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題名 探究語境因素與個人語境敏銳度對於選擇華語否定詞「不」與「沒」的影響
Investigating the effects of sentential context and individual context-sensitivity in the choice between negators bu and mei in Mandarin作者 陳薌如
Chen, Xiang-Ru貢獻者 賴瑶鍈
Lai, Yao-Ying
陳薌如
Chen, Xiang-Ru關鍵詞 華語否定詞
語句處理
語境整合
個體差異
語境敏銳度
Mandarin negators
sentence processing
contextual integration
individual differences
context sensitivity日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Feb-2024 10:53:15 (UTC+8) 摘要 「不」與「沒」作為最常使用的否定詞，兩否定詞的使用常因為語境的不同而產生差異，這便造成華語學習者使用兩否定詞上的困難。一般而言，「不」的語意特徵包括 [＋意願性] 和 [－有界性] ，「沒」的語意特徵為 [－意願性] 和 [＋有界性]。本研究旨在探討語境因素 [±意願性] 、 [±有界性] 和個人語境敏銳度對華語母語者使用「不」與「沒」的影響，以及處理負荷上的差異。 研究者操控 [±意願性] 和 [±有界性] 兩項自變項於目標句前的語境句，以計時問卷 (timed questionnaire) 記錄實驗參與者 (i) 目標句所選擇的否定詞 (「不」或「沒」) ，以及 (ii) 作答反應時間。另考量到每個人語境敏銳度的不同，本研究以自閉症指數量表 (Autism-spectrum Quotient, AQ) 作為語境敏銳度的指標，探討個人差異是否影響兩否定詞的選擇。 實驗結果發現，語境中的 [±有界性] 顯著影響否定詞的選擇，而 [±意願性] × [±有界性] ，以及高低AQ組 × [±意願性] 的交互作用，亦顯著影響否定詞的選擇。在處理負荷上， [±意願性] 顯著影響反應時間，且AQ組別 × [±意願性] × [±有界性] 三者呈顯著交互作用。研究結果主要發現有三： (i) 語境中的 [±有界性] 訊息對選擇「不」或「沒」的影響強度大於 [±意願性] ； (ii) 低AQ組 (語境敏銳度高) 選擇否定詞時，因較易考量語境中的主語 [±意願性] ，而較容易選擇與 [＋意願性] 語意特徵相符的「不」; (iii) 高AQ組在面對需要思考主語 [＋意願性] 時，會產生較大的處理負荷。 華語教學時，可先就兩否定詞在 [±有界性] 的語意差異進行教學，當學習者程度提高時，再帶入 [±意願性] 的解讀。由於個人對語句的解讀存在差異，教師應以更大的語境脈絡釐清學習者欲表達的內容，選出最合適的否定詞。 本研究不僅在語言層次上看到選擇「不」或「沒」時，語境中 [±有界性] 訊息的影響力大於 [±意願性] ，也從個人對 [±意願性] 敏銳度的差異中看到個人語境敏銳度對語言使用的影響，以及語句解讀中處理負荷的差異。
This study investigates the influence of contextual factors [±volition], [±boundedness] and individuals’ context-sensitivity on the choice of two negators, bu and mei, among native Mandarin speakers, as well as differences in processing load. Generally, bu matches the semantic features of [+volition] and [-boundedness], while mei is characterized by [-volition] and [+boundedness]. However, individuals may interpret sentences containing bu and mei differently. The investigator manipulated two semantic features, [±volition] and [±boundedness], in context sentences preceding target negative sentences. Recording the participants' (i) choice of bu and mei in the target sentences and (ii) response times. Considering variations in individuals’ context-sensitivity, the investigator measured the participants’ Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) as an index and examined its effect on negator processing. The main findings are threefold: (i) the influence of [±boundedness] in context was greater than that of [±volition] on the choice between bu and mei; (ii) lower-AQ individuals (indexing higher context sensitivity) were more inclined to consider [±volition] in context, choosing bu more often when the context signaled [+volition] of the subject referent; and (iii) higher-AQ individuals took longer when incorporating this [+volition] feature in context. This study shows that the influence of contextual [±boundedness] information is greater than [±volition] when choosing between bu and mei for negative sentences. Additionally, results reveal the influence of individuals’ context-sensitivity to [±volition] in context when sentence processing requires contextual integration.參考文獻 王欣 (2007)。「不」和「沒(有)」的認知語義分析。語言教學與研究，(4)，26-33。 石毓智 (2001)。肯定和否定的對稱與不對稱。北京語言文化大學出版社。 呂叔湘 (2007)。現代漢語八百詞（增訂本）。商務印書館。 沈家煊 (1995)。「有界」與「無界」。中國語文，(5)，367-380。 李瑛 (1992）。「不」的否定意義。語言教學與研究，(2)，61-70。 李曉丹 (2012)。對外漢語語法教學中的否定詞教學.。宜賓學院學報，(10)，73-76。 李鐵根 (2003)。「不」、「沒(有)」的用法及其所受的時間制約。漢語學習，(2)，1-7。 林若望 (2002）。論現代漢語的時制意義。語言暨語言學，3(1)，1-25。 國立台灣大學醫學院附設醫院精神醫學部 (2015)。與自閉症特質同行。衛生福利部。 陳海生 (2005)。先秦漢語否定副詞與他類副詞雙項連用考察。阜陽師範學院學報(社會科學版），(3)，38-40。 陳淑芬、陳力綺 (2017）。現代漢語否定詞「不」和「沒」的句法、語意和言談/語用特點及其教學應用。University System of Taiwan Working Paper in Linguistic，(9)，189-202。 賀倩 (2015)。否定副詞「不」和「沒」的用法辨析。亞太教育，(1)，75-76。 劉月華、潘文娛、故韡 (1996)。實用現代漢語語法。師大書苑。 劉愛群 (2004)。「構造化輸入」日本漢語初級階段教學中的應用—從否定副詞「不」和「沒」的習得到教學活動設計。中國語教育，(2)，82-106。 鄧守信、王佩卿、陳慶華、黃桂英 (2015)。當代中文課程課本1。聯經出版公司。 謝佳玲 (2006)。漢語情態詞的語意界定: 語料庫為本的研究。中國語文研究，1，45-63。 蔣國輝 (1994)。漢語否定結構說略。求是學刊，(1)，88-93。 戴耀晶 (2000）。試論現代漢語的否定範疇。語言教學與研究，(3)，45-49。 聶仁發 (2001)。否定詞「不」與「沒有」的語義特徵及其時間意義。漢語學習，(1)，21-27。 American Psychiatric Association. 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國立政治大學
華語文教學碩博士學位學程
109161003資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109161003 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 賴瑶鍈 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lai, Yao-Ying en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳薌如 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Xiang-Ru en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳薌如 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Xiang-Ru en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Feb-2024 10:53:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Feb-2024 10:53:15 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Feb-2024 10:53:15 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109161003 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/149463 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 華語文教學碩博士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109161003 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 「不」與「沒」作為最常使用的否定詞，兩否定詞的使用常因為語境的不同而產生差異，這便造成華語學習者使用兩否定詞上的困難。一般而言，「不」的語意特徵包括 [＋意願性] 和 [－有界性] ，「沒」的語意特徵為 [－意願性] 和 [＋有界性]。本研究旨在探討語境因素 [±意願性] 、 [±有界性] 和個人語境敏銳度對華語母語者使用「不」與「沒」的影響，以及處理負荷上的差異。 研究者操控 [±意願性] 和 [±有界性] 兩項自變項於目標句前的語境句，以計時問卷 (timed questionnaire) 記錄實驗參與者 (i) 目標句所選擇的否定詞 (「不」或「沒」) ，以及 (ii) 作答反應時間。另考量到每個人語境敏銳度的不同，本研究以自閉症指數量表 (Autism-spectrum Quotient, AQ) 作為語境敏銳度的指標，探討個人差異是否影響兩否定詞的選擇。 實驗結果發現，語境中的 [±有界性] 顯著影響否定詞的選擇，而 [±意願性] × [±有界性] ，以及高低AQ組 × [±意願性] 的交互作用，亦顯著影響否定詞的選擇。在處理負荷上， [±意願性] 顯著影響反應時間，且AQ組別 × [±意願性] × [±有界性] 三者呈顯著交互作用。研究結果主要發現有三： (i) 語境中的 [±有界性] 訊息對選擇「不」或「沒」的影響強度大於 [±意願性] ； (ii) 低AQ組 (語境敏銳度高) 選擇否定詞時，因較易考量語境中的主語 [±意願性] ，而較容易選擇與 [＋意願性] 語意特徵相符的「不」; (iii) 高AQ組在面對需要思考主語 [＋意願性] 時，會產生較大的處理負荷。 華語教學時，可先就兩否定詞在 [±有界性] 的語意差異進行教學，當學習者程度提高時，再帶入 [±意願性] 的解讀。由於個人對語句的解讀存在差異，教師應以更大的語境脈絡釐清學習者欲表達的內容，選出最合適的否定詞。 本研究不僅在語言層次上看到選擇「不」或「沒」時，語境中 [±有界性] 訊息的影響力大於 [±意願性] ，也從個人對 [±意願性] 敏銳度的差異中看到個人語境敏銳度對語言使用的影響，以及語句解讀中處理負荷的差異。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study investigates the influence of contextual factors [±volition], [±boundedness] and individuals’ context-sensitivity on the choice of two negators, bu and mei, among native Mandarin speakers, as well as differences in processing load. Generally, bu matches the semantic features of [+volition] and [-boundedness], while mei is characterized by [-volition] and [+boundedness]. However, individuals may interpret sentences containing bu and mei differently. The investigator manipulated two semantic features, [±volition] and [±boundedness], in context sentences preceding target negative sentences. Recording the participants' (i) choice of bu and mei in the target sentences and (ii) response times. Considering variations in individuals’ context-sensitivity, the investigator measured the participants’ Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) as an index and examined its effect on negator processing. The main findings are threefold: (i) the influence of [±boundedness] in context was greater than that of [±volition] on the choice between bu and mei; (ii) lower-AQ individuals (indexing higher context sensitivity) were more inclined to consider [±volition] in context, choosing bu more often when the context signaled [+volition] of the subject referent; and (iii) higher-AQ individuals took longer when incorporating this [+volition] feature in context. This study shows that the influence of contextual [±boundedness] information is greater than [±volition] when choosing between bu and mei for negative sentences. Additionally, results reveal the influence of individuals’ context-sensitivity to [±volition] in context when sentence processing requires contextual integration. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 圖表目錄 6 第一章、緒論 8 1.1 研究動機 8 1.2 研究範圍 11 1.3 研究目的與問題 12 第二章、文獻探討 13 2.1 否定詞「不」與「沒」的語意特徵 13 2.1.1 [±意願性] 13 2.1.2 [±有界性] 14 2.1.3 [±動態性] 18 2.1.4 [±已然] 20 2.2 處理否定句的認知歷程 24 2.3 不同動詞類型與否定詞的搭配 25 2.4 個人語境敏銳度對語意理解之影響 29 2.4.1 語言理解的語境敏銳度與個人社會認知能力的關係 29 2.4.2 個人社會認知能力與自閉症特徵傾向的關係 30 2.4.3 語言處理時語境敏銳度之個體差異──心智理論觀點 33 第三章、前測問卷實驗 35 3.1 前測實驗材料 35 3.1.1 動詞篩選 35 3.1.2 前測設計條件 42 3.2 前測實驗受試者 43 3.3 前測實驗程序 43 3.4 前測實驗分析及結果 43 第四章、主實驗 46 4.1 主實驗材料 46 4.2 主實驗受試者 49 4.3 主實驗程序 49 4.4 主實驗數據分析 51 4.4.1 選擇「不」與「沒」的比例分析 52 4.4.2 選擇否定詞的分析 53 4.4.3 主實驗中否定詞選擇時的反應時間分析 55 4.4.4 AQ、 語境中 [±意願性] 和 [±有界性] 三者與否定詞選擇和反應時間的分析 58 第五章、研究結果討論 64 5.1 語境對否定詞選擇的影響 64 5.2 語境敏銳度與否定詞選擇的處理負荷 65 5.3 華語教學的應用 66 第六章、結論與研究限制 67 參考書目 68 附錄 73 附錄1 三個語料庫中各動詞與「不」和「沒」搭配的比例 73 附錄2 主實驗：語境因素 [±意願性] 和 [±有界性] 與選擇否定詞的分析 75 附錄3 主實驗：AQ、 語境中 [±意願性] 和 [±有界性] 三者與否定詞選擇的分析 77 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3318727 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109161003 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華語否定詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語句處理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語境整合 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 個體差異 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語境敏銳度 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarin negators en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) sentence processing en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) contextual integration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) individual differences en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) context sensitivity en_US dc.title (題名) 探究語境因素與個人語境敏銳度對於選擇華語否定詞「不」與「沒」的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Investigating the effects of sentential context and individual context-sensitivity in the choice between negators bu and mei in Mandarin en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 王欣 (2007)。「不」和「沒(有)」的認知語義分析。語言教學與研究，(4)，26-33。 石毓智 (2001)。肯定和否定的對稱與不對稱。北京語言文化大學出版社。 呂叔湘 (2007)。現代漢語八百詞（增訂本）。商務印書館。 沈家煊 (1995)。「有界」與「無界」。中國語文，(5)，367-380。 李瑛 (1992）。「不」的否定意義。語言教學與研究，(2)，61-70。 李曉丹 (2012)。對外漢語語法教學中的否定詞教學.。宜賓學院學報，(10)，73-76。 李鐵根 (2003)。「不」、「沒(有)」的用法及其所受的時間制約。漢語學習，(2)，1-7。 林若望 (2002）。論現代漢語的時制意義。語言暨語言學，3(1)，1-25。 國立台灣大學醫學院附設醫院精神醫學部 (2015)。與自閉症特質同行。衛生福利部。 陳海生 (2005)。先秦漢語否定副詞與他類副詞雙項連用考察。阜陽師範學院學報(社會科學版），(3)，38-40。 陳淑芬、陳力綺 (2017）。現代漢語否定詞「不」和「沒」的句法、語意和言談/語用特點及其教學應用。University System of Taiwan Working Paper in Linguistic，(9)，189-202。 賀倩 (2015)。否定副詞「不」和「沒」的用法辨析。亞太教育，(1)，75-76。 劉月華、潘文娛、故韡 (1996)。實用現代漢語語法。師大書苑。 劉愛群 (2004)。「構造化輸入」日本漢語初級階段教學中的應用—從否定副詞「不」和「沒」的習得到教學活動設計。中國語教育，(2)，82-106。 鄧守信、王佩卿、陳慶華、黃桂英 (2015)。當代中文課程課本1。聯經出版公司。 謝佳玲 (2006)。漢語情態詞的語意界定: 語料庫為本的研究。中國語文研究，1，45-63。 蔣國輝 (1994)。漢語否定結構說略。求是學刊，(1)，88-93。 戴耀晶 (2000）。試論現代漢語的否定範疇。語言教學與研究，(3)，45-49。 聶仁發 (2001)。否定詞「不」與「沒有」的語義特徵及其時間意義。漢語學習，(1)，21-27。 American Psychiatric Association. 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