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題名 由美國社區處遇制度論我國觀護制度立法——以老年非暴力犯罪為中心
Comparative Study on Community Corrections in Taiwan and the United States: Analyzing Legislation with Emphasis on Nonviolent Elderly Crimes
作者 蔡明憲
Tsai, Ming-Hsien
貢獻者 楊雲驊
蔡明憲
Tsai, Ming-Hsien
關鍵詞 二元主義
社會復歸
社區處遇
觀護
老年犯罪
非暴力犯罪
Social Reintegration
Community Corrections
Rehabilitation
Elderly Crimes
Nonviolent Crimes
日期 2023
上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 16:19:05 (UTC+8)
摘要 源於我國復歸處遇不足，以及對監獄超額收容之關注，本論文探討美國社區處遇制度引入我國之可行性，並以老年非暴力罪犯為核心進行研究。本論文首先介紹美國社區處遇與傳統機構處遇之差異、優勢與限制，並歸納老年受刑人於監獄中管理方式與健康醫療需求，再探討非暴力罪犯於美國社區處遇制度下之成功應用案例及其再犯率成效。另一方面，本文整理美國分流制度之優點，併介紹美國於COVID-19疫情期間之因應。接著分析我國中間處遇制度之現況與缺失，包括我國外役監、自主間外作業之現狀，以及介紹過往觀護專法草案之立法狀況。隨後進一步以美國社區處遇制度之成功經驗，探討其對我國的啟示，評估我國建構老年非暴力犯罪社區處遇制度之實益，同時探討現行法下調整保安處分、緩起訴之可行性與限制。
     
     社區處遇制度對於犯罪後之社會復歸具有重要意義，於現代刑罰二元主義思潮下，以社區處遇作為實現二元主義之手段將有助實現特別預防、社會復歸之矯正目標。未來研究可進一步規劃社區處遇實行之具體操作，或進行正反方意見討論，以解決社會復歸刑事政策實務上可能面臨之困難。
This thesis explores the feasibility of introducing the community corrections system from the United States to Taiwan, focusing on the elderly nonviolent crimes. Originating from the advantages of community corrections and the concerns over the inadequacy of correctional system and prison overcrowding in Taiwan. The study highlights the advantages of community corrections and its potential to enhance the criminal rehabilitation process, specifically for elderly nonviolent crimes.
     
     The characteristics, benefits, and limitations of the community corrections system in the United States are examined. Successful case studies are referenced to illustrate its effectiveness. This part investigates the healthcare requirements, strategies for medical management, and the influence on recidivism rates among elderly prisoners in the correctional system. Another aspect of the research introduces various community-based programs in the United States, including probation-related issues, the benefits of diversion, and responses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
     
     Moving on, the study analyzes the problems of the criminal rehabilitation system in Taiwan. It assesses the existing conditions of probation and the corrections of elderly nonviolent offenders, and the legislative landscape of community corrections or intermediate sanctions in Taiwan.
     
     Subsequently, a comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the successful experiences of the community corrections system in the United States. It explores its implications for Taiwan and assesses the feasibility, necessity and the practical benefits of establishing a specialized community corrections system tailored to elderly nonviolent offenders. Lastly, the conclusion summarizes the research findings and provides policy recommendations for future developments in the field. It also suggests avenues for further research.
參考文獻 壹、中文文獻
     一、專書（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
     1. 林山田，刑法通論（下冊），元照，增訂10版，2008年1月。
     2. 林山田、林東茂、林燦璋、賴擁連，犯罪學，三民，修訂6版，2020年1月。
     3. 林順昌，觀護再論，元照，初版，2019年3月。
     4. 許春金，刑事政策與刑事司法，三民，初版，2011年10月。
     5. 許福生，犯罪與刑事政策學，自版，初版，2010年9月。
     6. 楊士隆，暴力犯罪：原因、類型與對策，五南，4版，2020年2月。
     7. 鄧煌發等合著，觀護制度與社區處遇，洪葉文化，初版，2013年1月。
     
     二、學位論文（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
     1. 石玉華（2011），慢性犯罪者及其犯罪特徵之探討，臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
     
     三、期刊論文（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
     1. 王紀軒（2021），臺灣社區矯治法制的建構－與大陸社區矯正法的對照，刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集，24，69-93。
     2. 王榮聖（2010），社區處遇方式運用於刑罰制度之探討，軍法專刊，56（6），157-179。
     3. 任全鈞（2020），國外矯正機構實施自主監外作業之比較與啟發，刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊，25，117-181。
     4. 林順昌（2018），論保護管束、觀護處遇、保安處分及社區處遇之差別（一），法務通訊，2908，3-5。
     5. 林順昌（2018），論保護管束、觀護處遇、保安處分及社區處遇之差別（二），法務通訊，2909，4-6。
     6. 林順昌（2019），從即時強制之新聞報導談保護管束之修法必要（一），法務通訊，2935，3-5。
     7. 林順昌（2022），美國社區矯治措施之分類與運用－兼論對我國法制之借鏡與建議，軍法專刊，68（1），117-156。
     8. 張麗卿（2018），社區矯正法制之比較法檢討－以德日法制為借鑑，月旦法學，279，118-138。
     9. 許春金等（2022），慢性犯罪者概念及復歸問題之檢視──兼論美國近代社會復歸法案之借鏡，刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊，33，181-232。
     10. 陳慈幸（2022），淺談矯正機關收容人高齡化之現況與其矯正政策分析：特以長刑期收容人為例。當代法律，10，163-171。
     11. 黃朝義（2020），刑事政策刑罰論。中央警察大學法學論集，39，1-55。
     12. 溫祖德（2019），從起訴裁量論起訴政策及轉向計畫之訂定，檢察新論，26，27-41。
     13. 鄧煌發（1999），社區處遇之探討，警學叢刊，30（3），133-156。
     14. 蕭宏宜（2015），社區矯治之政策與法制改革。東吳法律學報，27（1），1-40。
     
     四、政府資料
     1. 林順昌（2021），如何推動我國社區矯治制度未來之發展與轉型，臺灣桃園地方檢察署110年度自行研究報告。
     2. 賴擁連、楊士隆、陳玉書（2022），「我國自主監外作業制度之研究－兼論對再犯預防機制之影響」成果報告，法務部司法官學院委託研究。
     3. 立法院公報處（2009），立法院公報，103卷43期。
     4. 立法院公報處（2009），立法院公報，98卷37期。
     5. 法務部統計處（2022），法務統計年報110年統計表。
     6. 監察院（2020），109司調0075調查報告。
     7. 監察院（2022），108司調0033調查報告。
     8. 監察院（2022），111司調0042調查報告。
     
     五、我國司法院大法官解釋與實務判決
     1. 司法院釋字第471號解釋。
     2. 司法院釋字第669號解釋。
     3. 司法院釋字第751號解釋。
     4. 司法院釋字第775號解釋。
     5. 司法院釋字第799號解釋。
     6. 司法院釋字第812號解釋。
     7. 臺灣高等法院104年度上易字第352號刑事判決。
     
     
     貳、外文文獻
     一、英文期刊論文
     1. Benjamin A. Barsky et al. (2021), Vaccination Plus Decarceration-- Stopping COVID-19 in Jails and Prisons, 384 N. Eng. J. Med. 1583-1585.
     2. Caroline M. Upton, Note (2014), A Cell for a Home: Addressing the Crisis of Booming Elder Inmate Populations in State Prisons, 22 Elder L. J. 289-324.
     3. Carrie Leonetti (2020), What Coronavirus Has Taught Us About Unnecessary Incarceration, 58 Am. Crim. L. Rev. Online 36-48.
     4. Charles R. Tittle & Harold G. Grasmick (1997), Criminal Behavior and Age: A Test of Three Provocative Hypotheses, 88 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 309 -342.
     5. David Best & Susan Broderick (2021), Recovery-Oriented Justice Initiatives & the Pivotal Role of the Prosecutor, 55 Prosecutor 20-23.
     6. Dawn Miller (2011), Sentencing Elderly Criminal Offenders, 7 NAELA J. 221-248.
     7. Frank J. Porporino (2014), Managing the Elderly in Corrections, 157 Int`l Training Course Visiting Experts` Papers 34-56.
     8. Grace McCarten (2019), Jailed While Frail: Examining Rationales for Incarcerating Aging and Infirm Criminals, 27 Elder L. J. 221-260.
     9. Jalila Jefferson-Bullock (2020), A Little Child Shall Lead Them: Juvenile Justice, Aging Out, and the First Step Act, 87 Tenn. L. Rev. 569-628.
     10. Jason S. Ornduff (1996), Releasing the Elderly Inmate: A Solution to Prison Overcrowding, 4 Elder L. J. 173-200.
     11. Jay Whetzel, Marie Garcia, Scott Anders (2020), All Hands on Deck! Toward a Reentry-Centered Vision for Federal Probation, 84-DEC Fed. Probation 3-13.
     12. Kimberly J. Cullen (2022), State-Sponsored Surveillance and Punishment: How Municipal Crime-Free Ordinances Exacerbate the Carceral Continuum, 31 B.U. Pub. Int. L. J. 47-79.
     13. L. Gavin (2011), What Happens to the Correctional System When a Right to Health Care Meets Sentencing Reform, 7 NAELA J. 249-269.
     14. Lyle B. Brown (1998), The Joint Effort to Supervise and Treat Elderly Offenders: A New Solution to A Current Corrections Problem, 59 Ohio St. L. J. 259-302.
     15. Marjorie P. Russell (1994), Compassionate Release of Terminally Ill Prisoners--Is the Cure Worse than the Disease, 3 Widener J. Pub. L. 799-855.
     16. Michael Moore (1999), Victims and Retribution: A Reply to Professor Fletcher, 3 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 65-89.
     17. Mirko Bagaric (2014), The Punishment Should Fit the Crime - Not the Prior Convictions of the Person that Committed the Crime: An Argument for Less Impact Being Accorded to Previous Convictions in Sentencing, 51 San Diego L. Rev. 343-418.
     18. Mirko Bagaric, Dan Hunter, Gabrielle Wolf (2018), Technological Incarceration and the End of the Prison Crisis, 108 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 73-135.
     19. Mirko Bagaric, Dan Hunter, Jennifer Svilar (2021), Prison Abolition: From Naïve Idealism to Technological Pragmatism, 111 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 351-406.
     20. Mirko Bagaric, Marissa Florio, Brienna Bagaric (2017), A Principled Approach to Separating the Fusion Between Nursing Homes and Prisons, 44 Pepp. L. Rev. 957-1038.
     21. Mirko Bagaric, Sandeep Gopalan (2016), Saving the United States from Lurching to Another Sentencing Crisis: Taking Proportionality Seriously and Implementing Fair Fixed Penalties, 60 St. Louis U. L. J. 169-242.
     22. Molly Connor (2020), From First Steps to Second Chances: Addressing Mass Incarceration in State Prisons, 95 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1699-1730.
     23. Molly Fairchild James (1992), The Sentencing of Elderly Criminals, 29 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1025-1044.
     24. Nadine Curran (2000), Blue Hairs in the Bighouse: The Rise in the Elderly Inmate Population, Its Effect on the Overcrowding Dilemma and Solutions to Correct It, 26 New Eng. J. on Crim. & Civ. Confinement 225-264.
     25. Ornduff, Jason S. (1996), Releasing the Elderly Inmate: A Solution to Prison Overcrowding. Elder L. J. 173-200.
     26. Richard Lowell Nygaard (1998), Crime, Pain, and Punishment: A Skeptic`s View, 102 Dick. L. Rev. 355-382.
     27. Ronald H. Aday & Jennifer J. Krabill (2006), Aging Offenders in the Criminal Justice System, 7 Marq. Elder`s Advisor 237-258.
     28. Ruth Shonle Cavan (1987), Is Special Treatment Needed for Elderly Offenders?, 2 Crim. Just. Pol`y Rev. 213-224.
     29. Thomas Ellsworth & Karin A. Helle (1994), Older Offenders on Probation, 58 Fed. Probation 4, 43-50.
     30. Vera Institute of Justice (2020), Next Steps: An Agenda for Federal Action on Safety & Justice, 33 Fed. Sent. R. 40-71.
     31. William E. Adams Jr. (1995), The Incarceration of Older Criminals: Balancing Safety, Cost, and Humanitarian Concerns, 19 Nova L. Rev. 465-486.
     32. William E. Adams Jr. (2001), The Intersection of Elder Law and Criminal Law: More Traffic than One Might Assume, 30 Stetson L. Rev. 1331-1352.
     33. Yelena Yukhvid (2015), Should Elderly Criminals Be Punished for Being Prisoners of the Mind? An Analysis of Criminals with Alzheimer`s Disease, 50 Gonz. L. Rev. 43-74.
     
     
     參、網路資料
     一、中文網路資料
     1. Brian Spegele（2021），華爾街日報：中國對人民的大規模監控 因為疫情更加貼緊日常生活，https://www.storm.mg/article/4574731?page=1。
     2. 公視新聞網（2022），過去用來追蹤犯嫌 警方雲龍系統精準掌握確診者足跡，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/510096。
     3. 世界衛生組織（2022），2022 Revision of World Population Prospects，https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20（Standard）/EXCEL_FILES/2_Population/WPP2022_POP_F06_1_POPULATION_PERCENTAGE_SELECT_AGE_GROUPS_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx。
     4. 立法院司法及法制委員會（2021），「從屏東挖眼案看社會安全網破洞」公聽會報告。https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/ashx/File.ashx?FilePath=~/File/Attach/213433/File_19732136.pdf。
     5. 立法院議案關係文書（2009），院總第658號 委員提案第9068號。https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lgmeetimage?cfc8cfcccecacfcec5cec6ccd2cdc9cf。
     6. 民間司法改革基金會（2022），殺警案後，外役監相關問題的釐清。https://www.jrf.org.tw/articles/2357#2-1
     7. 林瑋婷（2017），監外自主作業—即將名存實亡的改革？。https://www.jrf.org.tw/articles/1438。
     8. 監察院（2022），111-12-14監察委員新聞稿。https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=125&s=25768。
     
     二、英文網路資料
     1. Bill Barr (2020). Memorandum from Att`y Gen., to the Dir. of the Fed. Bureau of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/docs/bop_memo_home_confinement_april3.pdf
     2. Bureau of Just. Stat. (2020). Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus1718.pdf
     3. Deborah N. Archer (2019). The New Housing Segregation: The Jim Crow Effects of Crime-free Housing Ordinances, https://www.racism.lawschoolmoodle.org/articles/basic-needs/propertyland/301-housing/7854-the-new-housing-segregation
     4. Deborah N. Archer (2021). ‘Crime-Free’ Housing Ordinances, https://theappeal.org/the-lab/explainers/crime-free-housing-ordinances-explained
     5. Derecka Purnell (2020). The System is Built for Power, Not Justice, https://level.medium.com/the-system-is-built-for-power-not-justice-c83e6dc4dd66
     6. Drew Harwell (2021). Home-security cameras have become a fruitful resource for law enforcement—and a fatal risk, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/03/02/ring-camera-fears/
     7. Eddie Burkhalter et al. (2021). Incarcerated and Infected: How the Virus Tore Through the U.S. Prison System, N.Y. TIMES, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/04/10/us/covid-prison-outbreak.html?searchResultPosition=1
     8. Fed. Bureau of Prisons (2023). COVID-19 Inmate Test Information, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/index.jsp
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     11. Juliet Lapidos (2009). You`re Grounded! How Do You Qualify For House Arrest? https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/01/youre_grounded.html,
     12. Letter from Catherine E. Lhamon (2019). Chair of U.S. Comm`n on C.R., to Donald Trump, President, https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/2019/06-13-Collateral-Consequences.pdf
     13. Mark Morri (2014). New Electronic Anklets a Tougher Collar for Prisoners, http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/new-electronic-anklets-a-tougher-collar-for-prisoners/news-story/c2e00e5356bbf7a8e7596d4285df4971
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律科際整合研究所
109652013
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109652013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊雲驊zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 蔡明憲zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsai, Ming-Hsienen_US
dc.creator (作者) 蔡明憲zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsai, Ming-Hsienen_US
dc.date (日期) 2023en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 16:19:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 16:19:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 16:19:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109652013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147260-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 法律科際整合研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109652013zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 源於我國復歸處遇不足，以及對監獄超額收容之關注，本論文探討美國社區處遇制度引入我國之可行性，並以老年非暴力罪犯為核心進行研究。本論文首先介紹美國社區處遇與傳統機構處遇之差異、優勢與限制，並歸納老年受刑人於監獄中管理方式與健康醫療需求，再探討非暴力罪犯於美國社區處遇制度下之成功應用案例及其再犯率成效。另一方面，本文整理美國分流制度之優點，併介紹美國於COVID-19疫情期間之因應。接著分析我國中間處遇制度之現況與缺失，包括我國外役監、自主間外作業之現狀，以及介紹過往觀護專法草案之立法狀況。隨後進一步以美國社區處遇制度之成功經驗，探討其對我國的啟示，評估我國建構老年非暴力犯罪社區處遇制度之實益，同時探討現行法下調整保安處分、緩起訴之可行性與限制。
     
     社區處遇制度對於犯罪後之社會復歸具有重要意義，於現代刑罰二元主義思潮下，以社區處遇作為實現二元主義之手段將有助實現特別預防、社會復歸之矯正目標。未來研究可進一步規劃社區處遇實行之具體操作，或進行正反方意見討論，以解決社會復歸刑事政策實務上可能面臨之困難。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis explores the feasibility of introducing the community corrections system from the United States to Taiwan, focusing on the elderly nonviolent crimes. Originating from the advantages of community corrections and the concerns over the inadequacy of correctional system and prison overcrowding in Taiwan. The study highlights the advantages of community corrections and its potential to enhance the criminal rehabilitation process, specifically for elderly nonviolent crimes.
     
     The characteristics, benefits, and limitations of the community corrections system in the United States are examined. Successful case studies are referenced to illustrate its effectiveness. This part investigates the healthcare requirements, strategies for medical management, and the influence on recidivism rates among elderly prisoners in the correctional system. Another aspect of the research introduces various community-based programs in the United States, including probation-related issues, the benefits of diversion, and responses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
     
     Moving on, the study analyzes the problems of the criminal rehabilitation system in Taiwan. It assesses the existing conditions of probation and the corrections of elderly nonviolent offenders, and the legislative landscape of community corrections or intermediate sanctions in Taiwan.
     
     Subsequently, a comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the successful experiences of the community corrections system in the United States. It explores its implications for Taiwan and assesses the feasibility, necessity and the practical benefits of establishing a specialized community corrections system tailored to elderly nonviolent offenders. Lastly, the conclusion summarizes the research findings and provides policy recommendations for future developments in the field. It also suggests avenues for further research.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、緒論 1
     第一節、研究動機與問題意識 1
     第二節、研究目的與範圍 3
     第三節、研究方法 3
     第二章、美國社區處遇之成功案例 5
     第一節、社區處遇制度與其限制 5
     第二節、美國老年非暴力罪犯 8
     第一項、美國老年罪犯之量刑 8
     第二項、老年罪犯的健康與醫療需求與監獄的管理方式 11
     第三項、美國聯邦監獄管理局之風險評估 13
     第三節、與老年社區處遇相關之美國聯邦法案與草案 14
     第一項、2008年《第二次機會法案》（The Second Chance Act） 14
     第二項、2018年《第一步法案》（First Step Act） 15
     第三項、二次審視草案（Second Look Act） 16
     第四節、值得借鏡之美國處遇州法 16
     第一項、內華達州老年生活結構化計劃（Structured Senior Living Program） 16
     第二項、佛羅里達州老年犯罪干預教育計畫（Broward Senior Intervention Education） 17
     第三項、俄亥俄州霍金縣監獄（Hocking Correctional Facility） 18
     第四項、俄亥俄州針對性社區處遇替代監禁計畫（Targeted Community Alternatives to Prison） 21
     第五節、倡議中的社區處遇制度——人工智能輔助監控 21
     第六節、小結 25
     第三章、美國緩刑、分流制度與同情釋放之限制 27
     第一節、美國緩刑量能不足應付高齡緩刑者的監督 27
     第二節、以家庭監督為基礎的緩刑難以提供完整監管 29
     第三節、分流制度之侷限性 30
     第四節、COVID-19疫情下之同情釋放 32
     第一項、疫情爆發讓監獄成為傳染病溫床 32
     第二項、無犯罪住房條例的限制 35
     第三項、帶有特赦性質之同情釋放 38
     第四章、我國處遇制度現況與限制 41
     第一節、我國老年犯罪以輕罪為主 41
     第二節、我國中間處遇現況 42
     第一項、自主監外作業成效顯著 42
     第二項、外役監遴選與監管缺失 44
     第三節、社區處遇與保安處分制度之不足 48
     第四節、學者對觀護專法之倡議 52
     第五節、我國立法院2009年觀護法草案可做為立法參考 54
     第六節、小結 58
     第五章、美國法經驗對我國之啟發 59
     第一節、我國非戒護外出工作制度不足 59
     第二節、社區處遇可建構於緩起訴制度 61
     第三節、社區處遇制度之啟示 63
     第一項、社區復歸為國際刑事司法改革趨勢 63
     第二項、美國實務可作為我國立法借鏡 69
     第三項、如何評估老年罪犯對社會處遇之適合程度 72
     第四項、應避免社區處遇制度遭濫用 77
     第四節、調整觀護制度實益 78
     第一項、節省稅支 78
     第二項、減少再犯率 79
     第三項、緩解監獄超額收容 79
     第五節、以美國法借鏡我國未來修正要點 82
     第六節、小結 84
     第六章、結論 85
     參考文獻 87		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109652013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 二元主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會復歸zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社區處遇zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 觀護zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 老年犯罪zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非暴力犯罪zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social Reintegrationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Community Correctionsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Rehabilitationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Elderly Crimesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Nonviolent Crimesen_US
dc.title (題名) 由美國社區處遇制度論我國觀護制度立法——以老年非暴力犯罪為中心zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Comparative Study on Community Corrections in Taiwan and the United States: Analyzing Legislation with Emphasis on Nonviolent Elderly Crimesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文文獻
     一、專書（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
     1. 林山田，刑法通論（下冊），元照，增訂10版，2008年1月。
     2. 林山田、林東茂、林燦璋、賴擁連，犯罪學，三民，修訂6版，2020年1月。
     3. 林順昌，觀護再論，元照，初版，2019年3月。
     4. 許春金，刑事政策與刑事司法，三民，初版，2011年10月。
     5. 許福生，犯罪與刑事政策學，自版，初版，2010年9月。
     6. 楊士隆，暴力犯罪：原因、類型與對策，五南，4版，2020年2月。
     7. 鄧煌發等合著，觀護制度與社區處遇，洪葉文化，初版，2013年1月。
     
     二、學位論文（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
     1. 石玉華（2011），慢性犯罪者及其犯罪特徵之探討，臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
     
     三、期刊論文（依作者姓氏筆畫順序）
     1. 王紀軒（2021），臺灣社區矯治法制的建構－與大陸社區矯正法的對照，刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集，24，69-93。
     2. 王榮聖（2010），社區處遇方式運用於刑罰制度之探討，軍法專刊，56（6），157-179。
     3. 任全鈞（2020），國外矯正機構實施自主監外作業之比較與啟發，刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊，25，117-181。
     4. 林順昌（2018），論保護管束、觀護處遇、保安處分及社區處遇之差別（一），法務通訊，2908，3-5。
     5. 林順昌（2018），論保護管束、觀護處遇、保安處分及社區處遇之差別（二），法務通訊，2909，4-6。
     6. 林順昌（2019），從即時強制之新聞報導談保護管束之修法必要（一），法務通訊，2935，3-5。
     7. 林順昌（2022），美國社區矯治措施之分類與運用－兼論對我國法制之借鏡與建議，軍法專刊，68（1），117-156。
     8. 張麗卿（2018），社區矯正法制之比較法檢討－以德日法制為借鑑，月旦法學，279，118-138。
     9. 許春金等（2022），慢性犯罪者概念及復歸問題之檢視──兼論美國近代社會復歸法案之借鏡，刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊，33，181-232。
     10. 陳慈幸（2022），淺談矯正機關收容人高齡化之現況與其矯正政策分析：特以長刑期收容人為例。當代法律，10，163-171。
     11. 黃朝義（2020），刑事政策刑罰論。中央警察大學法學論集，39，1-55。
     12. 溫祖德（2019），從起訴裁量論起訴政策及轉向計畫之訂定，檢察新論，26，27-41。
     13. 鄧煌發（1999），社區處遇之探討，警學叢刊，30（3），133-156。
     14. 蕭宏宜（2015），社區矯治之政策與法制改革。東吳法律學報，27（1），1-40。
     
     四、政府資料
     1. 林順昌（2021），如何推動我國社區矯治制度未來之發展與轉型，臺灣桃園地方檢察署110年度自行研究報告。
     2. 賴擁連、楊士隆、陳玉書（2022），「我國自主監外作業制度之研究－兼論對再犯預防機制之影響」成果報告，法務部司法官學院委託研究。
     3. 立法院公報處（2009），立法院公報，103卷43期。
     4. 立法院公報處（2009），立法院公報，98卷37期。
     5. 法務部統計處（2022），法務統計年報110年統計表。
     6. 監察院（2020），109司調0075調查報告。
     7. 監察院（2022），108司調0033調查報告。
     8. 監察院（2022），111司調0042調查報告。
     
     五、我國司法院大法官解釋與實務判決
     1. 司法院釋字第471號解釋。
     2. 司法院釋字第669號解釋。
     3. 司法院釋字第751號解釋。
     4. 司法院釋字第775號解釋。
     5. 司法院釋字第799號解釋。
     6. 司法院釋字第812號解釋。
     7. 臺灣高等法院104年度上易字第352號刑事判決。
     
     
     貳、外文文獻
     一、英文期刊論文
     1. Benjamin A. Barsky et al. (2021), Vaccination Plus Decarceration-- Stopping COVID-19 in Jails and Prisons, 384 N. Eng. J. Med. 1583-1585.
     2. Caroline M. Upton, Note (2014), A Cell for a Home: Addressing the Crisis of Booming Elder Inmate Populations in State Prisons, 22 Elder L. J. 289-324.
     3. Carrie Leonetti (2020), What Coronavirus Has Taught Us About Unnecessary Incarceration, 58 Am. Crim. L. Rev. Online 36-48.
     4. Charles R. Tittle & Harold G. Grasmick (1997), Criminal Behavior and Age: A Test of Three Provocative Hypotheses, 88 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 309 -342.
     5. David Best & Susan Broderick (2021), Recovery-Oriented Justice Initiatives & the Pivotal Role of the Prosecutor, 55 Prosecutor 20-23.
     6. Dawn Miller (2011), Sentencing Elderly Criminal Offenders, 7 NAELA J. 221-248.
     7. Frank J. Porporino (2014), Managing the Elderly in Corrections, 157 Int`l Training Course Visiting Experts` Papers 34-56.
     8. Grace McCarten (2019), Jailed While Frail: Examining Rationales for Incarcerating Aging and Infirm Criminals, 27 Elder L. J. 221-260.
     9. Jalila Jefferson-Bullock (2020), A Little Child Shall Lead Them: Juvenile Justice, Aging Out, and the First Step Act, 87 Tenn. L. Rev. 569-628.
     10. Jason S. Ornduff (1996), Releasing the Elderly Inmate: A Solution to Prison Overcrowding, 4 Elder L. J. 173-200.
     11. Jay Whetzel, Marie Garcia, Scott Anders (2020), All Hands on Deck! Toward a Reentry-Centered Vision for Federal Probation, 84-DEC Fed. Probation 3-13.
     12. Kimberly J. Cullen (2022), State-Sponsored Surveillance and Punishment: How Municipal Crime-Free Ordinances Exacerbate the Carceral Continuum, 31 B.U. Pub. Int. L. J. 47-79.
     13. L. Gavin (2011), What Happens to the Correctional System When a Right to Health Care Meets Sentencing Reform, 7 NAELA J. 249-269.
     14. Lyle B. Brown (1998), The Joint Effort to Supervise and Treat Elderly Offenders: A New Solution to A Current Corrections Problem, 59 Ohio St. L. J. 259-302.
     15. Marjorie P. Russell (1994), Compassionate Release of Terminally Ill Prisoners--Is the Cure Worse than the Disease, 3 Widener J. Pub. L. 799-855.
     16. Michael Moore (1999), Victims and Retribution: A Reply to Professor Fletcher, 3 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 65-89.
     17. Mirko Bagaric (2014), The Punishment Should Fit the Crime - Not the Prior Convictions of the Person that Committed the Crime: An Argument for Less Impact Being Accorded to Previous Convictions in Sentencing, 51 San Diego L. Rev. 343-418.
     18. Mirko Bagaric, Dan Hunter, Gabrielle Wolf (2018), Technological Incarceration and the End of the Prison Crisis, 108 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 73-135.
     19. Mirko Bagaric, Dan Hunter, Jennifer Svilar (2021), Prison Abolition: From Naïve Idealism to Technological Pragmatism, 111 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 351-406.
     20. Mirko Bagaric, Marissa Florio, Brienna Bagaric (2017), A Principled Approach to Separating the Fusion Between Nursing Homes and Prisons, 44 Pepp. L. Rev. 957-1038.
     21. Mirko Bagaric, Sandeep Gopalan (2016), Saving the United States from Lurching to Another Sentencing Crisis: Taking Proportionality Seriously and Implementing Fair Fixed Penalties, 60 St. Louis U. L. J. 169-242.
     22. Molly Connor (2020), From First Steps to Second Chances: Addressing Mass Incarceration in State Prisons, 95 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1699-1730.
     23. Molly Fairchild James (1992), The Sentencing of Elderly Criminals, 29 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1025-1044.
     24. Nadine Curran (2000), Blue Hairs in the Bighouse: The Rise in the Elderly Inmate Population, Its Effect on the Overcrowding Dilemma and Solutions to Correct It, 26 New Eng. J. on Crim. & Civ. Confinement 225-264.
     25. Ornduff, Jason S. (1996), Releasing the Elderly Inmate: A Solution to Prison Overcrowding. Elder L. J. 173-200.
     26. Richard Lowell Nygaard (1998), Crime, Pain, and Punishment: A Skeptic`s View, 102 Dick. L. Rev. 355-382.
     27. Ronald H. Aday & Jennifer J. Krabill (2006), Aging Offenders in the Criminal Justice System, 7 Marq. Elder`s Advisor 237-258.
     28. Ruth Shonle Cavan (1987), Is Special Treatment Needed for Elderly Offenders?, 2 Crim. Just. Pol`y Rev. 213-224.
     29. Thomas Ellsworth & Karin A. Helle (1994), Older Offenders on Probation, 58 Fed. Probation 4, 43-50.
     30. Vera Institute of Justice (2020), Next Steps: An Agenda for Federal Action on Safety & Justice, 33 Fed. Sent. R. 40-71.
     31. William E. Adams Jr. (1995), The Incarceration of Older Criminals: Balancing Safety, Cost, and Humanitarian Concerns, 19 Nova L. Rev. 465-486.
     32. William E. Adams Jr. (2001), The Intersection of Elder Law and Criminal Law: More Traffic than One Might Assume, 30 Stetson L. Rev. 1331-1352.
     33. Yelena Yukhvid (2015), Should Elderly Criminals Be Punished for Being Prisoners of the Mind? An Analysis of Criminals with Alzheimer`s Disease, 50 Gonz. L. Rev. 43-74.
     
     
     參、網路資料
     一、中文網路資料
     1. Brian Spegele（2021），華爾街日報：中國對人民的大規模監控 因為疫情更加貼緊日常生活，https://www.storm.mg/article/4574731?page=1。
     2. 公視新聞網（2022），過去用來追蹤犯嫌 警方雲龍系統精準掌握確診者足跡，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/510096。
     3. 世界衛生組織（2022），2022 Revision of World Population Prospects，https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20（Standard）/EXCEL_FILES/2_Population/WPP2022_POP_F06_1_POPULATION_PERCENTAGE_SELECT_AGE_GROUPS_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx。
     4. 立法院司法及法制委員會（2021），「從屏東挖眼案看社會安全網破洞」公聽會報告。https://www.ly.gov.tw/Pages/ashx/File.ashx?FilePath=~/File/Attach/213433/File_19732136.pdf。
     5. 立法院議案關係文書（2009），院總第658號 委員提案第9068號。https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lgmeetimage?cfc8cfcccecacfcec5cec6ccd2cdc9cf。
     6. 民間司法改革基金會（2022），殺警案後，外役監相關問題的釐清。https://www.jrf.org.tw/articles/2357#2-1
     7. 林瑋婷（2017），監外自主作業—即將名存實亡的改革？。https://www.jrf.org.tw/articles/1438。
     8. 監察院（2022），111-12-14監察委員新聞稿。https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=125&s=25768。
     
     二、英文網路資料
     1. Bill Barr (2020). Memorandum from Att`y Gen., to the Dir. of the Fed. Bureau of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/docs/bop_memo_home_confinement_april3.pdf
     2. Bureau of Just. Stat. (2020). Correctional Populations in the United States, 2017-2018. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus1718.pdf
     3. Deborah N. Archer (2019). The New Housing Segregation: The Jim Crow Effects of Crime-free Housing Ordinances, https://www.racism.lawschoolmoodle.org/articles/basic-needs/propertyland/301-housing/7854-the-new-housing-segregation
     4. Deborah N. Archer (2021). ‘Crime-Free’ Housing Ordinances, https://theappeal.org/the-lab/explainers/crime-free-housing-ordinances-explained
     5. Derecka Purnell (2020). The System is Built for Power, Not Justice, https://level.medium.com/the-system-is-built-for-power-not-justice-c83e6dc4dd66
     6. Drew Harwell (2021). Home-security cameras have become a fruitful resource for law enforcement—and a fatal risk, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/03/02/ring-camera-fears/
     7. Eddie Burkhalter et al. (2021). Incarcerated and Infected: How the Virus Tore Through the U.S. Prison System, N.Y. TIMES, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/04/10/us/covid-prison-outbreak.html?searchResultPosition=1
     8. Fed. Bureau of Prisons (2023). COVID-19 Inmate Test Information, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/index.jsp
     9. FOX NEWS (2015). Analysis Finds Not Enough Monitoring of Monitoring Bracelets in US, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/07/28/analysis-finds-not-enough-monitoring-monitoring-bracelets-in-us.html
     10. Jaboa Lake (2021). Preventing and Removing Barriers to Housing Security for People with Criminal Convictions, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2021/04/14/498053/preventing-removing-barriers-housing-security-people-criminal-convictions
     11. Juliet Lapidos (2009). You`re Grounded! How Do You Qualify For House Arrest? https://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/01/youre_grounded.html,
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     19. Pew Charitable Trusts (2016). Use of Electronic Offender-Tracking Devices Expands Sharply. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2016/09/use-of-electronic-offender-tracking-devices-expands-sharply
     20. Prison Policy Initiative (2021). The most significant criminal justice policy changes from the COVID-19 pandemic, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/virus/virusresponse.html
     21. Roni Caryn Rabin. Vulnerable Inmates Left in Prison as Covid Rages, N.Y. TIMES (2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/27/health/coronavirus-prisons-danbury.html
     22. Sun Sentinel (1987). Program Caters to First-Time Senior Offenders, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1987/01/25/program-caters-to-first-time-senior-offenders/
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     24. Timothy Williams, Benjamin Weiser & William K. Rashbaum (2020). Jails Are Petri Dishes: Inmates Freed as the Virus Spreads Behind Bars, N.Y. TIMES, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/us/coronavirus-prisons-jails.html
     25. U.S. Dep`t of Just., Fed. Bureau of Prisons (2016). Change Notice to Home Confinement, https://www.bop.gov/policy/progstat/7320_001_CN-1.pdf
     26. U.S. Dep`t of Just., Off. of Att`y Gen. (2019). The First Step Act of 2018: Risk and Needs Assessment System, https://nij.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh171/files/media/document/the-first-step-act-of-2018-risk-and-needs-assessment-system_1.pdf
     27. US Department of Justice (2011). Electronic Monitoring Reduces Recidivism, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/234460.pdf		zh_TW