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題名 論信用保險契約與監理法制之革新一兼論歐洲信用保險之監理
The Reformation of Credit Insurance Contracts and Regulatory Legislation: A Comparative Analysis of European Credit Insurance Regulation作者 彭旭廷
Peng, Hsu-Ting貢獻者 林建智
Lin, Jan-Juy
彭旭廷
Peng, Hsu-Ting關鍵詞 信用保險
保證保險
信用風險
審慎監理
行為監理
監理套利
Credit Insurance
Surety Bond
Credit Risk
Prudential Regulation
Conduct Regulation
Regulatory Arbitrage日期 2023 上傳時間 2-Jan-2024 15:23:09 (UTC+8) 摘要 信用保險之出現至市場頻繁使用不過百年時間，其重要性卻不容小覷。於現今信用體系帶動經濟迅速發展之時代，藉其享受到遠高於全體短期既有生產力所帶來之經濟果實，卻也同時站在信用隨時崩解之薄冰上，而信用保險作為轉嫁社會各端－消費者、企業以及金融機構信用風險之金融商品，其監管問題應具相當審慎之考量；此監理議題又先涉及信用保險之定性，畢竟倘對其不甚瞭解且無定義，勢將致生監管上之困難，如信用衍生金融商品出現後亦有其性質上是否屬於保險與應如何劃分監管、法規設計衝突之問題。 本文認為，於我國信用保險至今仍難以區辨之原因相當多且複雜，除存在素有性質上爭議的「保證保險」，其係屬保險抑或保證並無明確定論之外，更有著傳統保險契約法制架構上之衝突。保險契約當事人與保險利益之爭論使保險究係保障何人之利益模糊化，亦導致係屬三方關係且為保證性質之保證保險，與本質為雙方關係之信用保險混淆不清。是以，本文嘗試先行以保險學之角度探討信用風險之可保性，耙梳信用保險之起源、沿革與演進，為信用保險於歷史脈絡中定位，並以現今與信用保險性質相像之保險商品彙整分析，再藉由梳理保險契約法制並建立基本原則，為信用保險之保險利益、保險契約主體、運作與內容等面向再建構，以明確化信用保險之定義與類別。 基於信用保險自歐洲地區起源，又於該地成熟發展至今，本文將以歐洲金融市場實務及其審慎監理與行為監理規範架構為參考，其中猶如英國PPI保單不當銷售事件、近年歐盟地區CPI商品利益衝突之問題；此亦同為我國消費者信用保險之團體保單中有著保險契約當事人錯亂，而導致金融消費者權益受損之情形。本文期許藉由介紹、分析相關實務現況與法制規範，借鏡歐洲等國監管機構之經驗，並給予我國相關建議，以完善金融消費者之保護與金融市場之穩定。
The widespread use of credit insurance, though only prevalent for a century, is undeniably instrumental in the contemporary financial system. In the current framework, where credit mechanisms underpin accelerated economic growth, societies are positioned to harvest economic dividends that substantially exceed their aggregate productive output. However, this growth teeters on the fragile precipice of potential credit collapse. Credit insurance, seen as a sophisticated financial method to spread credit risk among different players—namely consumers, corporate entities, and financial institutions—necessitates a pudential regulatory oversight. The main regulatory challenge is clearly defining what credit insurance is. Absent an unambiguous conceptualization and practical understanding, regulation becomes complicated, similar to the issues faced when credit derivatives first appeared. In Taiwan, the confusion surrounding the definition of credit insurance stems from multiple complex factors. A notable debate pertains to the nature of "bond insurance," and whether it fits better as insurance or a bond, which remains unresolved. This ambiguity is exacerbated by conflicts within the traditional insurance contract law framework. The contention primarily revolves around identifying the actual beneficiaries of these contracts, blurring the distinction between the tripartite nature of bond insurance and the bipartite nature of credit insurance. This paper endeavors to dissect the insurability of credit risk from an insurance theoretical perspective. It traces the historical development of credit insurance and its position within this progression. By drawing parallels between credit insurance and similar financial instruments, and reassessing the principles of insurance contract law, this study aims to demystify and solidify the essential characteristics of credit insurance within the Taiwanese context, thus facilitating a clearer definition and classification. Recognizing the European roots and growth of credit insurance, this study makes deductions from European financial practices and their regulatory frameworks. Notable incidents, including the UK's PPI mis-selling scandal and recent conflicts over CPI products in the EU, resonate with analogous challenges in our domestic credit insurance scene, wherein mischaracterization of parties detrimentally impacts financial consumer rights. 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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CREDIT PORTFOLIO MANAGERS (IACPM) & INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FORFAITING ASSOCIATION (ITFA), IACPM/ITFA PRIVATE CREDIT RISK INSURANCE SURVEY 2021－CURRENT PRACTICES AND RELEVANCE FOR BANKS (2021), available at http://iacpm.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/IACPM-ITFA-Private-Credit-Risk-Insurance-2021-Select-High-Level-Results.pdf 34. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE SUPERVISORS (IAIS), LEVEL 2 DOCUMENT: ICS VERSION 2.0 FOR THE MONITORING PERIOD (March, 2020), available at https://www.iaisweb.org/uploads/2022/01/200313-Level-2-Document-for-ICS-Version-2.0-for-the-monitoring-period.pdf 35. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE SUPERVISORS (IAIS), GLOBAL SYSTEMICALLY IMPORTANT INSURERS: INITIAL ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (July 18, 2013), available at https://www.fsa.go.jp/inter/iai/20130719/05.pdf 36. 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INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FORFAITING ASSOCIATION (ITFA), CONSULTATION RESPONSE－EBA CONSULTATION ON DRAFT GUIDELINES ON CREDIT RISK MITIGATION FOR INSTITUTIONS APPLYING THE IRB APPROACH WITH OWN ESTIMATES OF LGDS (May 24, 2019), available at https://www.eba.europa.eu/system/files/webform/documents/ddm-fileupload/2746594/1.0/view_uploadFiles/2019-05-24%20ITFA%20response%20to%20EBA%20GLs%20on%20CRM%20for%20IRB%20approach.pdf 40. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF INSURANCE COMMISSIONERS (NAIC), GROUP LIFE INSURANCE DEFINITION AND GROUP LIFE INSURANCE STANDARD PROVISIONS MODEL ACT (October, 2005), available at https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/MDL-565.pdf 41. OFFICE OF FAIR TRADING (OFT), PAYMENT PROTECTION INSURANCE: REPORT ON THE MARKET STUDY AND PROPOSED DECISION TO MAKE A MARKET INVESTIGATION REFERENCE (October, 2006), available at https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140402172008mp_/http://oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/financial_products/oft869.pdf 42. THE GENEVA ASSOCIATION, SYSTEMIC RISK IN INSURANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL STABILITY (March, 2020), available at https://www.genevaassociation.org/sites/default/files/ga2010-systemic_risk_in_insurance_1.pdf 43. THE GENEVA ASSOCIATION, KEY FINANCIAL STABILITY ISSUES IN INSURANCE: AN ACCOUNT OF THE GENEVA ASSOCIATION’S ONGOING DIALOGUE ON SYSTEMIC RISK WITH REGULATORS AND POLICY-MAKERS (July, 2010), available at https://www.genevaassociation.org/sites/default/files/ga2010-key_financial_stability_issues_in_insurance_3.pdf 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
風險管理與保險學系
110358018資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110358018 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林建智 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Jan-Juy en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 彭旭廷 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Peng, Hsu-Ting en_US dc.creator (作者) 彭旭廷 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Peng, Hsu-Ting en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jan-2024 15:23:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jan-2024 15:23:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jan-2024 15:23:09 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110358018 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/149034 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 風險管理與保險學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110358018 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 信用保險之出現至市場頻繁使用不過百年時間，其重要性卻不容小覷。於現今信用體系帶動經濟迅速發展之時代，藉其享受到遠高於全體短期既有生產力所帶來之經濟果實，卻也同時站在信用隨時崩解之薄冰上，而信用保險作為轉嫁社會各端－消費者、企業以及金融機構信用風險之金融商品，其監管問題應具相當審慎之考量；此監理議題又先涉及信用保險之定性，畢竟倘對其不甚瞭解且無定義，勢將致生監管上之困難，如信用衍生金融商品出現後亦有其性質上是否屬於保險與應如何劃分監管、法規設計衝突之問題。 本文認為，於我國信用保險至今仍難以區辨之原因相當多且複雜，除存在素有性質上爭議的「保證保險」，其係屬保險抑或保證並無明確定論之外，更有著傳統保險契約法制架構上之衝突。保險契約當事人與保險利益之爭論使保險究係保障何人之利益模糊化，亦導致係屬三方關係且為保證性質之保證保險，與本質為雙方關係之信用保險混淆不清。是以，本文嘗試先行以保險學之角度探討信用風險之可保性，耙梳信用保險之起源、沿革與演進，為信用保險於歷史脈絡中定位，並以現今與信用保險性質相像之保險商品彙整分析，再藉由梳理保險契約法制並建立基本原則，為信用保險之保險利益、保險契約主體、運作與內容等面向再建構，以明確化信用保險之定義與類別。 基於信用保險自歐洲地區起源，又於該地成熟發展至今，本文將以歐洲金融市場實務及其審慎監理與行為監理規範架構為參考，其中猶如英國PPI保單不當銷售事件、近年歐盟地區CPI商品利益衝突之問題；此亦同為我國消費者信用保險之團體保單中有著保險契約當事人錯亂，而導致金融消費者權益受損之情形。本文期許藉由介紹、分析相關實務現況與法制規範，借鏡歐洲等國監管機構之經驗，並給予我國相關建議，以完善金融消費者之保護與金融市場之穩定。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The widespread use of credit insurance, though only prevalent for a century, is undeniably instrumental in the contemporary financial system. In the current framework, where credit mechanisms underpin accelerated economic growth, societies are positioned to harvest economic dividends that substantially exceed their aggregate productive output. However, this growth teeters on the fragile precipice of potential credit collapse. Credit insurance, seen as a sophisticated financial method to spread credit risk among different players—namely consumers, corporate entities, and financial institutions—necessitates a pudential regulatory oversight. The main regulatory challenge is clearly defining what credit insurance is. Absent an unambiguous conceptualization and practical understanding, regulation becomes complicated, similar to the issues faced when credit derivatives first appeared. In Taiwan, the confusion surrounding the definition of credit insurance stems from multiple complex factors. A notable debate pertains to the nature of "bond insurance," and whether it fits better as insurance or a bond, which remains unresolved. This ambiguity is exacerbated by conflicts within the traditional insurance contract law framework. The contention primarily revolves around identifying the actual beneficiaries of these contracts, blurring the distinction between the tripartite nature of bond insurance and the bipartite nature of credit insurance. This paper endeavors to dissect the insurability of credit risk from an insurance theoretical perspective. It traces the historical development of credit insurance and its position within this progression. By drawing parallels between credit insurance and similar financial instruments, and reassessing the principles of insurance contract law, this study aims to demystify and solidify the essential characteristics of credit insurance within the Taiwanese context, thus facilitating a clearer definition and classification. Recognizing the European roots and growth of credit insurance, this study makes deductions from European financial practices and their regulatory frameworks. Notable incidents, including the UK's PPI mis-selling scandal and recent conflicts over CPI products in the EU, resonate with analogous challenges in our domestic credit insurance scene, wherein mischaracterization of parties detrimentally impacts financial consumer rights. By closely examining these case studies and regulations, this paper aims to extrapolate insights from European regulatory practices, offering thoughtful advice to strengthen consumer-focused financial protections and the overarching stability of our domestic financial system. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第一項 信用保險與保證保險於保險契約法之疑義 1 第二項 歐洲信用保險之蓬勃發展與監管架構之借鏡 2 第二節 研究方法 3 第一項 文獻回顧 3 第二項 歷史分析 3 第三項 比較法研究 4 第三節 研究範圍與架構 4 第二章 信用保險概論 6 第一節 信用風險概論 6 第一項 何謂「信用」？ 6 第二項 信用風險之意義 8 第三項 信用風險之衡量 9 第四項 信用風險之管理 14 第五項 信用風險之可保性 16 第二節 信用保險之起源與演進 21 第一項 保證契約之轉變－無償保證至有償保證 22 第二項 保證與保險互動之過程 23 第三項 信用保險的成形與發展 28 第三節 信用保險之種類 33 第一項 消費者信用保險 34 第二項 商業信用保險 41 第三項 出口信用保險 53 第四節 信用保險之功能 55 第一項 風險管理資訊服務 55 第二項 債務違約之保全 58 第三項 信用風險抵減工具 62 第三章 信用保險之區辨 67 第一節 信用保險之保險利益 67 第一項 保險利益之論爭 67 第二項 信用保險中保險利益之區辨 74 第三項 本文見解 82 第二節 信用保險之契約主體 89 第一項 保險契約當事人之論爭 89 第二項 本文見解 94 第三節 信用保險之契約內容 96 第一項 保險事故 96 第二項 運作 97 第三項 代位 100 第四節 保證保險與信用保險之比較 101 第一項 保證保險之性質爭議 101 第二項 歷史沿革上之定位 105 第三項 各國實務與比較法 107 第四項 本文見解 124 第五節 信用衍生性金融商品與信用保險之比較 130 第一項 信用衍生性金融商品 130 第二項 信用保險 132 第三項 小結 133 第四章 歐洲信用保險之監理 135 第一節 商業信用保險於歐洲銀行審慎監理之議題 135 第一項 商業信用保險作為降低銀行資本計提之工具 135 第二項 商業信用保險於歐洲作為CRM工具之變革 137 第三項 歐洲銀行監理機關（EBA）現行對於商業信用保險作為CRM工具之立場 142 第四項 相關組織之倡議 143 第二節 商業信用保險於歐洲保險審慎監理之議題 149 第一項 商業信用保險之系統重要性與關鍵職能 152 第二項 歐洲系統性風險委員會（ESRB）對於商業信用保險發布之警告與建議 158 第三項 歐洲保險與職業養老金管理局（EIOPA）對於商業信用保險之監理趨勢 161 第三節 消費者信用保險於歐洲銀行與保險行為監理之議題 166 第一項 英國消費者信用保險之監理 167 第二項 歐洲消費者信用保險之監理 173 第五章 我國信用保險法制革新之建議 181 第一節 現行信用保險之法制規範 181 第一項 信用保險契約之意義與界定 181 第二項 信用保險於銀行授信與資本監管之適用 182 第三項 團體保險模式下契約當事人之衝突 184 第二節 信用保險於法制上之明確化 185 第一項 信用保險與保證保險之區別規範 185 第二項 信用保險之定性與再建構 190 第三節 強化信用保險相關監理規範 193 第一項 信用保險名稱與特性之界定 193 第二項 消費者信用保險團體保單模式之修正 194 第三項 不正當銷售行為與利益衝突之預防 201 第六章 結論 209 參考文獻 212 zh_TW dc.format.extent 7919266 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110358018 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 信用保險 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 保證保險 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 信用風險 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 審慎監理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 行為監理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 監理套利 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Credit Insurance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Surety Bond en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Credit Risk en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Prudential Regulation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Conduct Regulation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Regulatory Arbitrage en_US dc.title (題名) 論信用保險契約與監理法制之革新一兼論歐洲信用保險之監理 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Reformation of Credit Insurance Contracts and Regulatory Legislation: A Comparative Analysis of European Credit Insurance Regulation en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分 一、專書 1. 江朝國，保險法逐條釋義－第三卷財產保險，2018年2月。 2. 江朝國，保險法逐條釋義－第四卷人身保險，2018年2月。 3. 江朝國，保險法基礎理論，5版，2012年3月。 4. 汪信君、廖世昌，保險法理論與實務，4版，2017年9月。 5. 宋明哲，新風險管理精要，2014年4月。 6. 林建智，風險管理與保險學系碩士班－保險法講義，2023年9月，Doi:10.6992/RMI.IA00001國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系。 7. 洪清和，中級會計學（上），8版，2005年6月。 8. 陳聰富，民法總則，2016年2月，2版 9. 陳錦村，風險管理制度與實務，2版，2016年3月。 10. 陳錦村，銀行管理概要，2004年10月。 11. 陳瑞、周林毅，風險評估與決策管理，2007年3月。 12. 陳彩稚，企業風險管理，2012年2月。 13. 陳彩稚，財產與責任保險，2006年9月。 14. 陳彩稚，保險學，2版，2004年8月。 15. 凌氤寶、陳森松、吳瑞雲，財產保險學，4版，2021年2月。 16. 梁宇賢，保險法新論，2001年9月。 17. 葉啓洲，保險法，7版，2021年3月。 18. 楊誠對，意外保險－理論與實務，8版，2008年9月。 19. 劉宗榮，保險法：保險契約法暨保險業法，4版，2016年8月。 20. 鄭玉波，保險法論，10版，2015年9月。 21. 鄧家駒，風險管理，4版，2005年6月。 22. 儲蓉，信用衍生性金融商品，2008年3月。 二、書之篇章 1. 林勳發，保險法，收於：梁宇賢、劉興善、柯澤東、林勳發，商事法精論，6版，頁523-731，2009年3月。 三、期刊論文 1. 石新中，論信用概念的歷史演進，北京大學學報（哲學社會科學版），6期，頁120-126，2007年。 2. 江朝國，團體保險給付抵充雇主職災補償之妥適性－以團體保險及責任保險利益之區辨為中心，月旦法學教室，152期，頁24-26，2015年5月。 3. 江朝國，保險利益－保險契約法之中心概念，月旦法學教室，試刊號，頁34-37，2002年10月。 4. 汪信君，債權與保險契約及保險利益，月旦法學教室，51期，頁32-33，2007年1月。 5. 何殷如，全面解讀信用違約交換（CDS），證券暨期貨月刊，30卷11期，頁37-52，2012年11月。 6. 吳玉鳳，從當事人論團體保險契約之法律問題，全國律師，15卷5期，頁81-103，2011年5月。 7. 吳玉鳳，從承保範圍與追償論確實保證保險於保險契約法規範之妥適性，保險專刊，26卷1期，頁95-125，2010年6月。 8. 林建智、彭金隆、林裕嘉，論團體保險當事人之法律問題及示範條款之修訂建議，保險專刊，25卷1期，頁77-95，2009年7月。 9. 門中敬，信譽及社會責任：社會信用的概念重構，東方法學，2期，頁135-144，2021年。 10. 卓俊雄，論保險經紀人保證保險之屬性－兼論要保人故意行為之可保性，國立高雄大學法學論叢，10卷1期，頁127-166，2014年9月。 11. 施文森，消費者貸款信用保證保險之研擬，保險專刊，7期，頁19-38，1987年3月。 12. 陳俊元，只怕陌生人？談人身保險、保險利益與公序良俗，台灣法律人，6期，頁99-111，2021年12月。 13. 陳俊元，人身保險利益之再建構：由保險信託與相關商品談起，國立臺灣大學法學論叢，50卷1期，頁265-336，2021年3月。 14. 莊永丞，信用違約交換金融商品應有規範之比較研究，國立臺灣大學法學論叢，52卷2期，頁537-617，2023年6月。 15. 莊永丞，對信用評等機構應有規範之比較研究，國立臺灣大學法學論叢，40卷4期，頁2249-2321，2011年12月。 16. 郭大維，英國金融監理機制之探討，證券暨期貨月刊，24卷10期，頁10-18，2006年10月。 17. 崔婕、沈沛龍，商業銀行資本補充機制的或有資本引入研究，國際金融研究，11期，頁86-96，2012年11月。 18. 張繼紅，系統重要性金融機構或有資本問題研究，國際商務研究，3期，頁58-65，2016年5月。 19. 張冠群，二○一五年新修正臺灣保險法關於保險經紀人義務相關規定之評析，法學論述，250期，頁120-141，2016年3月。 20. 常華兵，或有資本：一個新的風險融資工具，財會通訊，11期，頁67，2004年6月。 21. 程民選、唐雪漫，現代信用社會的內涵及其與現代市場經濟的關係，天府新論，1期，頁51-54，2010年。 22. 葉力旗、林建智，論團體保險當事人架構及因果關係之判定－兼評臺灣高等法院104年度保險上字第23號判決，全國律師，27卷7期，頁90-109，2023年7月。 23. 葉啓洲，從道德危險到公序良俗－人身保險利益規範目的與解釋論之省思，台灣法律人，24期，頁72-88，2023年6月。 24. 葉啓洲，保證保險人對保證人之代位－臺灣士林地方法院一○○年度訴字第四七一號民事判決，月旦裁判時報，15期，頁42-48，2012年6月。 25. 葉啓洲，團體保險之要保人、眷屬關係與保險利益有無之認定－評台灣高等法院高雄分院九十八年保險上字第十四號民事判決，月旦裁判時報，3期，頁76-82，2010年6月。 26. 廖世昌，解析保證保險，法學新論，107期，頁128-144，2004年4月。 27. 劉航、巫和懋，或有資本、資產拋售與銀行信用風險，浙江社會科學，3期，頁18-27，2016年3月。 28. 潘雅慧，新巴塞爾資本協定及信用風險模型化之研析，中央銀行季刊，24卷2期，頁35-54，2002年6月。 29. 賴曜賢，商業保證保險化之適法性探討，中原財經法學，33期，頁135-191，2014年12月。 30. 賴曜賢，論我國產物保險業經營保證保險業務適當性之探討，核保學報，20期，頁189-202，2012年3月。 31. 羅俊瑋，論保險法增訂酬金揭露制度規定對保險消費者保護之影響─兼論英國與歐盟保險銷售指令相關規定，臺灣法學雜誌，300期，頁83-100，2016年7月。 四、學位論文 1. 江聖元，授信保險與信用保險之研究，國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系碩士論文，1999年。 2. 林政豪，自己的保險自己買？－論團體保險契約之保障主體與相關法律問題，國立臺灣大學法律學系碩士論文，2014年6月。 3. 林裕嘉，團體保險相關法律問題之研究－以團體信用保障保險為例，國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系碩士論文，2008年7月。 4. 洪鈺淇，自比較法視點解構並再建構保險經紀人之忠實義務－以美國法及日本法為中心－，國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系碩士論文，2020年3月。 5. 姚孟德，信用保險之信用風險管理功能及其承保方式之研究，逢甲大學保險學研究所碩士論文，1989年6月。 6. 趙明昕，信用保險制度研究，西南政法大學博士學位論文，2004年4月。 7. 廖家宏，信用壽險相關法律問題，國立政治大學風險管理與保險學系碩士論文，1998年7月。 五、研究計畫 1. 陸珊珊，參加亞太再保險實務研討會出國報告，財團法人住宅地震保險基金，2016年8月。 2. 吳玉鳳，信用保障債務團體保險透過電話行銷並於線上成交之可行性及適法性，財團法人保險事業發展中心研究報告，2008年4月23日。 3. 洪茂蔚，信用衍生性金融商品研究，中華民國證券商業同業公會委託研究，2003年9月。 六、政府與國際組織文書 1. 立法院議案關係文書，院總第464號 政府、委員提案第3786、443、501號之1，1991年11月23日。 日文部分 一、專書 1. 山下友信､米山高生『保険法解説－生命保険・傷害疾病定額保険』有斐閣（2010年4月）｡ 二、期刊論文 1. 梅津昭彦「団体生命保険契約の団体の法的地位－アメリカ保険法におけるエージェンシー関係の認定－」生命保険論集211号（2020年）｡ 2. 岩原紳「保証証券業務（ボンド業務）の法的性格と法規制の構造」平成20年度金融法務研究会 金融取引における信用補完に係る現代的展開（2012年）｡ 3. 草苅耕造「信用リスクにおける保険会社の役割」保険学雑誌605号（2009年）｡ 4. 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