學術產出-NSC Projects
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 華語幼兒子音構音/音韻異常研究(II) 作者 萬依萍;詹妍玲 貢獻者 語言所 關鍵詞 構音遲緩; 幼兒習得
phonologically disordered children; acquisition日期 2017-10 上傳時間 8-Mar-2024 14:13:30 (UTC+8) 摘要 本計畫已於2014年8月獲得一年的經費，原先預計耗時半年等待醫倫審查，但12月已獲通過，從1日開始收案，音檔譯寫紀錄到12月15日，短短2週，總共收集到11.5小時，11位音障幼童（7男、4女）的子音異常現象。本計畫擬延續三年，計畫主要從長期觀察(longitudinal)、中長期觀察(semi-longitudinal)及跨年齡層實驗(cross-sectional experiments)三種方式來討論台灣華語幼兒構音/音韻異常等現象。研究主題包括：（1）音障幼童子音障礙習得分類；（2）音障幼童的子音習得錯誤類別及音韻表徵的對應關係；（3）華語音障幼童子音發展與正常幼兒子音發展系統比較；(4)台灣華語音障幼童子音發展與其他外語相關文獻比較以及音韻理論的應用。三種收案方式包括（一）長期觀察法，以密集的療程每週每天固定觀察語言治療師與幼童進行自然言說收集。（二）中長期觀察法，以半年為一個基準期，進行片面收集。（三）跨年齡層量化實驗(cross-sectional experiments)，對於尚未正式進入療程期(pre-treatment)的幼童執行3項實驗（圖片命名、新詞覆誦、故事言說）。本研究僅探測幼童構音/音韻異常等主題，因此全面排除先天大腦或器官受損之幼童。有關國外相關的幼童構音/音韻研究，多位學者均詳述他們的整體發展歷程現象（英文：Stoel-Gammon & Dunn, 1985; Leonard, 1995; Wilcox & Anderson, 1998; Dodd & Bradford, 1999; Macrae, Tyler & Lewis, 2014;西語：Goldstein, 1996；德語：Fox, 1997; 土耳其語：Tobpas, 1997; 廣東話： So & Dodd, 1994; Holm & Dodd, 1999; 北京話：Zhu & Dodd, 2000; Zhu, 2002，日文：Miyakoda, 2012; 韓文：Yim & Munson, 2012；瑞典語：Berntsson & Palle, 2010）。Dodd (1993), Holm & Dood (1999), Zhu & Dodd (2000) 均將傳統的音障二分法（構音、音韻）分成四分法（構音、音韻一致性錯誤、音韻非一致性錯誤、音韻遲緩）。他們的共通發現為：第一、音障幼童處理音韻規則的方式與正常幼童非常不一樣。第二、他們習得語音的順序與正常幼兒不一樣。第三、音障幼童的音韻變異性與不一致性比正常幼兒的語言發展來的更大。第四、大部份音障幼童的錯誤類別不會違反音韻制約。這兩週的觀察研究，11名音障幼童根據Dodd (1993)的四項分類方式為1位為構音異常，4位為音韻一致性錯誤，另外4位為音韻非一致性錯誤及2位為音韻遲緩。從子音歷程發展看來，音韻遲緩的幼兒在2歲僅有3種子音[p, m, tɕ]，不但數量過少，連詞彙使用也非常稀有，這與計畫主持人執行3年正常幼童表現不同（詳見計畫結案報告）；正常幼童大約1歲半前已經有豐富的子音，而詞彙用量也多元。從錯誤類別來看，正常幼童的錯誤類別到了3歲之後，最多的是取代、其次為刪除，最少為加入，而且錯誤現象幾乎都能夠從音韻規則甚至理論得到合理的解釋，例如在疊音結構上，正常幼童與國外正常幼童一致，出現軟顎音的同化現象(Consonant/Velar harmony)，但音障幼童的錯誤類別非常稀少，目前沒紀錄到有疊音同化的現象。在錯誤類別的刪除上面，三年計畫中的台灣幼童傾向於刪除子音串(C1C2)的C2，整個音節由CGVX變成CVX，但音障幼童卻偏好刪除子音串(C1C2)的C1，整個音節由CGVX變成GVX。最後，在錯誤類別的加入上面，正常幼童這類錯誤較少，就算加入子音，也不會違反音韻制約，造成不合音系的詞彙，但是少數音障幼童會有此一現象，將鼻音[ŋ]加入在音節首子音，違反漢語音韻制約。計畫申請人執行三年的正常幼兒子音計畫，目前總共收集27名幼童從7個月開始長期觀察到4歲半，量化實驗也累積到180名幼童，剩下還有140名幼童仍在進行實驗中。而音障幼童目前收案11名，若本計畫能延續三年，將能有比較充足的構音/音韻異常語料作完整比對。而國外語料文獻施測久遠，語料更為充足，未來的透過（中）長期觀察及三項量化實驗研究將能檢視是否異常現象符合語言的通用性(Universal patterns)或是否符合國外的理論預測（例如Markedness, Distinctive features, Phonological saliency, Function load等），或是何者會受到本身音韻制約的影響，從音障幼童產製的子音系統、錯誤類別及排列方式，可以對於音韻理論提出新的驗證。在本計畫中，計畫主持人主要的工作為收集語料、實驗設計及音韻分析，而共同主持人協同設計實驗語料項目、尋找適合的個案幼童及與治療師聯繫，二位協同主持人分別負責幼童聽力測驗、設計電腦應用程式、統計分析等。
The aim of this project is to investigate a classification system, consonant inventories and error patterns in phonologically disordered Mandarin children. The inventories include the rate of consonants that are frequently used in the children's system, age of consonant mastery, number of consonant misarticulation, and types of observed errors involving substitution, deletion and addition. Data are drawn from longitudinal and semi-longitudinal speech excerpts/spontaneous speech as well as three cross-sectional experiments involving a picture naming task, an imitation task and a narrative retell task. The phonetic inventories in phonologically-disordered children have been studied by many researchers who have concentrated on the relevant data collections in an attempt to explain the nature and cause of phonological characteristics in these children (English: Stoel-Gammon & Dunn, 1985; Leonard, 1995; Wilcox & Anderson, 1998; Dodd & Bradford, 1999; Macrae, Tyler & Lewis, 2014; Spanish: Goldstein, 1996; German: Fox, 1997; Turkish: Topbas, 1997; Cantonese: So & Dodd, 1994; Holm & Dodd, 1999; Beijing Mandarin: Zhu & Dodd, 2000; Zhu, 2002; Japanese: Miyakoda, 2012; Korean: Yim & Munson, 2012; Swedish: Berntsson & Palle, 2010). Some of the researchers have found that the speech sounds, phonological rules and processes of normal and disordered children are similar (Bortolini & Leonard 1991), whereas the others noticed substantial differences between them (e.g., Stoel-Gammon & Dunn 1985, Leonard 1995, Wilcox & Anderson 1998, Dodd & Bradford 2000). In terms of classification system, Dodd (1993), Holm & Dood (1999), Zhu & Dodd (2000) suggested that the children could be categorized into four subgroups involving articulation disorder, phonologically delayed disorder, phonologically consistent disorder and phonologically inconsistent disorder. The PI and her research team have collected data from longitudinal observation (N=27; 0;7-4;06) and a cross-sectional picture-naming task from normally developing children (N=180; 1;00-6;00) for three years. They have started to collect data from phonologically disordered children for two weeks (N=11). By using Dodd’s (1993) classification system, the hypothesis is that 1 (9%; 4;03) was diagnosed to have an articulation disorder, 2 (18%; mean age = 2;01) had phonological delay, 4 (36%; mean age = 4;11) had phonologically consistent disorder, and 4 (36%; mean age=4;01) had phonologically inconsistent disorder. In terms of development, disordered children may begin with phonological characteristics that are similar to those of normal children, but at some point in the process of acquisition, development begins to follow a course deviant from that of normal acquisition. In terms of developmental error patterns, the error patterns undergoing phonological processes are different in these two groups of children. Normally developing children’s error production reflects a sensitivity to phonotactics whereas some violations sometimes yield illegal output in phonologically disordered children. As this research project moves towards the second year, the PI and her research team are hoping to continue to observe/record the conversations and interactions or spontaneous speech between the speech pathologist and the disordered children in longitudinal and semi-longitudinal studies, and will also conduct three cross-sectional experiments by utilizing the classical experimental techniques involving a picture naming task, an imitation task and a narrative retell task for elicitation of error collection. A number of fundamental questions regarding the consonant inventories of phonologically disordered children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin will be investigated. In addition to classification system designed for disordered children, the PI and her research team are hoping to make a thorough comparison in consonant repertories, frequency of consonants and error patterns between normally developing and phonologically disordered children in Taiwan Mandarin. The PI will work on data collections, experimental designs and phonological analyses, the Co-PI will help design the test material on the three experiments, phonological analyses, or relocate the appropriate children for the studies, and the associate investigators will work on perception tests, or run statistic programs. The purpose of this investigation aims to find the similarities and differences in these children's production system. As more evidence is presented through collection of empirical data, researchers might be able to provide answers to important issues regarding the explanation and practical application of phonological theory.關聯 科技部, 計畫編號: MOST104-2410-H004-137, 研究期間: 104.08-105.07 資料類型 report dc.contributor 語言所 dc.creator (作者) 萬依萍;詹妍玲 dc.date (日期) 2017-10 dc.date.accessioned 8-Mar-2024 14:13:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 8-Mar-2024 14:13:30 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 8-Mar-2024 14:13:30 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150421 - dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本計畫已於2014年8月獲得一年的經費，原先預計耗時半年等待醫倫審查，但12月已獲通過，從1日開始收案，音檔譯寫紀錄到12月15日，短短2週，總共收集到11.5小時，11位音障幼童（7男、4女）的子音異常現象。本計畫擬延續三年，計畫主要從長期觀察(longitudinal)、中長期觀察(semi-longitudinal)及跨年齡層實驗(cross-sectional experiments)三種方式來討論台灣華語幼兒構音/音韻異常等現象。研究主題包括：（1）音障幼童子音障礙習得分類；（2）音障幼童的子音習得錯誤類別及音韻表徵的對應關係；（3）華語音障幼童子音發展與正常幼兒子音發展系統比較；(4)台灣華語音障幼童子音發展與其他外語相關文獻比較以及音韻理論的應用。三種收案方式包括（一）長期觀察法，以密集的療程每週每天固定觀察語言治療師與幼童進行自然言說收集。（二）中長期觀察法，以半年為一個基準期，進行片面收集。（三）跨年齡層量化實驗(cross-sectional experiments)，對於尚未正式進入療程期(pre-treatment)的幼童執行3項實驗（圖片命名、新詞覆誦、故事言說）。本研究僅探測幼童構音/音韻異常等主題，因此全面排除先天大腦或器官受損之幼童。有關國外相關的幼童構音/音韻研究，多位學者均詳述他們的整體發展歷程現象（英文：Stoel-Gammon & Dunn, 1985; Leonard, 1995; Wilcox & Anderson, 1998; Dodd & Bradford, 1999; Macrae, Tyler & Lewis, 2014;西語：Goldstein, 1996；德語：Fox, 1997; 土耳其語：Tobpas, 1997; 廣東話： So & Dodd, 1994; Holm & Dodd, 1999; 北京話：Zhu & Dodd, 2000; Zhu, 2002，日文：Miyakoda, 2012; 韓文：Yim & Munson, 2012；瑞典語：Berntsson & Palle, 2010）。Dodd (1993), Holm & Dood (1999), Zhu & Dodd (2000) 均將傳統的音障二分法（構音、音韻）分成四分法（構音、音韻一致性錯誤、音韻非一致性錯誤、音韻遲緩）。他們的共通發現為：第一、音障幼童處理音韻規則的方式與正常幼童非常不一樣。第二、他們習得語音的順序與正常幼兒不一樣。第三、音障幼童的音韻變異性與不一致性比正常幼兒的語言發展來的更大。第四、大部份音障幼童的錯誤類別不會違反音韻制約。這兩週的觀察研究，11名音障幼童根據Dodd (1993)的四項分類方式為1位為構音異常，4位為音韻一致性錯誤，另外4位為音韻非一致性錯誤及2位為音韻遲緩。從子音歷程發展看來，音韻遲緩的幼兒在2歲僅有3種子音[p, m, tɕ]，不但數量過少，連詞彙使用也非常稀有，這與計畫主持人執行3年正常幼童表現不同（詳見計畫結案報告）；正常幼童大約1歲半前已經有豐富的子音，而詞彙用量也多元。從錯誤類別來看，正常幼童的錯誤類別到了3歲之後，最多的是取代、其次為刪除，最少為加入，而且錯誤現象幾乎都能夠從音韻規則甚至理論得到合理的解釋，例如在疊音結構上，正常幼童與國外正常幼童一致，出現軟顎音的同化現象(Consonant/Velar harmony)，但音障幼童的錯誤類別非常稀少，目前沒紀錄到有疊音同化的現象。在錯誤類別的刪除上面，三年計畫中的台灣幼童傾向於刪除子音串(C1C2)的C2，整個音節由CGVX變成CVX，但音障幼童卻偏好刪除子音串(C1C2)的C1，整個音節由CGVX變成GVX。最後，在錯誤類別的加入上面，正常幼童這類錯誤較少，就算加入子音，也不會違反音韻制約，造成不合音系的詞彙，但是少數音障幼童會有此一現象，將鼻音[ŋ]加入在音節首子音，違反漢語音韻制約。計畫申請人執行三年的正常幼兒子音計畫，目前總共收集27名幼童從7個月開始長期觀察到4歲半，量化實驗也累積到180名幼童，剩下還有140名幼童仍在進行實驗中。而音障幼童目前收案11名，若本計畫能延續三年，將能有比較充足的構音/音韻異常語料作完整比對。而國外語料文獻施測久遠，語料更為充足，未來的透過（中）長期觀察及三項量化實驗研究將能檢視是否異常現象符合語言的通用性(Universal patterns)或是否符合國外的理論預測（例如Markedness, Distinctive features, Phonological saliency, Function load等），或是何者會受到本身音韻制約的影響，從音障幼童產製的子音系統、錯誤類別及排列方式，可以對於音韻理論提出新的驗證。在本計畫中，計畫主持人主要的工作為收集語料、實驗設計及音韻分析，而共同主持人協同設計實驗語料項目、尋找適合的個案幼童及與治療師聯繫，二位協同主持人分別負責幼童聽力測驗、設計電腦應用程式、統計分析等。 dc.description.abstract (摘要) The aim of this project is to investigate a classification system, consonant inventories and error patterns in phonologically disordered Mandarin children. The inventories include the rate of consonants that are frequently used in the children's system, age of consonant mastery, number of consonant misarticulation, and types of observed errors involving substitution, deletion and addition. Data are drawn from longitudinal and semi-longitudinal speech excerpts/spontaneous speech as well as three cross-sectional experiments involving a picture naming task, an imitation task and a narrative retell task. The phonetic inventories in phonologically-disordered children have been studied by many researchers who have concentrated on the relevant data collections in an attempt to explain the nature and cause of phonological characteristics in these children (English: Stoel-Gammon & Dunn, 1985; Leonard, 1995; Wilcox & Anderson, 1998; Dodd & Bradford, 1999; Macrae, Tyler & Lewis, 2014; Spanish: Goldstein, 1996; German: Fox, 1997; Turkish: Topbas, 1997; Cantonese: So & Dodd, 1994; Holm & Dodd, 1999; Beijing Mandarin: Zhu & Dodd, 2000; Zhu, 2002; Japanese: Miyakoda, 2012; Korean: Yim & Munson, 2012; Swedish: Berntsson & Palle, 2010). Some of the researchers have found that the speech sounds, phonological rules and processes of normal and disordered children are similar (Bortolini & Leonard 1991), whereas the others noticed substantial differences between them (e.g., Stoel-Gammon & Dunn 1985, Leonard 1995, Wilcox & Anderson 1998, Dodd & Bradford 2000). In terms of classification system, Dodd (1993), Holm & Dood (1999), Zhu & Dodd (2000) suggested that the children could be categorized into four subgroups involving articulation disorder, phonologically delayed disorder, phonologically consistent disorder and phonologically inconsistent disorder. The PI and her research team have collected data from longitudinal observation (N=27; 0;7-4;06) and a cross-sectional picture-naming task from normally developing children (N=180; 1;00-6;00) for three years. They have started to collect data from phonologically disordered children for two weeks (N=11). By using Dodd’s (1993) classification system, the hypothesis is that 1 (9%; 4;03) was diagnosed to have an articulation disorder, 2 (18%; mean age = 2;01) had phonological delay, 4 (36%; mean age = 4;11) had phonologically consistent disorder, and 4 (36%; mean age=4;01) had phonologically inconsistent disorder. In terms of development, disordered children may begin with phonological characteristics that are similar to those of normal children, but at some point in the process of acquisition, development begins to follow a course deviant from that of normal acquisition. In terms of developmental error patterns, the error patterns undergoing phonological processes are different in these two groups of children. Normally developing children’s error production reflects a sensitivity to phonotactics whereas some violations sometimes yield illegal output in phonologically disordered children. As this research project moves towards the second year, the PI and her research team are hoping to continue to observe/record the conversations and interactions or spontaneous speech between the speech pathologist and the disordered children in longitudinal and semi-longitudinal studies, and will also conduct three cross-sectional experiments by utilizing the classical experimental techniques involving a picture naming task, an imitation task and a narrative retell task for elicitation of error collection. A number of fundamental questions regarding the consonant inventories of phonologically disordered children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin will be investigated. In addition to classification system designed for disordered children, the PI and her research team are hoping to make a thorough comparison in consonant repertories, frequency of consonants and error patterns between normally developing and phonologically disordered children in Taiwan Mandarin. The PI will work on data collections, experimental designs and phonological analyses, the Co-PI will help design the test material on the three experiments, phonological analyses, or relocate the appropriate children for the studies, and the associate investigators will work on perception tests, or run statistic programs. The purpose of this investigation aims to find the similarities and differences in these children's production system. As more evidence is presented through collection of empirical data, researchers might be able to provide answers to important issues regarding the explanation and practical application of phonological theory. dc.format.extent 116 bytes - dc.format.mimetype text/html - dc.relation (關聯) 科技部, 計畫編號: MOST104-2410-H004-137, 研究期間: 104.08-105.07 dc.subject (關鍵詞) 構音遲緩; 幼兒習得 dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonologically disordered children; acquisition dc.title (題名) 華語幼兒子音構音/音韻異常研究(II) dc.type (資料類型) report
