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題名 由移入國與移出國之跨域責任建構我國無證移工之健康權保障
Establishing health protection for Taiwan’s Undocumented Migrant workers: a new approach作者 吳威嬅
Wu, Wei-Hua貢獻者 孫迺翊
Sun, Nai-Yi
吳威嬅
Wu, Wei-Hua關鍵詞 無證移工
健康權
社會權
健康保險
社會救助
菲律賓日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Sep-2023 16:22:24 (UTC+8) 摘要 我國自1989年開放藍領移工,便確立限業限量、補充性原則的移民政策,並在2023年達73萬4,434人。另一方面,無證移工數量也高達8萬3,277人,超過一成。這些無證移工多來自越南、印尼、菲律賓及泰國,往往是由有證移工轉為失聯移工。在轉為無證移工後,因不再具有居留證明文件而被全民健康保險退保。這些無證移工的健康權保障便無法再由全民健康保險承擔,也無法取得社會救助法的醫療補助及急難救助。在現行法制下,只能取得緊急救護體系下的緊急救護。文中指出無證移工的健康權保障難題,毋寧在於移入國拒斥無證移工的移民政策,而社會安全法制又深受移民政策影響,使得移入國抗拒給予無證移工更多的健康權保障。在這樣的背景下,荷蘭社會法學者Gijsbert Vonk在2012年後開始提出應將移出國的角色納入,由移入國與移出國共同承擔無證移工健康權保障的法政策論點。本文便是在學者的論點下,嘗試結合我國作為移入國,與越南、印尼、菲律賓及泰國作為移出國所應承擔的責任。本文發現,在學者的論點下,仍須依賴移出國的立場。關此,菲律賓在2019年後已將其海外無證移工納入菲律賓健康保險的強制投保對象,至於其他三國,雖有發展出保障海外移工社會權的特殊制度,卻將無證移工排除在外。本文因而提出,作為無證移工所在國且健康照護體系較為完善的移入國,仍有主要提供無證移工健康權保障的責任與優勢,本文因而借鑑比利時的急迫醫療救助制度,提出我國現行社會救助法的不足,應增訂「無證移工之醫療救助」一章。至於,移出國的跨域責任則可由承擔部分無證移工的醫療費用而實現。 參考文獻 中文部分書籍Hans Zacher,2014,劉冬梅、楊一帆譯,福利社會的歐洲設計:察赫社會法文集,初版,(北京大學出版)。刁仁國,2001,外國人入出境管理法論,初版,(中央警大出版)。王鐵崖,國際法, 1992年,初版,(五南出版)。出井康博,2018,絕望工廠 日本:外國留學生與實習生的「現代奴工」實錄(光現出版)。四方報,2012,逃 : 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國立政治大學
法律學系
105651057資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105651057 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 孫迺翊 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Sun, Nai-Yi en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳威嬅 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Wei-Hua en_US dc.creator (作者) 吳威嬅 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Wu, Wei-Hua en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2023 16:22:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Sep-2023 16:22:24 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2023 16:22:24 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0105651057 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147273 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 105651057 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我國自1989年開放藍領移工,便確立限業限量、補充性原則的移民政策,並在2023年達73萬4,434人。另一方面,無證移工數量也高達8萬3,277人,超過一成。這些無證移工多來自越南、印尼、菲律賓及泰國,往往是由有證移工轉為失聯移工。在轉為無證移工後,因不再具有居留證明文件而被全民健康保險退保。這些無證移工的健康權保障便無法再由全民健康保險承擔,也無法取得社會救助法的醫療補助及急難救助。在現行法制下,只能取得緊急救護體系下的緊急救護。文中指出無證移工的健康權保障難題,毋寧在於移入國拒斥無證移工的移民政策,而社會安全法制又深受移民政策影響,使得移入國抗拒給予無證移工更多的健康權保障。在這樣的背景下,荷蘭社會法學者Gijsbert Vonk在2012年後開始提出應將移出國的角色納入,由移入國與移出國共同承擔無證移工健康權保障的法政策論點。本文便是在學者的論點下,嘗試結合我國作為移入國,與越南、印尼、菲律賓及泰國作為移出國所應承擔的責任。本文發現,在學者的論點下,仍須依賴移出國的立場。關此,菲律賓在2019年後已將其海外無證移工納入菲律賓健康保險的強制投保對象,至於其他三國,雖有發展出保障海外移工社會權的特殊制度,卻將無證移工排除在外。本文因而提出,作為無證移工所在國且健康照護體系較為完善的移入國,仍有主要提供無證移工健康權保障的責任與優勢,本文因而借鑑比利時的急迫醫療救助制度,提出我國現行社會救助法的不足,應增訂「無證移工之醫療救助」一章。至於,移出國的跨域責任則可由承擔部分無證移工的醫療費用而實現。 zh_TW dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1第一節 研究動機 1第二節 問題意識 5第三節 名詞定義與研究範圍 6第一項 無證移工(Undocumented migrant workers) 6第二項 社會權 8第三項 社會安全制度 9第四項 健康權 9第四節 研究範圍 11第五節 研究方法 13第六節 研究架構 14第二章 有證移工居留地位與其健康權之連結 15第一節 全球化時代社會連帶的界定:由國籍到居住、就業 15第一項 社會給付類型與社會連帶的界定 16第一款 繳費制社會給付 17第二款 非繳費制社會給付 18第三款 國籍在繳費制社會給付的餘存 18第二節 移民政策對於社會法的影響 19第一項 有證居留地位與社會權的連結 24第一款 全民健康保險 27第二款 社會救助 28第二項 社會安全網以外的無證移工 30第三項 小結 33第三節 國際人權公約與區域人權公約下的無證移工健康權保障 34第一項 經濟社會文化權利國際公約 36第一款 經濟社會文化權利國際公約下立即實現義務 36第一目 不歧視原則 37第二目 最低核心義務 38第二款 經濟社會文化權利國際公約第12條與無證移工 39第三款 經濟社會文化權利國際公約第12條健康權 41第一目 享受可能達到之最高身心健康標準之內涵 41第二目 關於健康權指導原則 42第三目 關於健康權最低核心義務 44第四款 對健康權為差別待遇的允許範圍 45第五款 小結 46第二項 保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約 47第一款 對於移出國之指引 48第二款 保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約之雙重目的 48第三款 保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約第28條緊急醫療照護權 50第四款 第2號一般性意見 51第一目 緊急醫療照護權利 52第二目 禁止向移民機關通報無證移工 53第三目 考慮使處於極端弱勢地位的無證移工身分正常化 53第五款 小結 54第三項 歐洲人權公約 54第一款 歐洲人權公約對於健康權的保障 55第二款 歐洲人權公約第2條與健康權 55第三款 歐洲人權公約第3條免於酷刑與不人道待遇之自由 57第一目 歐洲人權公約第3條與不遣返 58第二目 移出國醫療資源欠缺案例 60第三目 移入國不遣返義務 65第四項 小結 66第三章 跨域責任之提出與移入國對於無證移工的健康權保障 67第一節 移入國與移出國跨域責任之提出 67第二節 德國對於無證移工的健康權保障 70第一項 尋求庇護者社會給付法的緊急醫療照護 72第二項 居留法第87條社會福利機關通報義務 76第三項 小結 79第三節 比利時對於無證移工的健康權保障 80第一項 社會福利局法與1996年12月12日關於國家醫療救助之皇家法令的急迫醫療救助 82第一款 急迫 82第二款 資產調查與定居地調查 84第三款 申請程序 85第二項 社會福利局理論上的通報義務 87第三項 小結 88第四章 移出國對於海外無證移工的健康權保障 90第一節 移出國提供海外國民健康權保障之限制 90第一項 屬地原則 90第二項 實物給付之境外可輸出性 91第二節 移出國提供海外無證移工健康權保障之模式 97第一項 德國模式 98第一款 提供海外德國人社會權保障之背景 98第二款 經常性居留與社會救助之連結 100第三款 社會救助制度與健康權保障 103第四款 領事法第5條 106第一目 無法由其他方式排除的緊急情況 109第二目 必要的救助 111第三目 給付種類、形式與程度取決於移入國之情形 111第四目 受領人有義務償還墊款 112第五目 兩個月之法定期間 114第五款 醫療費用帳單案 114第六款 小結 117第二項 亞洲勞動輸出國模式 117第一款 亞洲勞動輸出國提供海外移工社會權保障之背景 118第二款 海外移工社會福利基金 119第三款 菲律賓海外移工福利管理局 121第一目 特別公課義務人 125第二目 財務 126第三目 組織 128第四目 健康給付 129第四款 海外移工社會福利基金與有證移工的連結 134第三項 菲律賓健康保險模式 138第一款 2003年海外移工健康權保障業務由OWWA移交菲律賓健康保險 138第二款 菲律賓法定健康保險發展背景 140第一目 菲律賓健康保險公司 140第二目 被保險人 141第三目 健康服務提供者 143第三款 全民納入法定健康保險與無證移工的納入 143第四款 2019年全民健康照護法之健康給付 147第五款 菲律賓健康保險給付的輸出境外與無證移工 152第一目 對於屬地原則之突破 152第二目 對於實物給付之境外可輸出性之突破 155第三目 菲律賓健康保險對於無證移工的回應 159第五章 由移入國與移出國之跨域責任建構無證移工之雙邊社會安全居間協定 168第一節 雙邊協定作為建立跨域責任之工具 168第一項 社會安全居間整合的三種工具 169第一款 移入國與移出國進行社會安全居間整合之必要性 169第二款 社會安全居間整合工具 171第一目 單方措施 171第二目 雙邊協定 172第三目 多邊協定 172第二項 雙邊社會安全居間協定 173第一款 歷史背景 173第二款 雙邊社會安全居間協定之特徵 174第一目 平等互惠原則 175第二目 適用法的決定 176第三目 社會給付境外輸出 177第四目 行政協助 177第三款 德國—土耳其關於社會安全協定 178第一目 客工計畫轉向移居 179第二目 協定內容與年金請領者健康給付之特別規定 180第四款 作為我國與移出國簽定有證移工社會安全居間協定之借鑑 184第二節 透過跨域責任建構我國無證移工之社會安全居間協定 185第一項 我國與移出國簽定雙邊社會安全居間協定之限制 186第二項 我國與移出國無證移工之雙邊社會安全居間協定 187第一款 我國藍領移工移出國及其單方措施 188第一目 越南 190第二目 印尼 191第三目 菲律賓 192第四目 泰國 192第二款 建構我國與菲律賓無證移工雙邊社會安全居間協定 194第一目 移入國與移出國現行法對於菲律賓無證移工的健康權保障 194第二目 我國與菲律賓無證移工雙邊社會安全居間協定之提出 195(1) 名詞定義 196(2) 事項的效力範圍 196(3) 人的效力範圍 196(4) 適用法的決定 196(5) 緊急醫療救護之提供 197(6) 費用償還 197(7) 資訊分享與保密義務 197第三款 我國與印尼、泰國及越南關於無證移工健康權保障之跨域責任 198第一目 我國作為移入國應承擔的責任 1981. 應在社會救助法新增「無證移工之醫療救助」一章:兼以Covid-19為例 1992. 禁止課與醫事服務單位、社會福利機關通報義務 209第二目 移出國應提供海外無證移工健康權保障之單方措施或償還部分醫療費用 2111. 目前沒有針對海外移工的健康權措施:越南 2122. 目前有針對海外移工的健康權措施,但未將海外無證移工納入:印尼、泰國 2123. 償還移入國對於無證移工的部分醫療費用 213第四款 小結 214第六章 結論 215參考文獻 218附件一 我國與菲律賓無證移工雙邊社會安全居間協定 238附件二 醫療救助卡範本 240附件三 社會救助法新增「無證移工之醫療救助」一章之內容 241附件四 新增無證移工醫療救助辦法之內容:以臺南市為例 244 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4757575 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0105651057 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 無證移工 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 健康權 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會權 zh_TW 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