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題名 休閒運動行為與工資的關聯性：以臺灣為例
Relationship between Exercising and Labor Market Outcomes in Taiwan作者 周祖彣
Chou, Zu-Wun貢獻者 陳鎮洲
周祖彣
Chou, Zu-Wun關鍵詞 休閒運動
薪資
臺灣
Exercise
Wage
Taiwan日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Mar-2024 13:51:32 (UTC+8) 摘要 基於健康考量，運動參與的倡導一直是國民健康發展的重要規劃之一。 許多國家也進一步探討定期運動是否與勞動市場薪資的提升相關， 本文使用2020年家庭動態追蹤資料庫（PSFD）的樣本， 透過穩健的最小平方法進行對運動習慣與勞動市場表現之間關係的分析， 旨在填補臺灣運動領域與薪資關聯的知識空白， 並發現定期運動與薪資之間存在正向關係，其溢價範圍介於2%至6%之間。 教育程度越高，運動習慣（包含運動頻率與每次運動的時間長度）的溢價越明顯，但也伴隨著較大的邊際遞減效應，也就是運動參與與預期薪資的關係圖凹性愈明顯。 在以年齡段區分的回歸結果中亦發現，運動習慣與預期薪資之間呈現與教育程度相似的趨勢，尤其在30至50歲的年齡層間最為清晰。 在居住地類別中，運動頻率與預期薪資之間亦存在凹性關係，而運動時間與預期薪資的關係則是在不同城市之間存在差異。
This article aims to investigate whether regular exercise leads to an increase in wages in the labor market. Additionally, it seeks to contribute to filling the knowledge gap in Taiwan's exercise field. This article uses the Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) 2020 survey as a sample to analyze the relationship between exercise habits and labor market performance. Through robust Ordinary Least Square Analysis, it was found that a positive relationship was observed between regular exercise and wages, with a premium ranging from 2% to 6%. The higher the education level, the more obvious the premium for exercise participation, but it also bears a larger marginal diminishing effect. A similar pattern is consistently observed between exercise habits and predicted ln(wage) in each age segment. Exercise frequency shows a concave relationship with ln(wage) across residence categories, while the impact of exercise duration on ln(wage) varies among cities.參考文獻 Abou Elmagd, M. (2016). Benefits, need and importance of daily exercise. Int. J. Phys. Educ. Sports Health, 3(5):22–27. Bassett, D. R., Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Thompson, D. L., and Crouter, S. E. (2008). Walk- ing, cycling, and obesity rates in europe, north america, and australia. Journal of phys- ical activity and health, 5(6):795–814. Bauman, A., Smith, B., Stoker, L., Bellew, B., and Booth, M. (1999). Geographical influ- ences upon physical activity participation: evidence of a ‘coastal effect’. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 23(3):322–324. Bertrais, S., Preziosi, P., Mennen, L., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., and Oppert, J.-M. (2004). Sociodemographic and geographic correlates of meeting current recommendations for physical activity in middle-aged french adults: the supplementation en vitamines et min- eraux antioxydants (suvimax) study. American journal of public health, 94(9):1560– 1566. Borodulin, K., Harald, K., Jousilahti, P., Laatikainen, T., Männistö, S., and Vartiainen, E. (2016). Time trends in physical activity from 1982 to 2012 in f inland. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(1):93–100. Brown, H. and Roberts, J. (2011). Exercising choice: the economic determinants of physical activity behaviour of an employed population. Social science & medicine, 73(3):383–390. Chen, Y.-J., Huang, Y.-H., Lu, F.-H., Wu, J.-S., Lin, L. L., Chang, C.-J., and Yang, Y.-C. (2011). The correlates of leisure time physical activity among an adults population from southern taiwan. BMC Public Health, 11:1–9. Craft, L. L. and Perna, F. M. (2004). The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 6(3):104. Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., and Chambliss, H. O. (2005). Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(1):1–8. Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(7):3017–3022. Fleche, S., Lepinteur, A., and Powdthavee, N. (2018). Gender norms and relative working hours: Why do women suffer more than men from working longer hours than their partners? In AEA Papers and Proceedings, volume 108, pages 163–168. American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203. Gram, B., Holtermann, A., Bültmann, U., Sjøgaard, G., and Søgaard, K. (2012). Does an exercise intervention improving aerobic capacity among construction workers also im- prove musculoskeletal pain, work ability, productivity, perceived physical exertion, and sick leave? a randomized controlled trial. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, pages 1520–1526. Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., and Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England journal of medicine, 345(11):790–797. Kerner, I., Rakovac, M., and Lazinica, B. (2017). Leisure-time physical activity and ab- senteeism. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 68(3):159–169. Kosteas, V. D. (2012). The effect of exercise on earnings: evidence from the nlsy. Journal of Labor Research, 33(2):225–250. Kouvonen, A., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Pentti, J., Linna, A., Virtanen, M., and Vahtera, J. (2006). Effort/reward imbalance and sedentary lifestyle: an observational study in a large occupational cohort. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(6):422–427. Ku, P.-W., Fox, K. R., McKenna, J., and Peng, T.-L. (2006). Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity in taiwanese adults: results of four national surveys, 2000–2004. Pre- ventive medicine, 43(6):454–457. Lippke, S., Ziegelmann, J. P., Schwarzer, R., and Velicer, W. F. (2009). Validity of stage assessment in the adoption and maintenance of physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. Health psychology, 28(2):183. Mao, H.-Y., Hsu, H.-C., and Lee, S.-D. (2020). Gender differences in related influential factors of regular exercise behavior among people in taiwan in 2007: A cross-sectional study. PLoS one, 15(1):e0228191. Naseer, M., Khoso, A., Naqvi, S., and Irfan, H. (2013). Sex-based difference in the percep- tion of exercise and level of physical activity among residents of karachi city, pakistan. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(7):1039–1047. Olsson, L. E., Gärling, T., Ettema, D., Friman, M., and Fujii, S. (2013). Happiness and satisfaction with work commute. Social indicators research, 111:255–263. Parks, S. E., Housemann, R. A., and Brownson, R. C. (2003). Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the united states. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(1):29–35. Potvin, L., Gauvin, L., and Nguyen, N. M. (1997). Prevalence of stages of change for physical activity in rural, suburban and inner-city communities. Journal of community health, 22(1):1–13. Pratt, M., Macera, C. A., and Blanton, C. (1999). Levels of physical activity and inac- tivity in children and adults in the united states: current evidence and research issues. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31(11 Suppl):S526–33. Rooth, D.-O. (2011). Work out or out of work—the labor market return to physical fitness and leisure sports activities. Labour Economics, 18(3):399–409. Stalsberg, R. and Pedersen, A. V. (2018). Are differences in physical activity across socioeconomic groups associated with choice of physical activity variables to report? International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5):922. Strijk, J. E., Proper, K. I., van Mechelen, W., and van der Beek, A. J. (2013). Effec- tiveness of a worksite lifestyle intervention on vitality, work engagement, productivity, and sick leave: results of a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, pages 66–75. Trinh, O. T., Nguyen, N. D., Dibley, M. J., Phongsavan, P., and Bauman, A. E. (2008). The prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity among adults in ho chi minh city. BMC public health, 8(1):1–11. Tudor-Locke, C., Brashear, M. M., Johnson, W. D., and Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2010). Ac- celerometer profiles of physical activity and inactivity in normal weight, overweight, and obese us men and women. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Phys- ical Activity, 7(1):1–11. Van den Heuvel, S., Boshuizen, H., Hildebrandt, V., Blatter, B., Ariëns, G., and Bongers, P. (2005). Effect of sporting activity on absenteeism in a working population. British journal of sports medicine, 39(3):e15–e15. Van Ours, J. C. and Stoeldraijer, L. (2010). Age, wage and productivity. Voulgaris, C. T., Smart, M. J., and Taylor, B. D. (2019). Tired of commuting? relationships among journeys to school, sleep, and exercise among american teenagers. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(2):142–154. Wai, J. P.-M., Wen, C. P., Chan, H.-T., Chiang, P.-H., Tsai, M.-K., Tsai, S.-P., and Chang, H.-Y. (2008). Assessing physical activity in an asian country: low energy expendi- ture and exercise frequency among adults in taiwan. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 17(2):297–308. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
經濟學系
110258014資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110258014 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳鎮洲 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 周祖彣 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chou, Zu-Wun en_US dc.creator (作者) 周祖彣 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chou, Zu-Wun en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2024 13:51:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Mar-2024 13:51:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2024 13:51:32 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110258014 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150200 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 經濟學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110258014 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 基於健康考量，運動參與的倡導一直是國民健康發展的重要規劃之一。 許多國家也進一步探討定期運動是否與勞動市場薪資的提升相關， 本文使用2020年家庭動態追蹤資料庫（PSFD）的樣本， 透過穩健的最小平方法進行對運動習慣與勞動市場表現之間關係的分析， 旨在填補臺灣運動領域與薪資關聯的知識空白， 並發現定期運動與薪資之間存在正向關係，其溢價範圍介於2%至6%之間。 教育程度越高，運動習慣（包含運動頻率與每次運動的時間長度）的溢價越明顯，但也伴隨著較大的邊際遞減效應，也就是運動參與與預期薪資的關係圖凹性愈明顯。 在以年齡段區分的回歸結果中亦發現，運動習慣與預期薪資之間呈現與教育程度相似的趨勢，尤其在30至50歲的年齡層間最為清晰。 在居住地類別中，運動頻率與預期薪資之間亦存在凹性關係，而運動時間與預期薪資的關係則是在不同城市之間存在差異。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This article aims to investigate whether regular exercise leads to an increase in wages in the labor market. Additionally, it seeks to contribute to filling the knowledge gap in Taiwan's exercise field. This article uses the Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) 2020 survey as a sample to analyze the relationship between exercise habits and labor market performance. Through robust Ordinary Least Square Analysis, it was found that a positive relationship was observed between regular exercise and wages, with a premium ranging from 2% to 6%. The higher the education level, the more obvious the premium for exercise participation, but it also bears a larger marginal diminishing effect. A similar pattern is consistently observed between exercise habits and predicted ln(wage) in each age segment. Exercise frequency shows a concave relationship with ln(wage) across residence categories, while the impact of exercise duration on ln(wage) varies among cities. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1 Introduction 1 2 Literature Review 4 2.1 Literature Review on the Impact of Exercise on Wage 5 2.1.1 Positive Relationship between Exercise and Wage 5 2.1.2 Negative Relationship between Exercise and Wage 7 2.2 Factors Influencing the Effect of Exercise on Wage 9 2.2.1 Gender 9 2.2.2 Age 10 2.2.3 Education 11 2.2.4 Residence 12 2.3 Research Related to Participation of Leisure-time Exercise in Taiwan 13 2.4 Position of the Study 14 3 Data 16 3.1 Data Description 16 3.2 Distribution of Exercise Frequency and Duration 18 3.3 Distribution of Exercise Cooperation and Intensity 21 3.4 Wage Distribution over Exercise Habits 23 4 Econometric Framework 29 4.1 Robust Ordinary Least Square 29 4.2 Non-linear effect 30 5 Results 32 5.1 Robust OLS with Squared Exercise Habits 32 5.1.1 Exercise Frequency 32 5.1.2 Exercise Duration 33 5.1.3 Exercise Cooperation and Intensity 34 5.2 Regressions with Interactions 34 5.2.1 Interaction with Educational Status 35 5.2.2 Interaction with Age Segment 36 5.2.3 Interaction with Residence 38 5.3 Robustness Analysis 39 5.3.1 VIFsCheck 39 5.3.2 Instrumental Variables Tests and the Hausman Test 40 6 Conclusions 47 6.1 Positive Relationship of Exercise Habits 47 6.2 Interaction Effects of Exercise Habits 48 6.3 Discussion 49 A Combination of Exercise Decisions 51 Reference 56 zh_TW dc.format.extent 14105117 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110258014 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 休閒運動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 薪資 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臺灣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Exercise en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Wage en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan en_US dc.title (題名) 休閒運動行為與工資的關聯性：以臺灣為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Relationship between Exercising and Labor Market Outcomes in Taiwan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abou Elmagd, M. (2016). Benefits, need and importance of daily exercise. Int. J. Phys. Educ. Sports Health, 3(5):22–27. Bassett, D. R., Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Thompson, D. L., and Crouter, S. E. (2008). Walk- ing, cycling, and obesity rates in europe, north america, and australia. Journal of phys- ical activity and health, 5(6):795–814. Bauman, A., Smith, B., Stoker, L., Bellew, B., and Booth, M. (1999). Geographical influ- ences upon physical activity participation: evidence of a ‘coastal effect’. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 23(3):322–324. Bertrais, S., Preziosi, P., Mennen, L., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., and Oppert, J.-M. (2004). Sociodemographic and geographic correlates of meeting current recommendations for physical activity in middle-aged french adults: the supplementation en vitamines et min- eraux antioxydants (suvimax) study. American journal of public health, 94(9):1560– 1566. Borodulin, K., Harald, K., Jousilahti, P., Laatikainen, T., Männistö, S., and Vartiainen, E. (2016). Time trends in physical activity from 1982 to 2012 in f inland. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 26(1):93–100. Brown, H. and Roberts, J. (2011). Exercising choice: the economic determinants of physical activity behaviour of an employed population. Social science & medicine, 73(3):383–390. Chen, Y.-J., Huang, Y.-H., Lu, F.-H., Wu, J.-S., Lin, L. L., Chang, C.-J., and Yang, Y.-C. (2011). The correlates of leisure time physical activity among an adults population from southern taiwan. BMC Public Health, 11:1–9. Craft, L. L. and Perna, F. M. (2004). The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry, 6(3):104. Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., and Chambliss, H. O. (2005). Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(1):1–8. Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J. S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S. M., et al. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(7):3017–3022. Fleche, S., Lepinteur, A., and Powdthavee, N. (2018). Gender norms and relative working hours: Why do women suffer more than men from working longer hours than their partners? In AEA Papers and Proceedings, volume 108, pages 163–168. American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203. Gram, B., Holtermann, A., Bültmann, U., Sjøgaard, G., and Søgaard, K. (2012). Does an exercise intervention improving aerobic capacity among construction workers also im- prove musculoskeletal pain, work ability, productivity, perceived physical exertion, and sick leave? a randomized controlled trial. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, pages 1520–1526. Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G., Liu, S., Solomon, C. G., and Willett, W. C. (2001). Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England journal of medicine, 345(11):790–797. Kerner, I., Rakovac, M., and Lazinica, B. (2017). Leisure-time physical activity and ab- senteeism. Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 68(3):159–169. Kosteas, V. D. (2012). The effect of exercise on earnings: evidence from the nlsy. Journal of Labor Research, 33(2):225–250. Kouvonen, A., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Pentti, J., Linna, A., Virtanen, M., and Vahtera, J. (2006). Effort/reward imbalance and sedentary lifestyle: an observational study in a large occupational cohort. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(6):422–427. Ku, P.-W., Fox, K. R., McKenna, J., and Peng, T.-L. (2006). Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity in taiwanese adults: results of four national surveys, 2000–2004. Pre- ventive medicine, 43(6):454–457. Lippke, S., Ziegelmann, J. P., Schwarzer, R., and Velicer, W. F. (2009). Validity of stage assessment in the adoption and maintenance of physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. Health psychology, 28(2):183. Mao, H.-Y., Hsu, H.-C., and Lee, S.-D. (2020). Gender differences in related influential factors of regular exercise behavior among people in taiwan in 2007: A cross-sectional study. PLoS one, 15(1):e0228191. Naseer, M., Khoso, A., Naqvi, S., and Irfan, H. (2013). Sex-based difference in the percep- tion of exercise and level of physical activity among residents of karachi city, pakistan. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(7):1039–1047. Olsson, L. E., Gärling, T., Ettema, D., Friman, M., and Fujii, S. (2013). Happiness and satisfaction with work commute. Social indicators research, 111:255–263. Parks, S. E., Housemann, R. A., and Brownson, R. C. (2003). Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the united states. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(1):29–35. Potvin, L., Gauvin, L., and Nguyen, N. M. (1997). Prevalence of stages of change for physical activity in rural, suburban and inner-city communities. Journal of community health, 22(1):1–13. Pratt, M., Macera, C. A., and Blanton, C. (1999). Levels of physical activity and inac- tivity in children and adults in the united states: current evidence and research issues. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31(11 Suppl):S526–33. Rooth, D.-O. (2011). Work out or out of work—the labor market return to physical fitness and leisure sports activities. Labour Economics, 18(3):399–409. Stalsberg, R. and Pedersen, A. V. (2018). Are differences in physical activity across socioeconomic groups associated with choice of physical activity variables to report? International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5):922. Strijk, J. E., Proper, K. I., van Mechelen, W., and van der Beek, A. J. (2013). Effec- tiveness of a worksite lifestyle intervention on vitality, work engagement, productivity, and sick leave: results of a randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, pages 66–75. Trinh, O. T., Nguyen, N. D., Dibley, M. J., Phongsavan, P., and Bauman, A. E. (2008). The prevalence and correlates of physical inactivity among adults in ho chi minh city. BMC public health, 8(1):1–11. Tudor-Locke, C., Brashear, M. M., Johnson, W. D., and Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2010). Ac- celerometer profiles of physical activity and inactivity in normal weight, overweight, and obese us men and women. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Phys- ical Activity, 7(1):1–11. Van den Heuvel, S., Boshuizen, H., Hildebrandt, V., Blatter, B., Ariëns, G., and Bongers, P. (2005). Effect of sporting activity on absenteeism in a working population. British journal of sports medicine, 39(3):e15–e15. Van Ours, J. C. and Stoeldraijer, L. (2010). Age, wage and productivity. Voulgaris, C. T., Smart, M. J., and Taylor, B. D. (2019). Tired of commuting? relationships among journeys to school, sleep, and exercise among american teenagers. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(2):142–154. Wai, J. P.-M., Wen, C. P., Chan, H.-T., Chiang, P.-H., Tsai, M.-K., Tsai, S.-P., and Chang, H.-Y. (2008). Assessing physical activity in an asian country: low energy expendi- ture and exercise frequency among adults in taiwan. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 17(2):297–308. zh_TW
