats-prabowo-114559
Perjanjian konsesi kereta cepat Jakarta-Bandung ditandatangani. (2016, March 16). BBC. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/03/160316_indonesia_kereta_cepat_cina
President Jokowi Reaffirms Commitment to Stop Raw Materials Export. (n.d.). Sekretariat Kabinet. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://setkab.go.id/en/president-jokowi-reaffirms-commitment-to-stop-raw-materials-export/
President Yudhoyono entrusts Jokowi with Indonesian Economic Master Plan. (2014, September 5). ANTARA News. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://en.antaranews.com/news/95538/president-yudhoyono-entrusts-jokowi-with-indonesian-economic-master-plan
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on promoting economic growth, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on promoting economic growth, : Viewpoint - Asia 2014. (n.d.). Oxford Business Group. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/president-susilo-bambang-yudhoyono-on-promoting-economic-growth-viewpoint
Putnam, R. D. (1988). International Organization. Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, 42(3), 427-460.
Q&A: High-speed railway tug of war: Japan vs. China. (2016, April 11). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/04/11/qa-high-speed-railway-tug-of-war-japan-vs-china.html
Rakhmat, M. Z. (2022, August 26). Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway: Looking at the roles of Luhut, Rini Soemarno and Ridwan Kamil in securing China-Indonesia relationship. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/jakarta-bandung-high-speed-railway-looking-at-the-roles-of-luhut-rini-soemarno-and-ridwan-kamil-in-securing-china-indonesia-relationship-181716
Rakhmat, M. Z. (2022, June 27). Report says Southeast Asia’s first high-speed train project in Indonesia is not friendly for people with disabilities. What should the government do? Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/report-says-southeast-asias-first-high-speed-train-project-in-indonesia-is-not-friendly-for-people-with-disabilities-what-should-the-government-do-184150
RI-China Akur, Deal Biaya Kereta Cepat Bengkak Rp 18 Triliun. (2023, February 14). CNBC Indonesia. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230214134032-4-413695/ri-china-akur-deal-biaya-kereta-cepat-bengkak-rp-18-triliun
Rosario, J. D., & Savage, R. (2022, November 29). Sri Lanka`s debt to China close to 20% of public external debt -study. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sri-lankas-debt-china-close-20-public-external-debt-study-2022-11-30/
Shekhar, V. (2018). Indonesia`s Foreign Policy and Grand Strategy in the 21st Century: Rise of an Indo-Pacific Power. Taylor & Francis Group.
Simandjuntak, D. (n.d.). Authoritarianism Or (Non-Ideological) Pragmatism: Current Challenges To Indonesia’s Democracy.
Stephanie Olinga, M. B. (2019, October 29). The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Retrieved from tni.org: https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri?gclid=CjwKCAiAmJGgBhAZEiwA1JZoli2RSpKTmvjxT0LYryD5dXLpMaaDiffz4HSrjnIu_bByNz6VNJaY5RoCQWQQAvD_BwE
Strangio, S., & Putz, C. (2021, October 14). Indonesia to Use State Budget for Cost Overrun on Chinese Rail Project. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/indonesia-to-use-state-budget-for-cost-overrun-on-chinese-rail-project/
Suroyo, G., Davies, E., & Fabi, R. (2017, May 15). Indonesia, China consortium sign $4.5 billion loan for rail project. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-silkroad-indonesia-idUSKCN18B0RX
Tenggara Strategics. (2022, November 7). Analysis: Jokowi insists on extending Jakarta-Bandung HSR to Surabaya. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/07/analysis-jokowi-insists-on-extending-jakarta-bandung-hsr-to-surabaya.html
The Economist. (2022, November 17). Why Indonesia matters. Retrieved from The Economist: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/11/17/why-indonesia-matters?gclid=CjwKCAiAl9efBhAkEiwA4TorimoGfkVlMTw0IlD8b0OdFFKY7IKg866XaFYF1BqZ9LtBXUkMiqZ9shoCEX0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
The World Bank. (2019, March 29). Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from Worldbank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative
Tiezzi, S. (2015, October 01). It’s Official: China, Not Japan, Is Building Indonesia’s First High-Speed Railway. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/its-official-china-not-japan-is-building-indonesias-first-high-speed-railway/
Understanding Pragmatic Research. (n.d.). Understanding Pragmatic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/helmopen/rlos/research-evidence-based-practice/designing-research/types-of-study/understanding-pragmatic-research/section05.html
UNDP. (2015). Covering Development Agendas: Nawacita;RPJM and SDGs.
Yee, W. Y. (2022, December 22). The Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway and the Future of the Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from The Jamestown Foundation: https://jamestown.org/program/the-jakarta-bandung-high-speed-railway-and-the-future-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative/
Yeremia, A. E., & Raditio, K. H. (2021, April 28). Indonesia-China Vaccine Cooperation and South China Sea Diplomacy. ISEAS Perspective, 2-5.
Yudilla, A. (2019). Kerjasama Indonesia-China Dalam Belt And Road Initiative: Analisa Peluang dan Ancaman Untuk Indonesia.
What is China`s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)? (2021, September 13). Chatham House. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/09/what-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-bri
Why Indonesia`s the winner of the next China-Japan economic battle. (2019, October 29). South China Morning Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3035237/why-indonesias-winner-next-china-japan-economic-battle
(2013, October 3). Speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping to Indonesian Parliament---ASEAN---China Center. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-10/03/c_133062675.htm
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/28/govt-to-tighten-supervisions-amid-arrest-of-chinese-nationals.html
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-infrastructure/in-race-with-japan-china-sweetens-bid-for-indonesia-railway-idUKL3N10M3R220150811
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://finance.detik.com/energi/d-6375531/jk-kritik-pengelolaan-nikel-yang-kerja-dari-china-sampai-tukang-las/2
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/28/govt-to-tighten-supervisions-amid-arrest-of-chinese-nationals.html
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
110926056
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926056
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 袁力強zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Li, Chiang Yuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 辛景昂zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tinggi Marojahan Sinagaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 辛景昂zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Sinaga, Tinggi Marojahanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 15:53:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 15:53:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 15:53:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110926056en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147155-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110926056zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 印度尼西亞是一個新興經濟體，為世界第三大民主國家和世界第四人口大國。然而，該國一直在與不完善的交通基礎設施作鬥爭，這些不完善的基礎設施帶來了各種經濟挑戰，例如價格平價、爪哇島與邊境、最外圍和最不發達地區之間的收入差距。據世界銀行統計，自2004年以來，印尼交通基礎設施的缺乏導致其GDP損失了1%。因此，改善基礎設施來推動發國民經濟增長成為必要。為此，印度尼西亞以包容性、無歧視的理念歡迎國際合作，儘管政治制度存在差異也不排斥。冷戰結束後，國際世界秩序似乎再次分裂為兩大陣營：美利堅合眾國及其盟國和中華人民共和國及其盟國，成為相互競爭的兩大經濟體。印度尼西亞一直以自己是一個不結盟國家而自豪，願意與任何一方享有經濟合作關係。例如，2015年，新當選的總統佐科·維多多不顧外界對「一帶一路」的各種負面評價，決定歡迎此中國倡議的大型項目。佐科·維多多通過加強與多方國家的經濟合作，確保印尼的外國直接投資（FDI）來源多元化。在「一帶一路」倡議下，印度尼西亞和中國同意於 2015 年建設雅加達-萬隆高鐵，以連接該國兩個最大的經濟中心。儘管該項目是前政府時期由日本國際協力機構（JICA）策劃和研究，佐科考量印尼與中國雙方國家利益，將此歸功於中國。由於「一帶一路」的可信度、環保問題、缺乏可行性研究以及其他比高鐵更緊迫的社會問題，建設高鐵的決定在印尼國內引起了爭議。此外，這一決定還引起了與日本的緊張關係。因為日本完成了可行性研究，並與前政府就高鐵建設達成協議。印尼發展國民經濟的歷程一直備受關注，因為儘管並非各方都對印尼與各陣營國家交好的的政策決定感到滿意，他們仍保持良好關係。因此，本文旨在對「一帶一路」倡議下印尼與中國在雅加達-萬隆高鐵項目上的經濟合作進行分析。作者運用羅伯特·普特南的雙層賽局理論(two-level games theory)，通過分析國內層面和國際層面的談判進程，回答了印尼如何以及為何將項目授予中國而不是日本的研究問題。印尼做出這一決定的因素有哪些？高鐵建設將在多大程度上有利於印尼經濟？最後「一帶一路」對印尼經濟的前景和挑戰是什麼？本研究將採用質化方法，利用一手資訊、相關文獻中的二手資料以及選定的研究案例，對研究主題進行整體分析。 本文的研究結果如下：1）佐科作為首席談判代表及其所擁有之政治工具在國內和國際舞台的談判中發揮了至關重要的作用。他設法滿足了公眾的需求，並通過讓合資企業（KCIC）取代印尼政府作為該項目的擔保人，來最大限度地降低自身在高鐵談判方面的風險。 2）印尼將高鐵建置權授予中國，因為中國的提案符合佐科的發展戰略願景：技術轉讓、企業對企業模式（B2B）、融資機制（合資企業-KCIC）。3）「一帶一路」大幅增加了中國對印尼的直接投資，使中國成為印尼最大的貿易夥伴。中國也成為支持印尼發展目標，取代國際發展援助的替代方案。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Indonesia is an emerging economy with the third-biggest democracy and the fourth-most populous country in the world. However, the country has been struggling with unsophisticated transportation infrastructures that create various economic challenges such as price parity, gap income between Java Island and frontier, outermost and least developed regions. According to the World Bank the lack of Indonesia’s transportation infrastructure contributed to a one percent loss of its GDP since 2004. Therefore, infrastructure development is needed to boost its national economic growth. In so doing, Indonesia welcomes international cooperation inclusively without discrimination despite political system differences. The international world order seems to be divided once again after the cold war into two great powers, the United States of America (USA) and allies and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and allies as the two world’s largest economies who are competing against each other.
Indonesia has always been proud to be a non-block country and enjoys economic partnership from any parties. For instance, in 2015, the newly elected president Joko Widodo decided to welcome a mega project from China’s Belt and Road Initiatives regardless of various negative images and pessimisms towards BRI. Jokowi ensures that Indonesia’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) sources have to be diversified by strengthening economic cooperation with any countries. Under BRI, Indonesia and China agreed to construct Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail in 2015 as an effort to connect the two largest economic hubs of the country. Although the project had been planned and studied by Japan’s JICA under the previous administration, Jokowi awarded it to China due to considerations of complementary goals between the national interest of Indonesia and China. Indonesia’s decision to construct HSR itself has caused debate domestically due to the BRI credibility, environment issues, lack of feasible studies and other urgent social issues that are more urgent than HSR. Moreover the decision also caused tension with Japan as Japan had conducted feasibility studies and had a deal with the previous government for the HSR construction. Indonesia’s journey on developing its national economy has been a spotlight to many as the government is able to manage good relations with many parties despite not all of them are satisfied by Indonesia`s policy decision. Therefore, this thesis tends to provide an analysis of the Indonesia and China economic cooperation on the High-Speed Rail Jakarta-Bandung project under the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI). The author utilizes Robert Putnam`s two-level games theory to answer the research question of how and why Indonesia awarded the project to China over Japan by analyzing the negotiation’s process at both domestic and International level. What are the factors of Indonesia`s decision and to what extent the HSR construction will benefit Indonesia’s economy and lastly what are the prospects and challenges of BRI to Indonesia’s economy. Qualitative method will be used in this research with primary and secondary data from related literature as well as a chosen study case to provide a holistic analysis regarding the research topic. The findings of the thesis are as follows: 1) Jokowi as a chief negotiator and his political instruments played an essential important role during the negotiation on both domestic and international stage. He managed to answer the needs of the public as well as minimized the risk from China regarding HSR negotiations by securing the Joint Venture (KCIC) as the guarantor of the project instead of the government. 2) Indonesia awarded the HSR to China as China’s proposal serves the vision of Jokowi’s development strategy; technology transfer, business to business model (B2B), Funding mechanism (Joint Venture-KCIC). 3) BRI has significantly increased China’s FDI to Indonesia, made China as the largest trading partner and became an alternative of international development aid to support Indonesia’s development goals.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
ABSTRACT 2
摘要 4
TABLE OF CONTENT 6
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 8
ABBREVIATION 9
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 11
1.1. RESEARCH BACKGROUND 11
1.2. RESEARCH QUESTION 14
1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW 14
1.3.1. Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) 14
1.3.2. The High-Speed Rail Jakarta-Bandung 19
1.4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 22
1.4.1. THE TWO-LEVEL GAMES THEORY 22
1.4.2. PRAGMATISM 26
1.5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 27
1.6. RESEARCH LIMITATION 28
1.7. RESEARCH METHOD 28
CHAPTER II THE GENEALOGY OF THE BRI IN INDONESIA: HSR AS A SPOTLIGHT? 32
2.1. Indonesia’s Development Strategy: MP3EI to NAWACITA 32
2.2. Indonesia-China Relations: An Overview 33
2.3. Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): What it Means for Indonesia 36
2.4. Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail 42
2.5. Japan and China bid over HSR Project 46
CHAPTER III THE TWO-LEVEL GAMES ANALYSIS ON THE INDONESIA’S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS AWARDING HSR TO CHINA 48
3.1. The Role of Chief Negotiator and Politicians 48
3.2. HSR Funding Mechanism 52
3.3. Business to Business Scheme (B2B) 53
3.4. Technology Transfer 54
3.5. Future Prospect Projects 55
3.6. Jokowi’s Pragmatism on Sino-Japanese Competition 55
CHAPTER IV OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGES OF THE BRI IN INDONESIA 59
4.1. Socio-Economic 59
4.2. Politics 66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 70
5.1. CONCLUSION 70
5.1.1. Policy Recommendations 72
5.1.2. Future Research Suggestion 73
Bibliography 74		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1828615 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926056en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印尼-中國zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雅加達-萬隆高鐵zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙層賽局zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外交政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 一帶一路倡議zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際發展援助zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indonesia-Chinaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Jakarta-Bandung HSRen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Two-Level gamesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Foreign Policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Belt and Road Initiativesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International Development Aiden_US
dc.title (題名) 重審印度尼西亞一帶一路項目：2015年雅萬高鐵授予中國決策分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) REVISITING BRI PROJECT IN INDONESIA: AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIA ’S DECISION TO AWARD JAKARTA-BANDUNG HIGH-SPEED RAIL TO CHINA IN 2015en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Acharya, A. (2015). Indonesia Matters: Asia`s Emerging Democratic Power. World Scientific.
AidData. (2017). CDB provides a $2.3805 billion loan tranche for the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail Project.
Analysis: Jokowi insists on extending Jakarta-Bandung HSR to Surabaya. (2022, November 7). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/07/analysis-jokowi-insists-on-extending-jakarta-bandung-hsr-to-surabaya.html
Analysis: RI-China reach agreement on Jakarta-Bandung HSR cost-overrun. (2023, February 22). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/02/22/analysis-ri-china-reach-agreement-on-jakarta-bandung-hsr-cost-overrun.html
ASEAN-China Centre. (2013, October 03). Speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping to the Indonesian Parliament. Retrieved from ASEAN-China Centre: http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-10/03/c_133062675.htm
Astana, W. J. (2013). Xi proposes a `new Silk Road` with Central Asia. Retrieved from China Daily:https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm
Arase, D. (2018). CHINA’S TWO SILK ROADS INITIATIVE: What It Means for Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Affair 2015, 25-45.
Bantah Isu Serbuan 10 Juta TKA China, Jokowi Sebut Hanya 23.000 Orang. (2018, August 8). KOMPAS.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/08/10590981/bantah-isu-serbuan-10-juta-tka-china-jokowi-sebut-hanya-23000-orang
Beeson, M. (2018). Geoeconomics with Chinese characteristics: the BRI and China`s evolving grand strategy.
Bukan 9 (Nawacita), Ini 5 Poin Visi Pembangunan A La Jokowi. (2019, July 14). CNBC Indonesia. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190714215435-16-84837/bukan-9--nawacita--ini-5-poin-visi-pembangunan-a-la-jokowi
Belt and Road Initiative. (2018, March 29). World Bank. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative
Bo, Y. (2020, August 10). China has 36,000 km of high-speed railways - Chinadaily.com.cn. China Daily - Global Edition. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202008/10/WS5f30a422a31083481725f3f0.html
Cadell, C., & Perry, M. (2017, October 7). Chinese watchdog says 1.34 million officials punished for graft since 2013. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-corruption-idUSKBN1CD04B
Crabtree, J. (2019, April 25). China needs to make BRI more transparent and predictable. Financial Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.ft.com/content/3c5d6d14-66ac-11e9-b809-6f0d2f5705f6
Explainer | China-Indonesia trade: how important is it, and what are the main exports? (2022, July 26). South China Morning Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3186660/china-indonesia-trade-how-important-it-and-what-are-main
Frommer, F., & Pletcher, K. (2023, July 13). High-speed rail | Definition, History, Technology, Development, & Facts. Britannica. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/high-speed-rail
Ge, J., & Hu, A. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiatives: Economic Geography Reformation (W. Liu, Ed.). Springer Nature Singapore.
Gong, X. (2020). China’s Economic Statecraft: The Belt and Road in Southeast Asia and the Impact on the Indo-Pacific.
Here are Jokowi-Ma`ruf`s nine `missions` for 2019`s presidential poll. (2018, December 5). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/12/04/here-are-jokowi-marufs-nine-missions-for-2019s-presidential-poll.html
Heriyanto, D. (2016, April 11). Q&A: High-speed railway tug of war: Japan vs. China. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/04/11/qa-high-speed-railway-tug-of-war-japan-vs-china.html
IMF Staff Completes 2023 Article IV Mission to Indonesia. (2023, March 22). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/03/21/pr2387-indonesia-imf-staff-completes-2023-article-iv-mission-to-indonesia
Indeks Demokrasi Indonesia 2022 Stagnan - Data Tempo.co. (2023, February 20). Data - Tempo.co. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://data.tempo.co/data/1624/indeks-demokrasi-indonesia-2022-stagnan
Indonesia-China Relations Under President Xi Jinping. (2019). In F. Cibulka & A. C.-H. Lim (Eds.), China and Southeast Asia in the Xi Jinping Era (pp. 153-168). Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Incorporated.
Indonesia`s Exports to China and Chinese Investment to Indonesia in 2020 are Increasing. (2021, February 28). Kemlu. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://kemlu.go.id/beijing/en/news/11416/indonesias-exports-to-china-and-chinese-investment-to-indonesia-in-2020-are-increasing
Indonesia-Ivestments.com. (2023, February). Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI). Retrieved from Indonesia Ivestments: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/proyek/rencana-pembangunan-pemerintah/masterplan-percepatan-dan-perluasan-pembangunan-ekonomi-indonesia-mp3ei/item306
Indonesia and Japan reach deal on ¥458 billion Jakarta-Surabaya rail project. (2019, September 24). The Japan Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/24/business/indonesia-japan-reach-deal-%C2%A5458-billion-jakarta-surabaya-rail-project/
Indonesia, Populasi Etnis Cina Terbanyak di Dunia. (2016, December 13). Databoks. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2016/12/13/indonesia-populasi-etnis-cina-terbanyak-di-dunia
Ironi Kereta Cepat: Ngotot Diklaim B to B, Tapi Pakai Duit APBN Halaman all - Kompas.com. (2022, May 26). Money Kompas. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://money.kompas.com/read/2022/05/26/104146726/ironi-kereta-cepat-ngotot-diklaim-b-to-b-tapi-pakai-duit-apbn?page=all
James McBride, N. B. (2023fEBRUARY, February 2). China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from cfr.org: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative
Jawa Barat Jadi Provinsi dengan Penduduk Terbanyak, Bagaimana dengan DKI Jakarta ? Halaman all - Kompas.com. (2021, December 31). Kompas Regional. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/31/184223678/jawa-barat-jadi-provinsi-dengan-penduduk-terbanyak-bagaimana-dengan-dki?page=all
J.P. (2017, May 15). What is China’s belt and road initiative? Retrieved from The Economist: https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/05/14/what-is-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative?ppccampaignID=&ppcadID=&ppcgclID=&gclid=CjwKCAiAmJGgBhAZEiwA1JZoltOoQCgcmoQZBj28wE7d3FN6sNKK273vHDmlwZiUBjtk4bBWJECQhxoCbqYQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
Jiao, W. (2013, September 8). Xi proposes a `new Silk Road` with Central Asia[1]. China Daily. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm
Jokowi has fifth meeting with China’s Xi - National. (2016, September 3). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/09/03/jokowi-has-fifth-meeting-with-chinas-xi.html
Jokowi Reflects on Communist Allegations Made Against Him. (n.d.). Tempo.co English. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://en.tempo.co/read/917920/jokowi-reflects-on-communist-allegations-made-against-him
Kereta Cepat Jakarta Bandung - Kereta Cepat Indonesia China. (n.d.). KCIC. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://kcic.co.id/en/
Kuroda, H. (n.d.). Asia’s Challenges. OECD. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.oecd.org/development/asia-challenges.htm
Kwok, Y. (2016, June 23). Indonesian President Boards Warship in Message to China. Time. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://time.com/4379401/indonesia-china-jokowi-natuna-sovereignty-maritime-fishing-dispute/
Legg, C., & Hookway, C. (2008, August 16). Pragmatism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/
Lim, G., Li, C., & Syailendra, E. A. (2020). Why is it so hard to push Chinese railway projects in Southeast Asia? The role of domestic politics in Malaysia and Indonesia. World Development.
Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2017). qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Pearson.
Luhut Ditunjuk Jokowi Pimpin Komite Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung, Apa Tugasnya? (2021, October 8). KOMPAS.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/10/08/18485701/luhut-ditunjuk-jokowi-pimpin-komite-kereta-cepat-jakarta-bandung-apa
Luhut Resmi Pimpin Proyek Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung. (2021, October 8). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20211008170343-92-705298/luhut-resmi-pimpin-proyek-kereta-cepat-jakarta-bandung
Majority of public dissatisfied with SBY - National. (2013, May 27). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/05/27/majority-public-dissatisfied-with-sby.html
Melihat Lagi 9 Poin Nawa Cita Jokowi-JK Usai 5 Tahun, Sudahkah Tercapai? (2019, October 18). detikNews. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4750768/melihat-lagi-9-poin-nawa-cita-jokowi-jk-usai-5-tahun-sudahkah-tercapai
Muhtadi, B., Foong, H. Y., & Negara, S. D. (2023, May 4). Jokowi`s High Approval Ratings Make Him a Potential Kingmaker. ISEAS, 1-12.
Muhtadi, B., Hui, Y.-F., & Negara, S. D. (2023). The Indonesia National Survey Project 2022: Engaging with Developments in the Political, Economic and Social Spheres. ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. SAGE.
Moramudali, U. (2020, January 1). The Hambantota Port Deal: Myths and Realities. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/the-hambantota-port-deal-myths-and-realities/
Mydans, S. (1998, March 10). Crisis Aside, What Pains Indonesia Is the Humiliation (Published 1998). The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/10/world/crisis-aside-what-pains-indonesia-is-the-humiliation.html
"Nawa Cita", 9 Agenda Prioritas Jokowi-JK. (2014, May 21). KOMPAS.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/21/0754454/.Nawa.Cita.9.Agenda.Prioritas.Jokowi-JK
Negara, S. D. (2016). INDONESIA’S INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE JOKOWI ADMINISTRATION. Southeast Asian Affairs, 145-166.
Negara, S. D., & Suryadinata, L. (2018). INDONESIA AND CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVES: PERSPECTIVES, ISSUES AND PROSPECTS. Trends in Southeast Asia, 1-51.
Optimizing Trade Relations between Indonesia and China, the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing Facilitates Cooperation Signing Activities between Business Actors. (n.d.). Kemlu. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.kemlu.go.id/beijing/en/news/22066/optimizing-trade-relations-between-indonesia-and-china-the-indonesian-embassy-in-beijing-facilitates-cooperation-signing-activities-between-business-actors
Prabandari, A., & Sulaiman, Y. (2019, March 31). Experts respond to Indonesia`s 4th round of presidential debate: Jokowi defeats Prabowo. The Conversation. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://theconversation.com/experts-respond-to-indonesias-4th-round-of-presidential-debate-jokowi-defeats-prabowo-114559
Perjanjian konsesi kereta cepat Jakarta-Bandung ditandatangani. (2016, March 16). BBC. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/03/160316_indonesia_kereta_cepat_cina
President Jokowi Reaffirms Commitment to Stop Raw Materials Export. (n.d.). Sekretariat Kabinet. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://setkab.go.id/en/president-jokowi-reaffirms-commitment-to-stop-raw-materials-export/
President Yudhoyono entrusts Jokowi with Indonesian Economic Master Plan. (2014, September 5). ANTARA News. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://en.antaranews.com/news/95538/president-yudhoyono-entrusts-jokowi-with-indonesian-economic-master-plan
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on promoting economic growth, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on promoting economic growth, : Viewpoint - Asia 2014. (n.d.). Oxford Business Group. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/president-susilo-bambang-yudhoyono-on-promoting-economic-growth-viewpoint
Putnam, R. D. (1988). International Organization. Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, 42(3), 427-460.
Q&A: High-speed railway tug of war: Japan vs. China. (2016, April 11). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/04/11/qa-high-speed-railway-tug-of-war-japan-vs-china.html
Rakhmat, M. Z. (2022, August 26). Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway: Looking at the roles of Luhut, Rini Soemarno and Ridwan Kamil in securing China-Indonesia relationship. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/jakarta-bandung-high-speed-railway-looking-at-the-roles-of-luhut-rini-soemarno-and-ridwan-kamil-in-securing-china-indonesia-relationship-181716
Rakhmat, M. Z. (2022, June 27). Report says Southeast Asia’s first high-speed train project in Indonesia is not friendly for people with disabilities. What should the government do? Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/report-says-southeast-asias-first-high-speed-train-project-in-indonesia-is-not-friendly-for-people-with-disabilities-what-should-the-government-do-184150
RI-China Akur, Deal Biaya Kereta Cepat Bengkak Rp 18 Triliun. (2023, February 14). CNBC Indonesia. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230214134032-4-413695/ri-china-akur-deal-biaya-kereta-cepat-bengkak-rp-18-triliun
Rosario, J. D., & Savage, R. (2022, November 29). Sri Lanka`s debt to China close to 20% of public external debt -study. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sri-lankas-debt-china-close-20-public-external-debt-study-2022-11-30/
Shekhar, V. (2018). Indonesia`s Foreign Policy and Grand Strategy in the 21st Century: Rise of an Indo-Pacific Power. Taylor & Francis Group.
Simandjuntak, D. (n.d.). Authoritarianism Or (Non-Ideological) Pragmatism: Current Challenges To Indonesia’s Democracy.
Stephanie Olinga, M. B. (2019, October 29). The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Retrieved from tni.org: https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri?gclid=CjwKCAiAmJGgBhAZEiwA1JZoli2RSpKTmvjxT0LYryD5dXLpMaaDiffz4HSrjnIu_bByNz6VNJaY5RoCQWQQAvD_BwE
Strangio, S., & Putz, C. (2021, October 14). Indonesia to Use State Budget for Cost Overrun on Chinese Rail Project. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/indonesia-to-use-state-budget-for-cost-overrun-on-chinese-rail-project/
Suroyo, G., Davies, E., & Fabi, R. (2017, May 15). Indonesia, China consortium sign $4.5 billion loan for rail project. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-silkroad-indonesia-idUSKCN18B0RX
Tenggara Strategics. (2022, November 7). Analysis: Jokowi insists on extending Jakarta-Bandung HSR to Surabaya. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/11/07/analysis-jokowi-insists-on-extending-jakarta-bandung-hsr-to-surabaya.html
The Economist. (2022, November 17). Why Indonesia matters. Retrieved from The Economist: https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/11/17/why-indonesia-matters?gclid=CjwKCAiAl9efBhAkEiwA4TorimoGfkVlMTw0IlD8b0OdFFKY7IKg866XaFYF1BqZ9LtBXUkMiqZ9shoCEX0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
The World Bank. (2019, March 29). Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from Worldbank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative
Tiezzi, S. (2015, October 01). It’s Official: China, Not Japan, Is Building Indonesia’s First High-Speed Railway. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/its-official-china-not-japan-is-building-indonesias-first-high-speed-railway/
Understanding Pragmatic Research. (n.d.). Understanding Pragmatic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/helmopen/rlos/research-evidence-based-practice/designing-research/types-of-study/understanding-pragmatic-research/section05.html
UNDP. (2015). Covering Development Agendas: Nawacita;RPJM and SDGs.
Yee, W. Y. (2022, December 22). The Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway and the Future of the Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from The Jamestown Foundation: https://jamestown.org/program/the-jakarta-bandung-high-speed-railway-and-the-future-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative/
Yeremia, A. E., & Raditio, K. H. (2021, April 28). Indonesia-China Vaccine Cooperation and South China Sea Diplomacy. ISEAS Perspective, 2-5.
Yudilla, A. (2019). Kerjasama Indonesia-China Dalam Belt And Road Initiative: Analisa Peluang dan Ancaman Untuk Indonesia.
What is China`s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)? (2021, September 13). Chatham House. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/09/what-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-bri
Why Indonesia`s the winner of the next China-Japan economic battle. (2019, October 29). South China Morning Post. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3035237/why-indonesias-winner-next-china-japan-economic-battle
(2013, October 3). Speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping to Indonesian Parliament---ASEAN---China Center. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-10/03/c_133062675.htm
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/28/govt-to-tighten-supervisions-amid-arrest-of-chinese-nationals.html
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-infrastructure/in-race-with-japan-china-sweetens-bid-for-indonesia-railway-idUKL3N10M3R220150811
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://finance.detik.com/energi/d-6375531/jk-kritik-pengelolaan-nikel-yang-kerja-dari-china-sampai-tukang-las/2
(2022, August 30). YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2023, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/04/28/govt-to-tighten-supervisions-amid-arrest-of-chinese-nationals.html		zh_TW