學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 當女王蜂滑動手指時：以自我決定論探索Bumble對異性戀女性用戶線上交友之旅的心理影響
When the Queen Bee Swipes: Unveiling the Psychological Effects of Bumble on Heterosexual Female Users’ Online Dating Journey through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory作者 簡伽錡
Chien, Chia-Chi貢獻者 林日璇
Lin, Jih-Hsuan
簡伽錡
Chien, Chia-Chi關鍵詞 網路交友
交友軟體
自我決定論
媒體豐富度
媒體心理學
Online Dating
Dating App
Self-Determination Theory
Media Richness
Media Psychology日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Dec-2023 14:10:35 (UTC+8) 摘要 網路交友的盛行已改變了當代浪漫關係的性質，同時也開創了數位連結的新時代。由於行動裝置和以電腦中介傳播的廣泛應用，交友軟體日益普及且越發便利，人們能夠隨時隨地與他人輕鬆在網路上進行交流，進而發展浪漫關係。 以自我決定理論為框架，本研究深入探討了自稱為以女性為主所設計之交友軟體 Bumble 與其異性戀生理女性用戶之間的關係。研究著重於Bumble中所提供之獨特功能和多種傳訊方式是否有助於增強異性戀女性使用者的自主感、勝任感和關聯感。此外，本研究也探討該軟體中媒體豐富度與獨特功能對她們在網路交友的浪漫旅程中心理層面上的各種影響，以及她們對該交友軟體之使用滿意度和未來使用意圖。 共計365名異性戀台灣生理女性用戶參與了這項研究。研究結果發現，雖然Bumble的獨特功能本身與使用Bumble的滿意度並無直接相關，但它們確實對使用者的自主感、勝任感和關聯感有顯著的正面影響。而自主感、勝任感和關聯感也與Bumble使用的滿意度呈現顯著正相關。本研究也探討了媒體豐富度與Bumble使用滿意度之間的關係。 透過探討Bumble對異性戀女性用戶心理影響的分析，本研究擴展了先前相關研究的範疇。研究結果不僅增進對女性用戶在Bumble使用上心理感受和經驗的理解，同時也為當前和未來的交友軟體開發人員提供了改進其軟體與服務的靈感，以更好地保障使用者在網路約會中的安全性，並最大程度地提升用戶滿意度。
The prevalence of online dating has revolutionized the nature of relationships in the context of modern romance, ushering in an era of digital connection. Owing to the widespread adoption of mobile devices and computer-mediated communication, dating apps have become increasingly popular and accessible, enabling individuals to communicate with prospective partners at any moment and from any location and establish romantic connections with unprecedented ease. This research delves into exploring the relationship between Bumble, a self-claimed female-oriented dating app, and its female users. Employing the framework of “Self-Determination Theory,” this study aims to discover whether Bumble’s unique features and various communication options available within the app contribute to the enhancement of its female users’ sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Furthermore, it also seeks to investigate the psychological effects on their romantic journey, as well as how these features may influence their satisfaction with the app and intentions for future app use. A total of 365 Taiwanese biological female users who identify as heterosexual participated in this research. The findings revealed that although Bumble’s unique features do not directly correlate with user satisfaction, they indeed have a significant positive influence on providing users with a greater sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In addition, autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively and significantly correlated to satisfaction with Bumble use. This relationship between the use of the richness of cues and the satisfaction with Bumble use was also addressed in the study. By examining the psychological effects of using dating apps like Bumble, this study broadens the scope of past research on the subject. The findings not only shed light on users’ psychological perceptions and experiences with Bumble, but they also offer valuable insights for dating app developers, both present and future, on how to fine tune their services in order to safeguard users’ safety online and optimize their user satisfaction.參考文獻 Anwar, M. (2015). “Bumble” dating app is essentially feminist Tinder, and here’s why you should download it. Bustle. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/ar ticles/72235-bumble-dating-appis-essentially-feminist-tinder-and-heres-why-you-should-download-it. Albury, K., Byron, P., McCosker, A., Pym, T., Walshe, J., Race, K., ... & Dietzel, C. (2019). Safety, risk and well-being on dating apps: Final report. (2019). Brandtzæg, P. B., & Heim, J. (2009). Why people use social networking sites. In Online Communities and Social Computing: Third International Conference, OCSC 2009, Held as Part of HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009. Proceedings 3 (pp. 143-152). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Borrajo, E., & Calvete, E. (2015). Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse. Psicothema, 327-333. Burgess, K., & Bederu, M. (2016). Consumer survey: The best way to “swipe” a mate. Consumer Research. Bergin, R. (2016). Media richness theory. Center for Homeland Defense and Security. Beining, C. (2017). Romance Scams. FBI. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/ news/stories/roma nce-scams. Bedosky, R., Schaefer, L. N., Kalafatis, A. M., & Weaver, M. (2018). The Psychology of Giving and Receiving Compliments. Bivens, R., & Hoque, A. S. (2018). Programming sex, gender, and sexuality: Infrastructural failures in the “feminist” dating app Bumble. Canadian Journal of Communication, 43(3), 441-459. Baberjee, S. (2021). At Bumble, safety is our number one priority: Priti Joshi, Bumble. BUSINESS INSIDER INDIA. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsi der.in/advertising/ad-tech/news/at-bumble-safety-is-our-number-one-priority-priti-joshi-bumble/articleshow/81670547.cms. Bumble. (2023). Make the First Move. Retrieved from https://bumble.com/en-us/about Bankmycell. (2018). MILLENNIAL DATING STATISTICS: WHAT IS GHOSTING SOMEONE? Retrieved from https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/what-is-ghostin g-someone. Conway, N., Clinton, M., Sturges, J., & Budjanovcanin, A. (2015). Using self‐determination stheory to understand the relationship between calling enactment and daily well‐being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(8), 1114-1131. Callander, D., Holt, M., & Newman, C. E. (2016). ‘Not everyone’s gonna like me’: Accounting for race and racism in sex and dating web services for gay and bisexual men. Ethnicities, 16(1), 3-21. Chilcott, J. (2017). Taking the sting out of dating: New dating app Bumble lets ladies swipe first and “puts women in the driver’s seat,” says Whitney Wolfe. The Sun. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/3099419/new-dating-app-bumble-lets-ladies-sw ipe-first. Castro, Á., & Barrada, J. R. (2020). Dating apps and their sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1–25. Cullen, M. (2020). The Pros and Cons of Asynchronous Communication [and Definition]. Instructional Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.instructionalsolutions.com/blog/a synch ronous-communication. Cooks-Campbell, A. (2021). The self presentation theory and how to present your best self. BetterUp. Retrieved from https://www.betterup.com/blog/the-self-presentation-the ory-and-how-to-present-your-best-self. Cherry, K. (2022). The Color Psychology of Yellow. verywellmind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/the-color-psychology-of-yellow-2795823#toc-yellow-is-cheerful. Daft, R. and Macintosh, N. (1981) A tentative exploration into the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2), 207–24. Daft, R. and Lengel, R. (1986) Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–71. Daft, R., Lengel, R. and Trevino, L. (1987) Message equivocality, media selection, and manager performance: implications for information systems. MIS Quarterly, 11(3), 355–66. Dennis, A. R., & Kinney, S. T. (1998). Testing media richness theory in the new media: The effects of cues, feedback, and task equivocality. Information systems research, 9(3), 256-274. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1(20), 416-436. Duguay, S. (2017). Dressing up Tinderella: Interrogating authenticity claims on the mobile dating app Tinder. Information, communication & society, 20(3), 351-367. Dolan, E. (2020). Online dating: how markets and demographics differ. GWI. Retrieved from https://blog.gwi.com/chart-of-the-week/differences-among-online-daters/. Dibble, J. L., & McDaniel PhD, B. T. (2021). Romance and Dating in the Digital Age: Impacts of Computer-Mediated Communication and a Global Pandemic. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 24(7), 437. Dwyer, Z., Hookway, N., & Robards, B. (2021). Navigating “thin” dating markets: Mid-life repartnering in the era of dating apps and websites. Journal of Sociology, 57(3), 647-663. Dubar, R.T. (2022). How ‘ghosting’ is linked to mental health. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/07/25/ghosting-college-menta l-health/. Davis, M. T., Cumming, I. K., & Southward, J. D. (2023). Self-determination skills: Building a foundation for student success. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 67(1), 18-26. El-Jarn, H. (2015). Computer mediated communication, social networking sites & maintaining relationships. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom). Filice, E., Abeywickrama, K. D., Parry, D. C., & Johnson, C. W. (2022). Sexual violence and abuse in online dating: A scoping review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 67. Ferreira, N. M. (2023). COLOR PSYCHOLOGY: HOW COLOR MEANINGS AFFECT YOUR BRAND (2024). OBERLO. Retrieved from https://www.oberlo.com/blog /color- psychology-color-meanings. Gold, J. A. (1997). Does CMC Present Individuals with Disabilities Opportunities or Barriers? CMC Magazine. Retrieved from https://johndecember.com/cmc/mag/199 7/jan/goldopp.html. Gillett, R. (2018). Intimate intrusions online: Studying the normalisation of abuse in dating apps. In Women’s Studies International Forum (Vol. 69, pp. 212-219). Pergamon. Gould, W.R. (2023). What Is Ghosting? Verywellmind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-ghosting-5071864. Harris, A. (2013). Who coined the term “catfish”. Slate Culture Blog, 18. Hobbs, M., Owen, S., & Gerber, L. (2017). Liquid love? Dating apps, sex, relationships and the digital transformation of intimacy. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 271-284. Holland, S. (2019). Everyone Has A Dark Side: How Personality and Empathy Impact Men’s Sexual Aggressive Persistence on Dating Apps. Holtzhausen, N., Fitzgerald, K., Thakur, I., Ashley, J., Rolfe, M., & Pit, S. W. (2020). Swipe-based dating apps use and its association with mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychology, 8(1), 1-12. Hartmans, A & Williams, A. (2021). How Bumble grew from a female-focused dating app to a global behemoth valued at over $8 billion after going public. Insider. High, A. C., Ruppel, E. K., McEwan, B., & Caughlin, J. P. (2023). Computer-mediated communication and well-being in the age of social media: A systematic review. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 40(2), 420-458. IJsselsteijn, W., van Baren, J., & van Lanen, F. (2003). Staying in touch: Social presence and connectedness through synchronous and asynchronous communication media. Human-Computer Interaction: Theory and Practice (Part II), 2(924), e928. Iqbal, M. (2023). Tinder Revenue and Usage Statistics (2023). BusinessofApps. Retrieved from https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tinder-statistics/. Kinner, J., & Coombs, N. (1995). Computer access for students with special needs. Computer mediated communication and the online classroom volume one: Overview and perspectives, 53-68. Jones, S. (1995). Understanding community in the information age. Sage, California. Jones, S. G. (1995). Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community Thousand Oaks. Cal.: Sage. Jang, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Kim, A. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students?. Journal of educational Psychology, 101(3), 644. James, J. L. (2015). Mobile dating in the digital age: computer-mediated communication and relationship building on Tinder. Joel, S., Eastwick, P. W., & Finkel, E. J. (2017). Is romantic desire predictable? Machine learning applied to initial romantic attraction. Psychological science, 28(10), 1478-1489. Jörgensen Pesch, A., & Palmroos, C. (2020). How do you succeed on Tinder? An exploratory study about young women’s self-presentation and strategies online. Joanna, V. (2021). 5 Reasons to Use Illustration for Your Blog Articles. Retrieved from https://varrojoanna.com/5-reasons-to-use-illustration-for-your-blog-articles/. Jain, O. (n.d.). 9 Benefits of Using Illustrations in UI. crafttor. Retrieved from https://crafttor.com/blog/9-benefits-of-using-illustrations-in-ui. Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American psychologist, 39(10), 1123. Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological bulletin, 107(1), 34 Lawson, H. M., & Leck, K. (2006). Dynamics of internet dating. Social Science Computer Review, 24(2), 189–208. doi:10.1177/0894439305283402 Lapidot-Lefler, N., & Barak, A. (2012). Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition. Computers in human behavior, 28(2), 434-443. Lin, J. H. (2016). Need for relatedness: A self-determination approach to examining attachment styles, Facebook use, and psychological well-being. Asian Journal of Communication, 26(2), 153-173. Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., Kurtz, J. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 385-398. LeFebvre, L. E. (2018). Swiping me off my feet: Explicating relationship initiation on Tinder. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(9), 1205-1229. Lamphere, R. D., & Lucas, K. T. (2019). Online romance in the 21st century: Deceptive online dating, catfishing, romance scams, and “mail order” marriages. In Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online (pp. 475-488). IGI Global. Lauckner, C., Truszczynski, N., Lambert, D., Kottamasu, V., Meherally, S., Schipani-McLaughlin, A. M., ... & Hansen, N. (2019). “Catfishing,” cyberbullying, and coercion: An exploration of the risks associated with dating app use among rural sexual minority males. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 23(3), 289-306. Lenny, D. J., Doleck, T., & Bazelais, P. (2019). Self-Determination, Loneliness, Fear of Missing Out, and Academic Performance. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 11(4), 485-496. Miller, L. M., & Prior, D. D. (2010). Online social networks and friending behaviour: A self-determination theory perspective. In Proceedings of the Australia and New Zealand Marketing Academy Annual Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand (pp. 1-9). Meert, A. (2018). How did catfishing come into our society? Digit magazine. Retrieved from https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/catfishing. Manta, I. D. (2019). Tinder Lies. Wake Forest Law Review, 54(1), 207–249. McMahon, C. (2019). The Psychology of Social Media (Ser. The Psychology of Everything Series). Routledge. Matthews, H. (2022). The History of Online Dating: A Timeline From Paper Ads to Websites. DatingAdvice.com. Retrieved from https://www.datingadvice.com/online-dating/histo ry-of-online-dating. Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., & Villora, B. (2020). Ghosting and breadcrumbing: Prevalence and association with online dating behavior among young adults. Escritos de Psicología-Psychological Writings, 13(2), 46-59. O’Connor, C. (2017). Billion-dollar Bumble: How Whitney Wolfe Herd built America’s fastest-growing dating app. Forbes. com. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2017/11/14/billion-dollar-bumble-how-whitney-wolfe-herd-built-americas-fastest-growing-dating-app/?sh=58774bdd248b O’Brien, S.A. (2019). She sued Tinder, founded Bumble and now, at 30, is the CEO of a $3 billion dating empire. CNN BUSINESS. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/13/tech/whitney-wolfe-herd-bumble-risk-takers/index.html. Orchard, T. (2019). Love, lust and digital dating: Men on the Bumble dating app aren’t ready for the Queen bee. The Conversation. Obarska, K., Szymczak, K., Lewczuk, K., & Gola, M. (2020). Threats to mental health facilitated by dating apps use among men having sex with men. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 584548. Osman, E., Hardaker, G., & Glenn, L. E. (2022). Implementing structural equation modelling and multiple mediator models for management information systems. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 39(5), 496-510. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. Pond, T., & Farvid, P. (2017). I do like girls, I promise’: Young bisexual women’s experiences of using Tinder. Psychology of Sexualities Review, 8(2), 6-24. Pruchniewska, U. (2020). “I like that it’s my choice a couple different times”: Gender, affordances, and user experience on Bumble dating. International Journal of Communication, 14, 18. Planet Bee Foundation. (2022). The Bee in Popular Culture: Bumble. Retrieved from https://www.planetbee.org/planet-bee-blog//the-bee-in-popular-culture-bumble. Resnick, P. (2001). Beyond bowling together: Sociotechnical capital. HCI in the New Millennium, 77, 247-272. Romiszowski, A., & Mason, R. (2013). Computer-mediated communication. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 402-436). Routledge. Reichart Smith, L., Smith, K. D., & Blazka, M. (2017). Follow me, what's the harm: Considerations of catfishing and utilizing fake online personas on social media. J. Legal Aspects Sport, 27, 32. Rosenfeld, M. J., Thomas, R. J., & Hausen, S. (2019). Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(36), 17753-17758. Right People Group (2022). Synchronous and asynchronous communication: differences, advantages, and disadvantages. Retrieved from https://rightpeoplegroup.com/ synchronous-and-asynchronous-communication-differences-advantages-and-disadvantages/. Suh, K. S. (1999). Impact of communication medium on task performance and satisfaction: an examination of media-richness theory. Information & Management, 35(5), 295-312. Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 7(3), 321-326. Sumter, S. R., & Vandenbosch, L. (2019). Dating gone mobile: Demographic and personality-based correlates of using smartphone-based dating apps among emerging adults. New media & society, 21(3), 655-673. Snaychuk, L. A., & O’Neill, M. L. (2020). Technology-facilitated sexual violence: Prevalence, risk, and resiliency in undergraduate students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 29(8), 984–999. Stromquist, N. P. (2015). Women’s empowerment and education: Linking knowledge to transformative action. European Journal of Education, 50(3), 307-324. Suarez-Tangil, G., Edwards, M., Peersman, C., Stringhini, G., Rashid, A., & Whitty, M. (2020). Automatically Dismantling Online Dating Fraud. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on, IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur, 15, 1128–1137. Smith, L. (2021). How Bumble’s clever design helped the app go public. FASTCOMPANY. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/90603980/how-bumbles-clever-desi gn-helped-the-app-go-public. Sav, D. (2022). Detecting Romance Scams: A Guide for Dating Platforms and Their Users. THE SUMSUBER. Retrieved from https://sumsub.com/blog/romance-scams/. Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 34(8), 1023-1036. Titlow, J. P. (2016). How women are swiping the weirdness out of online dating. Fast Company, 8, 2016. Toma, C. L., & D’Angelo, J. D. (2017). How People Self-Present and Form Impressions of Others through Online Dating Profiles. The impact of social media in modern romantic relationships, 147. Tanner, M., & Tabo, P. Q. (2018). Ladies first: The influence of mobile dating apps on the psychological empowerment of female users. Informing Science, 21, 289. Tiwari, T. (2021). Bumble: A Daring Brand Promise Delivered. LinkedIn. Retrieved fromhttps://www.linkedin.com/pulse/bumble-daring-brand-promise-delivered-tanu-tiwari/. Toma, C. L. (2022). Online dating and psychological well-being: A social compensation perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, 101331. Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., & Zait, A. (2015). How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 679-686. Van Teijlingen, E. R., Rennie, A. M., Hundley, V., & Graham, W. (2001). The importance of conducting and reporting pilot studies: the example of the Scottish Births Survey. Journal of advanced nursing, 34(3), 289-295. Van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2002). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing standard, 16(40), 33-36. Vandeweerd, C., Myers, J., Coulter, M., Yalcin, A., & Corvin, J. (2016). Positives and negatives of online dating according to women 50+. Journal of Women & Aging, 28(3), 259–270. doi:10.1080/08952841.2015.1137435 Vinney, C. (2019). What is self-determination theory? definition and examples. Vogels, E.A. (2020). 10 facts about Americans and online dating in 2019. Pew Research Center. Walther, J. B., & D’addario, K. P. (2001). The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social science computer review, 19(3), 324-347. Warner, K. (2012). “Catfish” MTV show brings online love stories to life. MTV. Retrieved from MTV.com Ward, J. (2016). Swiping, matching, chatting: Self-presentation and self-disclosure on mobile dating apps. Human IT: Journal for Information Technology Studies as a Human Science, 13(2), 81-95. Whitty, M. T., & Buchanan, T. (2016). The online dating romance scam: The psychological impact on victims–both financial and non-financial. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16(2), 176-194. Wilson, J. (2017). Swipe right for equality: how Bumble is taking on sexism. WIRED. Wrigley-Carter, A. (2022). Psychology and Social Media. Wise, J. (2023). HOW MANY PEOPLE USE BUMBLE IN 2023? (NEW STATS). EARTHWEB. Retrieved from https://earthweb.com/how-many-people-use-bumble/. Yashari, L. (2015). Meet the Tinder co-founder trying to change online dating forever. Vanity Fair, 13. Yao, M. Z., & Ling, R. (2020). “What is computer-mediated communication?”—An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(1), 4-8. Yadav, S. K., Para, S., Singh, G., Gupta, R., Sarin, N., & Singh, S. (2021). Comparison of asynchronous and synchronous methods of online teaching for students of medical laboratory technology course: a cross-sectional analysis. Journal of education and health promotion, 10. Young, M., & Roberts, S. (2021). “Shifting old-fashioned power dynamics”?: women’s perspectives on the gender transformational capacity of the dating app, Bumble. Feminist Media Studies, 1-18. Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of anal-ysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43-63). Zhou, Y. (2023). The Benefits and Dangers of Online Dating Apps. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth/Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse, 15(2), 54-62. 1000LOGOS. (2023). BUMBLE LOGO. Retrieved from https://1000logos.net/bumble-logo/. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
110461009資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110461009 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林日璇 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Jih-Hsuan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 簡伽錡 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chien, Chia-Chi en_US dc.creator (作者) 簡伽錡 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chien, Chia-Chi en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Dec-2023 14:10:35 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Dec-2023 14:10:35 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Dec-2023 14:10:35 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110461009 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/148553 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110461009 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 網路交友的盛行已改變了當代浪漫關係的性質，同時也開創了數位連結的新時代。由於行動裝置和以電腦中介傳播的廣泛應用，交友軟體日益普及且越發便利，人們能夠隨時隨地與他人輕鬆在網路上進行交流，進而發展浪漫關係。 以自我決定理論為框架，本研究深入探討了自稱為以女性為主所設計之交友軟體 Bumble 與其異性戀生理女性用戶之間的關係。研究著重於Bumble中所提供之獨特功能和多種傳訊方式是否有助於增強異性戀女性使用者的自主感、勝任感和關聯感。此外，本研究也探討該軟體中媒體豐富度與獨特功能對她們在網路交友的浪漫旅程中心理層面上的各種影響，以及她們對該交友軟體之使用滿意度和未來使用意圖。 共計365名異性戀台灣生理女性用戶參與了這項研究。研究結果發現，雖然Bumble的獨特功能本身與使用Bumble的滿意度並無直接相關，但它們確實對使用者的自主感、勝任感和關聯感有顯著的正面影響。而自主感、勝任感和關聯感也與Bumble使用的滿意度呈現顯著正相關。本研究也探討了媒體豐富度與Bumble使用滿意度之間的關係。 透過探討Bumble對異性戀女性用戶心理影響的分析，本研究擴展了先前相關研究的範疇。研究結果不僅增進對女性用戶在Bumble使用上心理感受和經驗的理解，同時也為當前和未來的交友軟體開發人員提供了改進其軟體與服務的靈感，以更好地保障使用者在網路約會中的安全性，並最大程度地提升用戶滿意度。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The prevalence of online dating has revolutionized the nature of relationships in the context of modern romance, ushering in an era of digital connection. Owing to the widespread adoption of mobile devices and computer-mediated communication, dating apps have become increasingly popular and accessible, enabling individuals to communicate with prospective partners at any moment and from any location and establish romantic connections with unprecedented ease. This research delves into exploring the relationship between Bumble, a self-claimed female-oriented dating app, and its female users. Employing the framework of “Self-Determination Theory,” this study aims to discover whether Bumble’s unique features and various communication options available within the app contribute to the enhancement of its female users’ sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Furthermore, it also seeks to investigate the psychological effects on their romantic journey, as well as how these features may influence their satisfaction with the app and intentions for future app use. A total of 365 Taiwanese biological female users who identify as heterosexual participated in this research. The findings revealed that although Bumble’s unique features do not directly correlate with user satisfaction, they indeed have a significant positive influence on providing users with a greater sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In addition, autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively and significantly correlated to satisfaction with Bumble use. This relationship between the use of the richness of cues and the satisfaction with Bumble use was also addressed in the study. By examining the psychological effects of using dating apps like Bumble, this study broadens the scope of past research on the subject. The findings not only shed light on users’ psychological perceptions and experiences with Bumble, but they also offer valuable insights for dating app developers, both present and future, on how to fine tune their services in order to safeguard users’ safety online and optimize their user satisfaction. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgment i Abstract ii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 4 2.1 The Development of Online Dating Services 4 2.1.1 Advantages of Using Online Dating Apps 6 2.1.2 Disadvantages of Using Online Dating Apps 9 2.2 Computer-Mediated Communication 14 2.3 The Implementation of Computer-mediated Communication in Online Dating Apps 17 2.3.1 One-On-One Direct Messaging 17 2.3.2 Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication 19 2.4 Media Richness Theory 22 2.5 Intro to Bumble and its Unique Features 24 2.5.1 An Overview of Bumble’s History 24 2.5.2 Bumble’s Unique Features 25 2.5.3 Bumble’s Efforts to Mitigate Potential Negative Consequences Arising from the App Use by Leveraging its Unique Features 31 2.6 Self-Determination Theory 33 2.6.1 How Bumble Helps Its Users to Boost Their Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness 34 3. Method 39 3.1 Research Models 39 3.2 Pilot Study 40 3.2.1 Data Recruitment 40 3.2.2 Measurements 41 3.3 Main Study 46 3.3.1 Data Recruitment 46 3.3.2 Measurements 47 4. Results 51 5. Discussion and Conclusion 57 5.1 General Bumble Use 57 5.2 Bumble’s Unique Features 59 5.2.1 Autonomy 60 5.2.2 Competence 60 5.2.3 Relatedness 61 5.3 The Use of the Richness of Cues 62 5.4 Satisfaction with Bumble Use 63 5.5 Conclusion 63 6. Contribution and Limitation 65 References 67 Appendix A 77 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1537495 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110461009 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路交友 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 交友軟體 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我決定論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體豐富度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體心理學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Online Dating en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dating App en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-Determination Theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media Richness en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media Psychology en_US dc.title (題名) 當女王蜂滑動手指時：以自我決定論探索Bumble對異性戀女性用戶線上交友之旅的心理影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) When the Queen Bee Swipes: Unveiling the Psychological Effects of Bumble on Heterosexual Female Users’ Online Dating Journey through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anwar, M. (2015). “Bumble” dating app is essentially feminist Tinder, and here’s why you should download it. Bustle. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/ar ticles/72235-bumble-dating-appis-essentially-feminist-tinder-and-heres-why-you-should-download-it. Albury, K., Byron, P., McCosker, A., Pym, T., Walshe, J., Race, K., ... & Dietzel, C. (2019). Safety, risk and well-being on dating apps: Final report. (2019). Brandtzæg, P. B., & Heim, J. (2009). Why people use social networking sites. In Online Communities and Social Computing: Third International Conference, OCSC 2009, Held as Part of HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009. Proceedings 3 (pp. 143-152). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Borrajo, E., & Calvete, E. (2015). Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse. Psicothema, 327-333. Burgess, K., & Bederu, M. (2016). Consumer survey: The best way to “swipe” a mate. Consumer Research. Bergin, R. (2016). Media richness theory. Center for Homeland Defense and Security. Beining, C. (2017). Romance Scams. FBI. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/ news/stories/roma nce-scams. Bedosky, R., Schaefer, L. N., Kalafatis, A. M., & Weaver, M. (2018). The Psychology of Giving and Receiving Compliments. Bivens, R., & Hoque, A. S. (2018). Programming sex, gender, and sexuality: Infrastructural failures in the “feminist” dating app Bumble. Canadian Journal of Communication, 43(3), 441-459. Baberjee, S. (2021). At Bumble, safety is our number one priority: Priti Joshi, Bumble. BUSINESS INSIDER INDIA. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsi der.in/advertising/ad-tech/news/at-bumble-safety-is-our-number-one-priority-priti-joshi-bumble/articleshow/81670547.cms. Bumble. (2023). Make the First Move. Retrieved from https://bumble.com/en-us/about Bankmycell. (2018). MILLENNIAL DATING STATISTICS: WHAT IS GHOSTING SOMEONE? Retrieved from https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/what-is-ghostin g-someone. Conway, N., Clinton, M., Sturges, J., & Budjanovcanin, A. (2015). Using self‐determination stheory to understand the relationship between calling enactment and daily well‐being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(8), 1114-1131. Callander, D., Holt, M., & Newman, C. E. (2016). ‘Not everyone’s gonna like me’: Accounting for race and racism in sex and dating web services for gay and bisexual men. Ethnicities, 16(1), 3-21. Chilcott, J. (2017). Taking the sting out of dating: New dating app Bumble lets ladies swipe first and “puts women in the driver’s seat,” says Whitney Wolfe. The Sun. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/3099419/new-dating-app-bumble-lets-ladies-sw ipe-first. Castro, Á., & Barrada, J. R. (2020). Dating apps and their sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1–25. Cullen, M. (2020). The Pros and Cons of Asynchronous Communication [and Definition]. Instructional Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.instructionalsolutions.com/blog/a synch ronous-communication. Cooks-Campbell, A. (2021). The self presentation theory and how to present your best self. BetterUp. Retrieved from https://www.betterup.com/blog/the-self-presentation-the ory-and-how-to-present-your-best-self. Cherry, K. (2022). The Color Psychology of Yellow. verywellmind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/the-color-psychology-of-yellow-2795823#toc-yellow-is-cheerful. Daft, R. and Macintosh, N. (1981) A tentative exploration into the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2), 207–24. Daft, R. and Lengel, R. (1986) Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design. Management Science, 32(5), 554–71. Daft, R., Lengel, R. and Trevino, L. (1987) Message equivocality, media selection, and manager performance: implications for information systems. MIS Quarterly, 11(3), 355–66. Dennis, A. R., & Kinney, S. T. (1998). Testing media richness theory in the new media: The effects of cues, feedback, and task equivocality. Information systems research, 9(3), 256-274. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1(20), 416-436. Duguay, S. (2017). Dressing up Tinderella: Interrogating authenticity claims on the mobile dating app Tinder. Information, communication & society, 20(3), 351-367. Dolan, E. (2020). Online dating: how markets and demographics differ. GWI. Retrieved from https://blog.gwi.com/chart-of-the-week/differences-among-online-daters/. Dibble, J. L., & McDaniel PhD, B. T. (2021). Romance and Dating in the Digital Age: Impacts of Computer-Mediated Communication and a Global Pandemic. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 24(7), 437. Dwyer, Z., Hookway, N., & Robards, B. (2021). Navigating “thin” dating markets: Mid-life repartnering in the era of dating apps and websites. Journal of Sociology, 57(3), 647-663. Dubar, R.T. (2022). How ‘ghosting’ is linked to mental health. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/07/25/ghosting-college-menta l-health/. Davis, M. T., Cumming, I. K., & Southward, J. D. (2023). Self-determination skills: Building a foundation for student success. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 67(1), 18-26. El-Jarn, H. (2015). Computer mediated communication, social networking sites & maintaining relationships. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom). Filice, E., Abeywickrama, K. D., Parry, D. C., & Johnson, C. W. (2022). Sexual violence and abuse in online dating: A scoping review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 67. Ferreira, N. M. (2023). COLOR PSYCHOLOGY: HOW COLOR MEANINGS AFFECT YOUR BRAND (2024). OBERLO. Retrieved from https://www.oberlo.com/blog /color- psychology-color-meanings. Gold, J. A. (1997). Does CMC Present Individuals with Disabilities Opportunities or Barriers? CMC Magazine. Retrieved from https://johndecember.com/cmc/mag/199 7/jan/goldopp.html. Gillett, R. (2018). Intimate intrusions online: Studying the normalisation of abuse in dating apps. In Women’s Studies International Forum (Vol. 69, pp. 212-219). Pergamon. Gould, W.R. (2023). What Is Ghosting? Verywellmind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-ghosting-5071864. Harris, A. (2013). Who coined the term “catfish”. Slate Culture Blog, 18. Hobbs, M., Owen, S., & Gerber, L. (2017). Liquid love? Dating apps, sex, relationships and the digital transformation of intimacy. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 271-284. Holland, S. (2019). Everyone Has A Dark Side: How Personality and Empathy Impact Men’s Sexual Aggressive Persistence on Dating Apps. Holtzhausen, N., Fitzgerald, K., Thakur, I., Ashley, J., Rolfe, M., & Pit, S. W. (2020). Swipe-based dating apps use and its association with mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychology, 8(1), 1-12. Hartmans, A & Williams, A. (2021). How Bumble grew from a female-focused dating app to a global behemoth valued at over $8 billion after going public. Insider. High, A. C., Ruppel, E. K., McEwan, B., & Caughlin, J. P. (2023). Computer-mediated communication and well-being in the age of social media: A systematic review. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 40(2), 420-458. IJsselsteijn, W., van Baren, J., & van Lanen, F. (2003). Staying in touch: Social presence and connectedness through synchronous and asynchronous communication media. Human-Computer Interaction: Theory and Practice (Part II), 2(924), e928. Iqbal, M. (2023). Tinder Revenue and Usage Statistics (2023). BusinessofApps. Retrieved from https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tinder-statistics/. Kinner, J., & Coombs, N. (1995). Computer access for students with special needs. Computer mediated communication and the online classroom volume one: Overview and perspectives, 53-68. Jones, S. (1995). Understanding community in the information age. Sage, California. Jones, S. G. (1995). Cybersociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community Thousand Oaks. Cal.: Sage. Jang, H., Reeve, J., Ryan, R. M., & Kim, A. (2009). Can self-determination theory explain what underlies the productive, satisfying learning experiences of collectivistically oriented Korean students?. Journal of educational Psychology, 101(3), 644. James, J. L. (2015). Mobile dating in the digital age: computer-mediated communication and relationship building on Tinder. Joel, S., Eastwick, P. W., & Finkel, E. J. (2017). Is romantic desire predictable? Machine learning applied to initial romantic attraction. Psychological science, 28(10), 1478-1489. Jörgensen Pesch, A., & Palmroos, C. (2020). How do you succeed on Tinder? An exploratory study about young women’s self-presentation and strategies online. Joanna, V. (2021). 5 Reasons to Use Illustration for Your Blog Articles. Retrieved from https://varrojoanna.com/5-reasons-to-use-illustration-for-your-blog-articles/. Jain, O. (n.d.). 9 Benefits of Using Illustrations in UI. crafttor. Retrieved from https://crafttor.com/blog/9-benefits-of-using-illustrations-in-ui. Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984). Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American psychologist, 39(10), 1123. Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological bulletin, 107(1), 34 Lawson, H. M., & Leck, K. (2006). Dynamics of internet dating. Social Science Computer Review, 24(2), 189–208. doi:10.1177/0894439305283402 Lapidot-Lefler, N., & Barak, A. (2012). Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition. Computers in human behavior, 28(2), 434-443. Lin, J. H. (2016). Need for relatedness: A self-determination approach to examining attachment styles, Facebook use, and psychological well-being. Asian Journal of Communication, 26(2), 153-173. Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., Kurtz, J. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2017). What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(4), 385-398. LeFebvre, L. E. (2018). Swiping me off my feet: Explicating relationship initiation on Tinder. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(9), 1205-1229. Lamphere, R. D., & Lucas, K. T. (2019). Online romance in the 21st century: Deceptive online dating, catfishing, romance scams, and “mail order” marriages. In Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online (pp. 475-488). IGI Global. Lauckner, C., Truszczynski, N., Lambert, D., Kottamasu, V., Meherally, S., Schipani-McLaughlin, A. M., ... & Hansen, N. (2019). “Catfishing,” cyberbullying, and coercion: An exploration of the risks associated with dating app use among rural sexual minority males. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 23(3), 289-306. Lenny, D. J., Doleck, T., & Bazelais, P. (2019). Self-Determination, Loneliness, Fear of Missing Out, and Academic Performance. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 11(4), 485-496. Miller, L. M., & Prior, D. D. (2010). Online social networks and friending behaviour: A self-determination theory perspective. In Proceedings of the Australia and New Zealand Marketing Academy Annual Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand (pp. 1-9). Meert, A. (2018). How did catfishing come into our society? Digit magazine. Retrieved from https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/catfishing. Manta, I. D. (2019). Tinder Lies. Wake Forest Law Review, 54(1), 207–249. McMahon, C. (2019). The Psychology of Social Media (Ser. The Psychology of Everything Series). Routledge. Matthews, H. (2022). The History of Online Dating: A Timeline From Paper Ads to Websites. DatingAdvice.com. Retrieved from https://www.datingadvice.com/online-dating/histo ry-of-online-dating. Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., & Villora, B. (2020). Ghosting and breadcrumbing: Prevalence and association with online dating behavior among young adults. Escritos de Psicología-Psychological Writings, 13(2), 46-59. O’Connor, C. (2017). Billion-dollar Bumble: How Whitney Wolfe Herd built America’s fastest-growing dating app. Forbes. com. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2017/11/14/billion-dollar-bumble-how-whitney-wolfe-herd-built-americas-fastest-growing-dating-app/?sh=58774bdd248b O’Brien, S.A. (2019). She sued Tinder, founded Bumble and now, at 30, is the CEO of a $3 billion dating empire. CNN BUSINESS. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/13/tech/whitney-wolfe-herd-bumble-risk-takers/index.html. Orchard, T. (2019). Love, lust and digital dating: Men on the Bumble dating app aren’t ready for the Queen bee. The Conversation. Obarska, K., Szymczak, K., Lewczuk, K., & Gola, M. (2020). Threats to mental health facilitated by dating apps use among men having sex with men. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 584548. Osman, E., Hardaker, G., & Glenn, L. E. (2022). Implementing structural equation modelling and multiple mediator models for management information systems. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 39(5), 496-510. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. Pond, T., & Farvid, P. (2017). I do like girls, I promise’: Young bisexual women’s experiences of using Tinder. Psychology of Sexualities Review, 8(2), 6-24. Pruchniewska, U. (2020). “I like that it’s my choice a couple different times”: Gender, affordances, and user experience on Bumble dating. International Journal of Communication, 14, 18. Planet Bee Foundation. (2022). The Bee in Popular Culture: Bumble. Retrieved from https://www.planetbee.org/planet-bee-blog//the-bee-in-popular-culture-bumble. Resnick, P. (2001). Beyond bowling together: Sociotechnical capital. HCI in the New Millennium, 77, 247-272. Romiszowski, A., & Mason, R. (2013). Computer-mediated communication. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 402-436). Routledge. Reichart Smith, L., Smith, K. D., & Blazka, M. (2017). Follow me, what's the harm: Considerations of catfishing and utilizing fake online personas on social media. J. Legal Aspects Sport, 27, 32. Rosenfeld, M. J., Thomas, R. J., & Hausen, S. (2019). Disintermediating your friends: How online dating in the United States displaces other ways of meeting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(36), 17753-17758. Right People Group (2022). Synchronous and asynchronous communication: differences, advantages, and disadvantages. Retrieved from https://rightpeoplegroup.com/ synchronous-and-asynchronous-communication-differences-advantages-and-disadvantages/. Suh, K. S. (1999). Impact of communication medium on task performance and satisfaction: an examination of media-richness theory. Information & Management, 35(5), 295-312. Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 7(3), 321-326. Sumter, S. R., & Vandenbosch, L. (2019). Dating gone mobile: Demographic and personality-based correlates of using smartphone-based dating apps among emerging adults. New media & society, 21(3), 655-673. Snaychuk, L. A., & O’Neill, M. L. (2020). Technology-facilitated sexual violence: Prevalence, risk, and resiliency in undergraduate students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 29(8), 984–999. Stromquist, N. P. (2015). Women’s empowerment and education: Linking knowledge to transformative action. European Journal of Education, 50(3), 307-324. Suarez-Tangil, G., Edwards, M., Peersman, C., Stringhini, G., Rashid, A., & Whitty, M. (2020). Automatically Dismantling Online Dating Fraud. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on, IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur, 15, 1128–1137. Smith, L. (2021). How Bumble’s clever design helped the app go public. FASTCOMPANY. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/90603980/how-bumbles-clever-desi gn-helped-the-app-go-public. Sav, D. (2022). Detecting Romance Scams: A Guide for Dating Platforms and Their Users. THE SUMSUBER. Retrieved from https://sumsub.com/blog/romance-scams/. Toma, C. L., Hancock, J. T., & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 34(8), 1023-1036. Titlow, J. P. (2016). How women are swiping the weirdness out of online dating. Fast Company, 8, 2016. Toma, C. L., & D’Angelo, J. D. (2017). How People Self-Present and Form Impressions of Others through Online Dating Profiles. The impact of social media in modern romantic relationships, 147. Tanner, M., & Tabo, P. Q. (2018). Ladies first: The influence of mobile dating apps on the psychological empowerment of female users. Informing Science, 21, 289. Tiwari, T. (2021). Bumble: A Daring Brand Promise Delivered. LinkedIn. Retrieved fromhttps://www.linkedin.com/pulse/bumble-daring-brand-promise-delivered-tanu-tiwari/. Toma, C. L. (2022). Online dating and psychological well-being: A social compensation perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 46, 101331. Ursachi, G., Horodnic, I. A., & Zait, A. (2015). How reliable are measurement scales? External factors with indirect influence on reliability estimators. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 679-686. Van Teijlingen, E. R., Rennie, A. M., Hundley, V., & Graham, W. (2001). The importance of conducting and reporting pilot studies: the example of the Scottish Births Survey. Journal of advanced nursing, 34(3), 289-295. Van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2002). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing standard, 16(40), 33-36. Vandeweerd, C., Myers, J., Coulter, M., Yalcin, A., & Corvin, J. (2016). Positives and negatives of online dating according to women 50+. Journal of Women & Aging, 28(3), 259–270. doi:10.1080/08952841.2015.1137435 Vinney, C. (2019). What is self-determination theory? definition and examples. Vogels, E.A. (2020). 10 facts about Americans and online dating in 2019. Pew Research Center. Walther, J. B., & D’addario, K. P. (2001). The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social science computer review, 19(3), 324-347. Warner, K. (2012). “Catfish” MTV show brings online love stories to life. MTV. Retrieved from MTV.com Ward, J. (2016). Swiping, matching, chatting: Self-presentation and self-disclosure on mobile dating apps. Human IT: Journal for Information Technology Studies as a Human Science, 13(2), 81-95. Whitty, M. T., & Buchanan, T. (2016). The online dating romance scam: The psychological impact on victims–both financial and non-financial. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16(2), 176-194. Wilson, J. (2017). Swipe right for equality: how Bumble is taking on sexism. WIRED. Wrigley-Carter, A. (2022). Psychology and Social Media. Wise, J. (2023). HOW MANY PEOPLE USE BUMBLE IN 2023? (NEW STATS). EARTHWEB. Retrieved from https://earthweb.com/how-many-people-use-bumble/. Yashari, L. (2015). Meet the Tinder co-founder trying to change online dating forever. Vanity Fair, 13. Yao, M. Z., & Ling, R. (2020). “What is computer-mediated communication?”—An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(1), 4-8. Yadav, S. K., Para, S., Singh, G., Gupta, R., Sarin, N., & Singh, S. (2021). Comparison of asynchronous and synchronous methods of online teaching for students of medical laboratory technology course: a cross-sectional analysis. Journal of education and health promotion, 10. Young, M., & Roberts, S. (2021). “Shifting old-fashioned power dynamics”?: women’s perspectives on the gender transformational capacity of the dating app, Bumble. Feminist Media Studies, 1-18. Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of anal-ysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43-63). Zhou, Y. (2023). The Benefits and Dangers of Online Dating Apps. Canadian Journal of Family and Youth/Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse, 15(2), 54-62. 1000LOGOS. (2023). BUMBLE LOGO. Retrieved from https://1000logos.net/bumble-logo/. zh_TW
