學術產出-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
題名 韓國對北韓核武政策的戰略回應
South Korea’s Strategic Responses Toward North Korea’s Nuclear Force Policy作者 朴鍾旻
Park, Jongmin貢獻者 楊雯婷
Yang, Florence W
朴鍾旻
Park, Jongmin關鍵詞 守勢現實主義
北韓核危機
韓美同盟
延伸威懾
華盛頓宣言
安全合作
同盟動態
Defensive Realism
North Korean Nuclear Crisis
ROK-US alliance
Extended Deterrence
Washington Declaration
Security Cooperation
Alliance dynamics日期 2024 上傳時間 1-Apr-2024 14:28:42 (UTC+8) 摘要 根據當前朝鮮半島錯綜複雜的安全動態下，本文採取全面性的研究探討南韓應對北韓核武威脅時的戰略決策過程。本文採取守勢現實主義作為理論基礎，分析影響南韓選擇加強延伸威懾的主要因素和限制，並同時強調南韓對美國同盟框架的依賴。本文採取廣泛分析包含南韓對威脅認知、南韓對美國延伸威懾的信任以及東北亞不斷變化的地緣政治格局，以闡述這些變因在韓國安全策略決策上複雜的相互作用。根據研究發現，韓國採取務實手段，即在無政府的國際體系下優先考量與安全同盟合作以應對朝鮮的核武野心。南韓的決策反映了守勢現實主義原則，即在朝鮮半島複雜的安全動態中維護其生存並促進區域穩定。
This comprehensive study delves into the intricate security dynamics surrounding the Korean Peninsula, with a particular focus on ROK’s strategic decision-making processes in response to the nuclear threat posed by DPRK. Through the lens of defensive realism, the study explores the primary factors and constraints influencing ROK's strategic choice to enhance extended deterrence, emphasising its reliance on the US alliance framework. Drawing upon extensive analysis of ROK's threat perceptions, trust in US extended deterrence, and the evolving geopolitical landscape of Northeast Asia, this study elucidates the complex interplay shaping ROK's deterrence strategies. Findings underscore ROK's pragmatic approach, prioritising security alliances and cooperation to address DPRK's nuclear ambitions within the anarchic international system. Ultimately, ROK's decision-making reflects adherence to defensive realism principles, aiming to safeguard its survival and promote regional stability amidst the intricate security dynamics on the Korean Peninsula. Keywords: Defensive Realism, North Korean Nuclear Crisis, ROK-US alliance, Extended Deterrence, Washington Declaration, Security Cooperation, Alliance dynamics參考文獻 Official Documents: - Audacious Initiative, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_25501/contents.do. - Bank of Korea. (2010-). Statistics on North Korea's GDP. [North Korea GDP-related Statistics]. https://www.bok.or.kr/portal/main/contents.do?menuNo=200091. - Council of the European Union. EU sanctions against Russia explained. European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/sanctions-against-russia-explained/. - IAEA. Source: The Korean Unification Ministry's North Korea Information Portal. https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/term/viewKnwldgDicary.do?pageIndex=19&dicaryId=5&searchCnd=0&searchWrd=. - Import and Export Trade Statistics (December 01, 2023, to December 31, 2023). Korea Customs Service. https://www.tradedata.go.kr/cts/index.do. - Joint Statement of ROK-U.S. Summit Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the ROK-U.S. Alliance - April 26, 2023. Press Release. Office of the President of the Republic of Korea. https://www.president.go.kr/newsroom/press/B4x547qk. - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Independent sanctions against DPRK. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/wpge/m_25834/contents.do. - Ministry of National Defense Policy Planning Office, Defense Strategy Division. (2023, February). Defense White Paper 2022. Ministry of National Defense. https://www.mnd.go.kr/cop/pblictn/selectPublicationUser.do?siteId=mnd&componentId=14&categoryId=15&publicationSeq=1040&pageIndex=1&id=mnd_040501000000. - North-South Military Strength. Data update date: 2023-02-27. KOSIS. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1ZGAB12. - Northern Diplomacy. Source: The Korean Unification Ministry's North Korea Information Portal. https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/term/viewKnwldgDicary.do?pageIndex=10&dicaryId=101&searchCnd=0&searchWrd=. - Office of the President of the Republic of Korea. (2023, January 11). Briefing on the Reports from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of National Defense by President Yoon. https://www.president.go.kr/newsroom/briefing/GvCftpuP. - The Sunshine Policy, National Archives of Korea. (2014, February 20). https://www.archives.go.kr/next/newsearch/listSubjectDescription.do?id=003343&sitePage=. - The White House. (2023, April 26). Washington Declaration. Statements and Releases. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/04/26/washington-declaration-2/. - United Nations Security Council. (2017). Resolution 2397. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/463/60/PDF/N1746360.pdf?OpenElement. - United Nations. (2022, May 26). Security Council Fails to Adopt Resolution Tightening Sanctions Regime in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as Two Members Wield Veto. Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. SC/14911. https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14911.doc.htm. - U.S. Mission Korea. (2023, August 19). Fact Sheet: The Trilateral Leaders’ Summit at Camp David. U.S. Embassy & Consulate in the Republic of Korea. https://kr.usembassy.gov/081923-fact-sheet-the-trilateral-leaders-summit-at-camp-david/. - Washington Declaration. Press Release from the Presidential Office of the Republic of Korea. https://www.president.go.kr/newsroom/press/C8pBYSLx Books: - Gupta, S. (2017). Maximum pressure, deferred engagement. The Trump administration’s approach to the North Korea conundrum. Available at: https://chinaus-icas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Maximum-Pressure-Deferred-Engagement-Report-full-pdf.pdf. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2007). Structural realism. International relations theories: Discipline and diversity, 83, 77-94. Available at: https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/8_mearsheimer-_structural_realism.pdf. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Norton series in world politics. Political Science. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0-393-34927-6. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2018). The great delusion: Liberal dreams and international realities. Yale University Press. - Morgenthau, H. J. (1967). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace 4e Ed. Knopf. - Sagan, S. D., & Waltz, K. N. (2013). The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: An Enduring Debate: With New Chapters on Iran, Iraq, and North Korea, and on the Prospects for Global Nuclear Disarmament. WW Norton. - Walt, S. M. (1990). The origins of alliance. Cornell University Press. - Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press. Journal Articles: - Ahn, K. M. (2023). North Korea's Position and Implications Regarding the Armistice System: Focused on the Issue of U.S. Troops in South Korea. Korea and International Politics, 39(3), 75-115. - Bowers, I., & Hiim, H. S. (2021). Conventional Counterforce Dilemmas: South Korea’s Deterrence Strategy and Stability on the Korean Peninsula. International Security, 45(3, Winter 2020/21), 7–39. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00399. - Cha, T. S. (2023). "Living with a Nuclear DPRK: The Transformation of the Korean Question and a Paradigm Shift in North Korea Policy in a Post-Unipolar Moment." Journal of International Politics, 28(1), 5-43. https://doi.org/10.18031/jip.2023.6.28.1.5. - Cha, C. H. (2020). "A Critical Review on Sanction Theory and Its Effectiveness on North Korea: Focused on Reaction of Targeted State." The Journal of Northeast Asia Research 35, no. 1: 43-85. https://doi.org/10.18013/jnar.2020.35.1.002. - Cho, S. R. (2014). "The Causes of Diplomatic Failure to Solve North Korean Nuke Issues and Its Policy Implications: Rethinking Six-Party Talks and Resumption Issues." Journal of International Politics 19, no. 2: 67-101. - Dalton, T., & Jackson, V. (March 2023). South Korean Nuclear Weapons Would Make Things Worse. Global Asia, 18(1). Available at: https://www.globalasia.org/v18no1/cover/south-korean-nuclear-weapons-would-make-things-worse_toby-daltonvan-jackson. - Dowty, A. (1978). Nuclear Proliferation: The Israeli Case. International Studies Quarterly, 22(1), 79–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600111. - Falode, A. J. (2009). "The Theoretical Foundation of Realism." Nigerian Journal of International Affairs 35, no. 2: 35-47. https://doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2022-0008. - Grieco, J. M. (1988). Realist theory and the problem of international cooperation: Analysis with an amended prisoner's dilemma model. The Journal of Politics, 50(3), 600-624. https://doi.org/info:doi/. - Gur, N., & Dilek, S. (2023). US–China Economic Rivalry and the Reshoring of Global Supply Chains. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 16(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poac022. - Ha D. S. (2016). "Research of the Republic of Korea's Nuclear Deterrence strategy for North Korea's nuclear Armaments: Focus on the case of the countries that possessed nuclear Armament". Korean Journal of Political Science 24, no. 3: 77-109. https://doi.org/10.34221/KJPS.2016.24.3.4. - Ha, J. S. (2023). The China Daily’s framing of THAAD deployment: "A New Cold War in East Asia". Newspaper Research Journal, 44(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/07395329231187632. - Hong H. I. (2008). "The North Korean Nuclear Issue and the Six-Party Talks: Process of Development, Evaluation, and Challenges." 한국과 국제정치 (Korea and International Politics) 24, no. 1: 35-76. https://doi.org/10.17331/kwp.2008.24.1.002. - Hong, M. (2023). North Korea's Strategic Statehood Theory and Nuclear Weapons Advancement. 연구총서 (Series of Research), 22-24. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/14221. - Hoshino, M., Hiraiwa, S. (2020). Four factors in the "special relationship" between China and North Korea: A framework for analyzing the China–North Korea Relationship under Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-un. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 9(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/24761028.2020.1754998. - Hwang, J. H. (2022). Inter-Korean Relations in 2022: Its Trends and Prospects. Foreign Relations, (140), 21-33. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11504808. - Hwang, S. P. (2023a). China’s Dilemmas Regarding the Strengthening Cooperation Between North Korea and Russia After the 2022 Ukraine War. The Journal of Asian Studies, 26(4), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.21740/jas.2023.11.26.4.23. - Hwang, S. P. (2023b). North Korea’s Strategy to Respond to China’s North Korea Policy under Kim Jong-un’s Regime. The Journal of International Relations, 26(2), 37-65. https://doi.org/10.15235/jir.2023.06.26.2.37. - Jeon, B. (2022). A comparative evaluation of North Korea's "Law on the Nuclear Weapons State" and "Law on Nuclear Forces Policy" and a search for South Korea's response. 주요국제문제분석 (Analysis of Major International Issues), 2022(28), 1-27. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11338046. - Kim B. H. & Park Y. W. (2023). Enhance the Effectiveness of the Extended Deterrence Strategy Through the Analysis of the Implications of the ROK-U.S. Washington Declaration. Korean Journal of Political Science, 31(3), 171-195. https://doi.org/10.34221/KJPS.2023.31.3.7. - Kim, D. Y. (2023). "The Inadequacy or Boldness of Unbearable Responses to North Korea's Nuclear Issue." Asia Brief, 3(9), (Issue 99). Available at: https://snuac.snu.ac.kr/2015_snuac/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84_1-99.pdf. - Kim, J. H. (2023). Changes in North Korea’s Nuclear Strategy under the NPT: From ‘Bluffing’ To ‘Targeting aimed at the NPT’s Vulnerabilities’. Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 28(3), 145-167, https://doi.org/10.21807/JNAS.2023.09.108.145. - Kim, J. Y. (2023). A Study about the Wargame of China's Armed Unification on Taiwan -Based on the review of the Chinese military magazine <Naval and Merchant ships>'s Wargame. Journal of Korea Game Society, 23(5), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.7583/JKGS.2023.23.5.55. - Kim, S. (2019). North Korean Missile Threats and Backgrounds in the New Cold War Era: Based on North Korean Missile Threats in 2019 from a Geopolitics Perspective. Peace and Religions, (8), 169-206. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10752576. - Kim, Y. H. (2020). U.S.-China Strategic Competition and Inter-Korean Relations. Foreign Relations, (135), 78-87. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11483034. - Kim, Y. S. (2023). "NATO Extended Deterrence and ROK-US Alliance Extended Deterrence: Beyond Comparison." Korean Journal of Military Affairs, no. 13: 1-29. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11444095. - Lee, B. C. (2020). "Finding a new direction for the Korean nuclear armament discourse." Defense Studies 63, no. 2: 27-58. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09406850. - Lee, B. C. (2023). Changes in North Korea’s Nuclear Strategy and Implication. North Korean Studies, 19(1), 37-78. Available at: https://kiss.kstudy.com/Detail/Ar?key=4032436. - Lee, C. W. (2017). "The North Korean Nuclear Issue and Review of the NPT Regime: Interrelationship between International Law and International Relations." THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 62, no. 3: 105-125. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07242573. - Lee, S. M. (2023). "The dilemma of denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula: Discourse on nuclear armament and introduction of tactical nuclear weapons". Defense & Technology, no. 527: 70-87. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11187040. - Lee, Y. H. (1996). An Analysis of North Korean Military Capabilities: Assessment on the Degree and Level of the Threat by Measuring the Balance of Military Capabilities between South and North Korea. Strategic Review, 8, 163-219. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE00555909. - Lee, S. T. (2022). The Prospect and Military Preparation for North Korea’s Possibility of Using Nuclear Weapons. Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 27(4), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.21807/JNAS.2022.12.105.155. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (1984). Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence in Europe. International Security, 9(3), 19–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538586. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (1993). The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 50–66. Retrieved September 5, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20045622. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078. - Moon, J. W. & Shin, J. (2023). An Analysis on Changes in North Korea’s Nuclear Strategy appeared in the 2022 Nuclear Force Policy Act: Focusing on the comparison with Pakistan case. Korea and Global Affairs, 7(4), 361-389. https://doi.org/10.22718/kga.2023.7.4.014. - Oh, S. Y. (2022). Chapter 21. Navigating the triple dilemma: South Korea’s trade disputes with neighboring countries in the era of politicized economic interdependence. In Research Handbook on Trade Wars (pp. 400). Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/19694_21.html - Park, B. G. (2017). "Contextual Understanding of North Korea Nuclear Problem." 한국과 국제사회 (Korea and the International Cummunity) 1, no. 1: 97-114. Korea Institute for National Unification. https://doi.org/10.22718/kga.2017.1.1.004. - Park, H. R. (2020). "Recommendations for a Self-reliant South Korean Nuclear Deterrence Strategy against North Korea’s Minimal Deterrence Nuclear Capabilities." The Journal of Strategic Studies 27, no. 2: 41-67. https://doi.org/10.46226/jss.2020.07.27.1.41. - Park, K. C. (2023). An Analysis of the Scenario of China’s Invasion of Taiwan and Implications for South Korea-U.S.-Japan Security Cooperation. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 21(1), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2023.04.21.1.171. - Park, Y. S. (2011). Reassessment of the Limitations of the Kim Young-sam Government's Response to the North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Focusing on President Kim Young-sam's Leadership Orientation and Government Rigidity. Korean Political Science Review, 20(3), 55-80. Available at: https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/90221/1/3%20%EA%B9%80%EC%98%81%EC%82%BC%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%20%EB%B6%81%ED%95%B5%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0%20%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%91%EC%9D%98%20%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84%EC%97%90%20%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%20%EC%9E%AC%ED%8F%89%EA%B0%80.PDF. - Park, Y. S. (2022). "The Probability of South Korea’s Nuclear Armament." The Journal of Asiatic Studies 65, no. 2: 101-132. https://doi.org/10.31930/JAS.2022.06.65.2.101. - Park, M., Won, J. C., & Jun, E. J. (2021). A Study on Strengthening the Effectiveness of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): Focusing on Article 10, Legal Obligation, and Responsibility of a Withdrawing State. The Korean Journal of International Law, 66(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.46406/kjil.2021.03.66.1.71. - Roth, A. I. (2007). "Nuclear Weapons in Neo-Realist Theory." International Studies Review 9, no. 3: 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00695.x. - Seol, I. H. & Sohn, H. B. (2023). Enhancing U.S. Extended Deterrence: Focusing on North Korea's Tactical Nuclear Weapons and Integrated ROK-U.S. Nuclear Deterrence. National Security and Strategy, 23(2), 1-36. Available at: https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002972791. - Shin, B. (2019). Analysis of North Korea’s Strategic Intention Through the Denuclearization Process of 2018-2019. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 26(2), 37-76. https://doi.org/10.46226/jss.2019.07.26.2.37. - Shin, D. I. (2023). Issues of Violating International Norms and Damaging National Interests in South Korea's Pursuit of Nuclear Armament within the NPT Framework. Foreign Affairs Quarterly, (145), 105-111. Available at: https://www.kcfr.or.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=612&wr_id=328&sst=wr_datetime&sod=desc&sop=and&page=1. - Shin, W. H. (2007). Politics of Pressure and Exclusion: Northern Policy and the First Nuclear Crisis. Journal of Korean Political and Diplomatic History, 29(1), 205-234. Available at: https://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/mtrl/ifes/8307/13053/cnDownload.do. - Son, S. Y., & Park, J. H. (2020). Do South Korean Voters Really Want Nuclear Armament? Korean Political Science Review, 54(2), 175-204. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342844468_Do_South_Korean_Voters_Really_Want_Nuclear_Armament. - Spies, M. (2006). Iran and the limits of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. Am. U. Int'l L. Rev., 22, 401. Available at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=auilr. - Schweller, R. L. (2004). Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security, 29(2), 159–201. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288042879913. - Waltz, K. N. (1970). The origins of alliances. World Politics, 22(4), 325-338. - Waltz, K. N. (1974). The anarchic structure of international politics. World Politics, 26(2), 243-270. - Waltz, K. N. (2000). Structural realism after the Cold War. International Security, 25(1), 5-41. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228800560372. - Yang, U. C., Ha, S. S. (2012). Limits of UN’s Economic Sanctions against North Korea: Restraining Coercion and Enlarging Strategic Choice. 통일정책연구 (Journal of Unification Policy Studies), 21(2), 143-175. https://doi.org/G704-001526.2012.21.2.005. - Youn, H. K. (2019). Coexistence of North Korea's nuclear development and economic sanctions: The dilemma of policy value difference. Journal of Peace and Unification, 9(1), 25-50. Available at: https://kiss.kstudy.com/Detail/Ar?key=3679893. Online Sources: - Armstrong, M. (2023, July 12). North Korean Missile Tests at Record High in 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/9172/north-korea-missile-tests-timeline/. - Bandow, D. (2022a). Expanding Sanctions Won’t Halt North Korea’s Nuclear Program, Cato Institute. United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/commentary/expanding-sanctions-wont-halt-north-koreas-nuclear-program. on 25 Jan 2024. CID: 20.500.12592/n3v6td. - Bandow, D. (2022b). "Give South Korea Nuclear Weapons". Cato Institute. United States of America. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.cato.org/commentary/give-south-korea-nuclear-weapons. CID: 20.500.12592/4npg3z. - Bandow, D. (2023). "Do Ukraine, Taiwan And South Korea All Need Nuclear Weapons?" Cato Institute. United States of America. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.cato.org/commentary/do-ukraine-taiwan-south-korea-all-need-nuclear-weapons. CID: 20.500.12592/bq7p2m. - BBC. (2021, February 20). How Trump offered Kim a ride on Air Force One. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56118936. - Cheon, S. W. (2013). The Kim Jong-un Regime’s “Byungjin”(Parallel Development) Policy of Economy and Nuclear Weapons and the ‘April 1st Nuclearization Law’, Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: http://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/2227/1/0001458456.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2019). - CHEY. (2023, February 14). 북핵 위기와 안보 상황 인식 (Awareness of the North Korean nuclear crisis and security situation), (academic event). https://www.chey.org/Kor/Notice/NoticeView.aspx?seq=192. - Cho, H. B. (2021). Evaluation of Biden Administration’s North Korean Policy after a Review and the ROK’s Response. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/12468/1/CO21-14%28e%29.pdf. - Cho, H. B. (2022). North Korea’s Enactment of Offensive Nuclear Doctrine and South Korea’s Qualitative Shift in Response to North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/13603. - Choi, D. (2022, May 10). Trump considered ‘complete withdrawal’ of US troops from South Korea, former defense chief says. Stars and Stripes. https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/2022-05-10/defense-secretary-mark-esper-memoir-president-trump-south-korea-troops-5954121.html. - Choi, Y., Kim, K., Kim, B., Oh, I., Lim, S., Jang, S., & Cho, E. (2019). Key Issues and Challenges in the Changing Security Landscape of East Asia. INSS. (Report No. INSS Research Report 2019-19). Available at: http://www.riia.re.kr/upload/bbs/BBSA05/202010/F10535.pdf. - Ham, J. H. (2023, September 9). China, Rapid Increase in Cases of Assisting and Turning a Blind Eye to North Korean Sanctions Violations... Involving Various Areas Including Maritime and Trade. Voice of Asia. https://www.voakorea.com/a/7260624.html. - Hyun, S. S. (2023). Evaluation and Prospects of the North Korea-Russia Summit. Online Series, CO 23-30, Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/14702. - Hwang, I. D. (2022). Analysis of North Korea's Nuclear Policy Law: Focusing on the Purpose of Nuclear Power and Command Control Provisions. IFANS FOCUS (Korean), 2022(18), 1-6. Available at: https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/ifans/eng/pblct/PblctView.do?csrfPreventionSalt=null&sn=&bbsSn=&mvpSn=&searchMvpSe=&koreanEngSe=ENG&ctgrySe=&menuCl=P11&pblctDtaSn=14058&clCode=P11&boardSe=. - FORUM Staff. (2023, March 26). ROK, U.S. Forces Stage Large-Scale Military Exercises Amid Intensifying North Korea Threat. Indo-Pacific Defense FORUM magazine. Retrieved from https://ipdefenseforum.com/2023/03/rok-u-s-forces-stage-large-scale-military-exercises-amid-intensifying-north-korea-threat/. - Jang, C. W. (2021). "Changes in North Korea's missile development strategy and competition between the two Koreas for missile development". Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/12423/1/Online%2021-11%28e%29.pdf. - Jang, I. S. (2023, October). Russia exported approximately 6,000 tons of wheat flour to North Korea this year, an increase of about 2,000 tons in the last three months. SPN Seoul Pyongyang News. https://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=71628. - Jung, Y. (2023, May 8). China Opposes Japan's Participation in the 'Washington Declaration', Citing Potential Harm to Strategic Interests. SBS News. Retrieved from https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007183562&plink=COPYPASTE&cooper=SBSNEWSEND. - Kim, B. M. (2023). Characteristics of North Korea's Response to the U.S.-South Korea Joint Military Exercise (UFS). INSS. Available at: https://www.inss.re.kr/common/viewer.do?atchFileId=F20230906171605634&fileSn=0. - Kim, D., Ahn, J., Lee, D., & Jeon, E. (2013). North Korea's Nuclear Program and Capability Assessment in 2013. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/2303. - Kim, H. W. (2019). Outlook for North Korea’s Denuclearization in the Aftermath of Hanoi Summit. IFANS FOCUS, 2019-04E, 1-4. Available at: https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/ifans/eng/pblct/PblctView.do?csrfPreventionSalt=null&pblctDtaSn=13381&menuCl=P11&clCode=P11&koreanEngSe=ENG&pclCode=&chcodeId=&searchCondition=searchAll&searchKeyword=Hanoi+Summit&pageIndex=2. - Kim Jong Un, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea. (2019, January 1). 2019 New Year Address [Full Text]. SPN Seoul Pyongyang News. https://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=16014. - Ku, K. (2021). Gain and Loss of Decoupling from China. CSF Expert Opinion. KIEP. Available at: https://csf.kiep.go.kr/issueInfoView.es?article_id=48237&mid=a20200000000&board_id=4. - Lee, C., & Lee, H.-a. (2019, March 1). (US-NK summit) N. Korea says it wants partial sanctions relief. Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190227014060315. - Lee, J. H. (Reporter). (2023, April 22). Can the 'Kill Chain' really stop North Korean missiles? Weekly Chosun. http://weekly.chosun.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=25883. - Lee, Y. S. (2023). Trilateral Summit Among South Korea, the United States, and Japan: Significance, Achievements, and Challenges. The Yeouido Institute. Available at: https://www.ydi.or.kr/board/download/1020. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2022). "The causes and consequences of the Ukraine crisis." The National Interest, 23. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/causes-and-consequences-ukraine-crisis-203182. - Min, T. E., & Lee, K. T. (2023). Future Implications of the Camp David South Korea-U.S.-Japan Summit. Online Series, 08.20 | CO 23-23. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/14561/1/%5B%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88%5D%20%EC%BA%A0%ED%94%84%20%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C%20%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%9D%BC%20%EC%A0%95%EC%83%81%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98%EC%99%80%203%EA%B5%AD%20%ED%98%91%EB%A0%A5%EC%9D%98%20%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%98%28%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85%EB%B3%B8%29.pdf. - Ministry of Unification. 'Socialist Strong State' Meaning. Retrieved from https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/term/viewNkKnwldgDicary.do?pageIndex=1&dicaryId=277. - Nam, M. (2024, January 12). The shadow of Trump cast over the schedule of the South Korea-US Nuclear Consultative Group (NCG)? SISAIN. https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=51891. - NTI. (2023, April 28). The CNS North Korea Missile Test Database. Part of The CNS Missile and SLV Launch Databases. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/cns-north-korea-missile-test-database/. - Oh, K. S. (2023). The Paradox of Nuclear Possession and the Future of Parallel Routes. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/13845. - Park, E. J. (2023). The Implications of North Korea's Asymmetric Force Buildup in the Context of Multi-Security Crisis in East Asia. KINU Policy Research Series, 22-02. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/14323/1/%5B%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88%2022-02%5D%20%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%20%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91%EC%95%88%EB%B3%B4%20%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0%20%EC%86%8D%20%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B9%84%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%B4%20%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%94%20%EC%9D%98%EB%AF%B8.pdf. - Political News Team. (2023, April 14). [Another Mighty Entity Showing Continuous Development of Strategic Force Unveiled in DPRK]. Rodong Sinmun. http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MUAyMDIzLTA0LTE0LUgwMDNAMUAzQEAwQDMz==. - Rajagopalan, R. (2023). Is South Korea Considering Nuclear Weapons? Observer Research Foundation. India. Retrieved August 22, 2023, from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3443874/is-south-korea-considering-nuclear-weapons/4243877/. CID: 20.500.12592/kr0mvw. - Realmeter. (2023, April 23). Situation on the Korean Peninsula and Domestic Opinion on Nuclear Possession... 'Support for South Korea's Own Nuclear Weapons, 56.5% Approve'. http://www.realmeter.net/dsoiewrhlhlsd/?ckattempt=1. - Reddy, S. (2023, August 30). Mearsheimer: North Korean nukes a ‘force for stability’ on Korean Peninsula. NK NEWS. https://www.nknews.org/2023/08/mearsheimer-north-korean-nukes-a-force-for-stability-on-korean-peninsula/. - RFA (Radio Free Asia). (2019, March 20). Professor Mearsheimer: 'North Korea Won't Give Up Nuclear Weapons... Negotiations with North Korea Are a Waste of Time’. [Translation: Professor Meir Shafran, "North Korea, not giving up nuclear weapons... Negotiations with North Korea are a waste of time"]. Retrieved from https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/nk_nuclear_talks/nonnuclearization-03202019155753.html. - Shin, J. H. (2020). Recent North Korea-China Relations and the Korean Peninsula Peace Process. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/11982/1/CO20-27(e).pdf. - Smeltz, D. (2022). Thinking Nuclear: South Korean Attitudes on Nuclear Weapons. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. United States of America. Retrieved August 22, 2023, from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3812342/thinking-nuclear/4618257/. CID: 20.500.12592/dsqwzk. - The Times of India. (2021, September 24). North Korea offers talks, likely trying to get sanctions relief. AP. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/north-korea-offers-talks-likely-trying-to-get-sanctions-relief/articleshow/86477721.cms. - United Nations Security Council. (2022, February 7). Seventy-seventh year, 8962nd meeting. [Meeting summary]. New York: Author. S/PV.8962. - UNSCR Search engine for the United Nations Security Council Resolutions. (2006-2017) UNSC Resolutions on DPRK. http://unscr.com/en. - Van Diepen, V. H. (2023, November 28). Modest beginnings: North Korea launches its first reconnaissance satellite. 38 North. https://www.38north.org/2018/07/ ae072318/. - Xu, B., & Bajoria, J. (2014). The China-North Korea Relationship. Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/183236/The%20China-North%20Korea%20Relationship%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.pdf. - Yonhap News. (2023, April 29). Yoon's Discussion with Harvard Kennedy School Professor Joseph Nye and Students at Harvard University. Lee, D. H., & Jeong, A. R. Retrieved from https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230429011200001. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
110862022資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862022 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 楊雯婷 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Florence W en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 朴鍾旻 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Park, Jongmin en_US dc.creator (作者) 朴鍾旻 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Park, Jongmin en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Apr-2024 14:28:42 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Apr-2024 14:28:42 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Apr-2024 14:28:42 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110862022 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/150667 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110862022 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 根據當前朝鮮半島錯綜複雜的安全動態下，本文採取全面性的研究探討南韓應對北韓核武威脅時的戰略決策過程。本文採取守勢現實主義作為理論基礎，分析影響南韓選擇加強延伸威懾的主要因素和限制，並同時強調南韓對美國同盟框架的依賴。本文採取廣泛分析包含南韓對威脅認知、南韓對美國延伸威懾的信任以及東北亞不斷變化的地緣政治格局，以闡述這些變因在韓國安全策略決策上複雜的相互作用。根據研究發現，韓國採取務實手段，即在無政府的國際體系下優先考量與安全同盟合作以應對朝鮮的核武野心。南韓的決策反映了守勢現實主義原則，即在朝鮮半島複雜的安全動態中維護其生存並促進區域穩定。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This comprehensive study delves into the intricate security dynamics surrounding the Korean Peninsula, with a particular focus on ROK’s strategic decision-making processes in response to the nuclear threat posed by DPRK. Through the lens of defensive realism, the study explores the primary factors and constraints influencing ROK's strategic choice to enhance extended deterrence, emphasising its reliance on the US alliance framework. Drawing upon extensive analysis of ROK's threat perceptions, trust in US extended deterrence, and the evolving geopolitical landscape of Northeast Asia, this study elucidates the complex interplay shaping ROK's deterrence strategies. Findings underscore ROK's pragmatic approach, prioritising security alliances and cooperation to address DPRK's nuclear ambitions within the anarchic international system. Ultimately, ROK's decision-making reflects adherence to defensive realism principles, aiming to safeguard its survival and promote regional stability amidst the intricate security dynamics on the Korean Peninsula. Keywords: Defensive Realism, North Korean Nuclear Crisis, ROK-US alliance, Extended Deterrence, Washington Declaration, Security Cooperation, Alliance dynamics en_US dc.description.tableofcontents ABSTRACT I CONTENT II LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS V CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 I.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1 1.1.1 Overview 1 1.1.2 Context 3 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 12 1.3 RESEARCH IMPLICATION 13 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15 2.1 DEFENSIVE REALISM AND ITS APPLICATION 15 2.2 REALIST PERSPECTIVE ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND DETERRENCE 16 2.3 DEFENSIVE REALISM AND THE CRITIQUE OF NPT 19 2.4 KEY DEBATES IN THE LITERATURE 21 2.5 RELEVANCE TO CURRENT INTERNATIONAL DYNAMICS 25 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 27 3.1 THE SCOPE OF THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 27 3.2 RESEARCH METHOD 32 3.3 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 33 3.4 LIMITATIONS 34 CHAPTER 4 SHIFTS OF DPRK NUCLEAR CRISIS AND ROK’S RESPONSES 36 4.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE DPRK NUCLEAR THREAT 36 4.1.1 Evolution of the DPRK Nuclear Crisis: 2013-2018 37 4.1.2 Recent Trends in the DPRK Nuclear Crisis: 2019-Current 42 4.1.3 Shifting Security Landscape in Northeast Asia 48 4.1.4 ROK's Responses of DPRK's Nuclear Threat 51 4.1.5 Changes in ROK's Perception of the DPRK's Nuclear Crisis 54 CHAPTER 5 FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS ON ROK’S DECISION 59 5.1 ROK’S SECURITY THREAT PERCEPTION AND TRUST IN US EXTENDED DETERRENCE 59 5.1.1 ROK’s Reliance on the US Extended Deterrence 62 5.1.2 Vulnerabilities in Extended Deterrence 65 5.2 GEOPOLITICAL DYNAMICS IN NORTHEAST ASIA 68 5.2.1 Conflict between the US and China 70 5.2.2 The Expansion of DPRK's Influence 74 5.3 THE DYNAMICS OF THE ROK-US ALLIANCE 76 5.3.1 Changes in Alliance Dynamics 78 5.3.2 Security Agreements and Their Implications 81 5.4 UNDERSTANDING ROK'S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 83 5.4.1 Factors and Constraints Influencing Decision-Making 83 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 98 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1578314 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110862022 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 守勢現實主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 北韓核危機 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓美同盟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 延伸威懾 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華盛頓宣言 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 安全合作 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同盟動態 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Defensive Realism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) North Korean Nuclear Crisis en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) ROK-US alliance en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Extended Deterrence en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Washington Declaration en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Security Cooperation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Alliance dynamics en_US dc.title (題名) 韓國對北韓核武政策的戰略回應 zh_TW dc.title (題名) South Korea’s Strategic Responses Toward North Korea’s Nuclear Force Policy en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Official Documents: - Audacious Initiative, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_25501/contents.do. - Bank of Korea. (2010-). Statistics on North Korea's GDP. [North Korea GDP-related Statistics]. https://www.bok.or.kr/portal/main/contents.do?menuNo=200091. - Council of the European Union. EU sanctions against Russia explained. European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-russia-over-ukraine/sanctions-against-russia-explained/. - IAEA. Source: The Korean Unification Ministry's North Korea Information Portal. https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/term/viewKnwldgDicary.do?pageIndex=19&dicaryId=5&searchCnd=0&searchWrd=. - Import and Export Trade Statistics (December 01, 2023, to December 31, 2023). Korea Customs Service. https://www.tradedata.go.kr/cts/index.do. - Joint Statement of ROK-U.S. Summit Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the ROK-U.S. Alliance - April 26, 2023. Press Release. Office of the President of the Republic of Korea. https://www.president.go.kr/newsroom/press/B4x547qk. - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Independent sanctions against DPRK. Retrieved from https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/wpge/m_25834/contents.do. - Ministry of National Defense Policy Planning Office, Defense Strategy Division. (2023, February). Defense White Paper 2022. Ministry of National Defense. https://www.mnd.go.kr/cop/pblictn/selectPublicationUser.do?siteId=mnd&componentId=14&categoryId=15&publicationSeq=1040&pageIndex=1&id=mnd_040501000000. - North-South Military Strength. Data update date: 2023-02-27. KOSIS. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1ZGAB12. - Northern Diplomacy. Source: The Korean Unification Ministry's North Korea Information Portal. https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/term/viewKnwldgDicary.do?pageIndex=10&dicaryId=101&searchCnd=0&searchWrd=. - Office of the President of the Republic of Korea. (2023, January 11). Briefing on the Reports from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of National Defense by President Yoon. https://www.president.go.kr/newsroom/briefing/GvCftpuP. - The Sunshine Policy, National Archives of Korea. (2014, February 20). https://www.archives.go.kr/next/newsearch/listSubjectDescription.do?id=003343&sitePage=. - The White House. (2023, April 26). Washington Declaration. Statements and Releases. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/04/26/washington-declaration-2/. - United Nations Security Council. (2017). Resolution 2397. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/463/60/PDF/N1746360.pdf?OpenElement. - United Nations. (2022, May 26). Security Council Fails to Adopt Resolution Tightening Sanctions Regime in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as Two Members Wield Veto. Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. SC/14911. https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14911.doc.htm. - U.S. Mission Korea. (2023, August 19). Fact Sheet: The Trilateral Leaders’ Summit at Camp David. U.S. Embassy & Consulate in the Republic of Korea. https://kr.usembassy.gov/081923-fact-sheet-the-trilateral-leaders-summit-at-camp-david/. - Washington Declaration. Press Release from the Presidential Office of the Republic of Korea. https://www.president.go.kr/newsroom/press/C8pBYSLx Books: - Gupta, S. (2017). Maximum pressure, deferred engagement. The Trump administration’s approach to the North Korea conundrum. Available at: https://chinaus-icas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Maximum-Pressure-Deferred-Engagement-Report-full-pdf.pdf. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2007). Structural realism. International relations theories: Discipline and diversity, 83, 77-94. Available at: https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/8_mearsheimer-_structural_realism.pdf. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Norton series in world politics. Political Science. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0-393-34927-6. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2018). The great delusion: Liberal dreams and international realities. Yale University Press. - Morgenthau, H. J. (1967). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace 4e Ed. Knopf. - Sagan, S. D., & Waltz, K. N. (2013). The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: An Enduring Debate: With New Chapters on Iran, Iraq, and North Korea, and on the Prospects for Global Nuclear Disarmament. WW Norton. - Walt, S. M. (1990). The origins of alliance. Cornell University Press. - Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press. Journal Articles: - Ahn, K. M. (2023). North Korea's Position and Implications Regarding the Armistice System: Focused on the Issue of U.S. Troops in South Korea. Korea and International Politics, 39(3), 75-115. - Bowers, I., & Hiim, H. S. (2021). Conventional Counterforce Dilemmas: South Korea’s Deterrence Strategy and Stability on the Korean Peninsula. International Security, 45(3, Winter 2020/21), 7–39. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00399. - Cha, T. S. (2023). "Living with a Nuclear DPRK: The Transformation of the Korean Question and a Paradigm Shift in North Korea Policy in a Post-Unipolar Moment." Journal of International Politics, 28(1), 5-43. https://doi.org/10.18031/jip.2023.6.28.1.5. - Cha, C. H. (2020). "A Critical Review on Sanction Theory and Its Effectiveness on North Korea: Focused on Reaction of Targeted State." The Journal of Northeast Asia Research 35, no. 1: 43-85. https://doi.org/10.18013/jnar.2020.35.1.002. - Cho, S. R. (2014). "The Causes of Diplomatic Failure to Solve North Korean Nuke Issues and Its Policy Implications: Rethinking Six-Party Talks and Resumption Issues." Journal of International Politics 19, no. 2: 67-101. - Dalton, T., & Jackson, V. (March 2023). South Korean Nuclear Weapons Would Make Things Worse. Global Asia, 18(1). Available at: https://www.globalasia.org/v18no1/cover/south-korean-nuclear-weapons-would-make-things-worse_toby-daltonvan-jackson. - Dowty, A. (1978). Nuclear Proliferation: The Israeli Case. International Studies Quarterly, 22(1), 79–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600111. - Falode, A. J. (2009). "The Theoretical Foundation of Realism." Nigerian Journal of International Affairs 35, no. 2: 35-47. https://doi.org/10.2478/subbs-2022-0008. - Grieco, J. M. (1988). Realist theory and the problem of international cooperation: Analysis with an amended prisoner's dilemma model. The Journal of Politics, 50(3), 600-624. https://doi.org/info:doi/. - Gur, N., & Dilek, S. (2023). US–China Economic Rivalry and the Reshoring of Global Supply Chains. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 16(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poac022. - Ha D. S. (2016). "Research of the Republic of Korea's Nuclear Deterrence strategy for North Korea's nuclear Armaments: Focus on the case of the countries that possessed nuclear Armament". Korean Journal of Political Science 24, no. 3: 77-109. https://doi.org/10.34221/KJPS.2016.24.3.4. - Ha, J. S. (2023). The China Daily’s framing of THAAD deployment: "A New Cold War in East Asia". Newspaper Research Journal, 44(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/07395329231187632. - Hong H. I. (2008). "The North Korean Nuclear Issue and the Six-Party Talks: Process of Development, Evaluation, and Challenges." 한국과 국제정치 (Korea and International Politics) 24, no. 1: 35-76. https://doi.org/10.17331/kwp.2008.24.1.002. - Hong, M. (2023). North Korea's Strategic Statehood Theory and Nuclear Weapons Advancement. 연구총서 (Series of Research), 22-24. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/14221. - Hoshino, M., Hiraiwa, S. (2020). Four factors in the "special relationship" between China and North Korea: A framework for analyzing the China–North Korea Relationship under Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-un. Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 9(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/24761028.2020.1754998. - Hwang, J. H. (2022). Inter-Korean Relations in 2022: Its Trends and Prospects. Foreign Relations, (140), 21-33. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11504808. - Hwang, S. P. (2023a). China’s Dilemmas Regarding the Strengthening Cooperation Between North Korea and Russia After the 2022 Ukraine War. The Journal of Asian Studies, 26(4), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.21740/jas.2023.11.26.4.23. - Hwang, S. P. (2023b). North Korea’s Strategy to Respond to China’s North Korea Policy under Kim Jong-un’s Regime. The Journal of International Relations, 26(2), 37-65. https://doi.org/10.15235/jir.2023.06.26.2.37. - Jeon, B. (2022). A comparative evaluation of North Korea's "Law on the Nuclear Weapons State" and "Law on Nuclear Forces Policy" and a search for South Korea's response. 주요국제문제분석 (Analysis of Major International Issues), 2022(28), 1-27. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11338046. - Kim B. H. & Park Y. W. (2023). Enhance the Effectiveness of the Extended Deterrence Strategy Through the Analysis of the Implications of the ROK-U.S. Washington Declaration. Korean Journal of Political Science, 31(3), 171-195. https://doi.org/10.34221/KJPS.2023.31.3.7. - Kim, D. Y. (2023). "The Inadequacy or Boldness of Unbearable Responses to North Korea's Nuclear Issue." Asia Brief, 3(9), (Issue 99). Available at: https://snuac.snu.ac.kr/2015_snuac/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84_1-99.pdf. - Kim, J. H. (2023). Changes in North Korea’s Nuclear Strategy under the NPT: From ‘Bluffing’ To ‘Targeting aimed at the NPT’s Vulnerabilities’. Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 28(3), 145-167, https://doi.org/10.21807/JNAS.2023.09.108.145. - Kim, J. Y. (2023). A Study about the Wargame of China's Armed Unification on Taiwan -Based on the review of the Chinese military magazine <Naval and Merchant ships>'s Wargame. Journal of Korea Game Society, 23(5), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.7583/JKGS.2023.23.5.55. - Kim, S. (2019). North Korean Missile Threats and Backgrounds in the New Cold War Era: Based on North Korean Missile Threats in 2019 from a Geopolitics Perspective. Peace and Religions, (8), 169-206. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10752576. - Kim, Y. H. (2020). U.S.-China Strategic Competition and Inter-Korean Relations. Foreign Relations, (135), 78-87. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11483034. - Kim, Y. S. (2023). "NATO Extended Deterrence and ROK-US Alliance Extended Deterrence: Beyond Comparison." Korean Journal of Military Affairs, no. 13: 1-29. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11444095. - Lee, B. C. (2020). "Finding a new direction for the Korean nuclear armament discourse." Defense Studies 63, no. 2: 27-58. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09406850. - Lee, B. C. (2023). Changes in North Korea’s Nuclear Strategy and Implication. North Korean Studies, 19(1), 37-78. Available at: https://kiss.kstudy.com/Detail/Ar?key=4032436. - Lee, C. W. (2017). "The North Korean Nuclear Issue and Review of the NPT Regime: Interrelationship between International Law and International Relations." THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 62, no. 3: 105-125. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07242573. - Lee, S. M. (2023). "The dilemma of denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula: Discourse on nuclear armament and introduction of tactical nuclear weapons". Defense & Technology, no. 527: 70-87. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE11187040. - Lee, Y. H. (1996). An Analysis of North Korean Military Capabilities: Assessment on the Degree and Level of the Threat by Measuring the Balance of Military Capabilities between South and North Korea. Strategic Review, 8, 163-219. Available at: https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE00555909. - Lee, S. T. (2022). The Prospect and Military Preparation for North Korea’s Possibility of Using Nuclear Weapons. Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, 27(4), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.21807/JNAS.2022.12.105.155. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (1984). Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence in Europe. International Security, 9(3), 19–46. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538586. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (1993). The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent. Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 50–66. Retrieved September 5, 2023, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20045622. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078. - Moon, J. W. & Shin, J. (2023). An Analysis on Changes in North Korea’s Nuclear Strategy appeared in the 2022 Nuclear Force Policy Act: Focusing on the comparison with Pakistan case. Korea and Global Affairs, 7(4), 361-389. https://doi.org/10.22718/kga.2023.7.4.014. - Oh, S. Y. (2022). Chapter 21. Navigating the triple dilemma: South Korea’s trade disputes with neighboring countries in the era of politicized economic interdependence. In Research Handbook on Trade Wars (pp. 400). Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/19694_21.html - Park, B. G. (2017). "Contextual Understanding of North Korea Nuclear Problem." 한국과 국제사회 (Korea and the International Cummunity) 1, no. 1: 97-114. Korea Institute for National Unification. https://doi.org/10.22718/kga.2017.1.1.004. - Park, H. R. (2020). "Recommendations for a Self-reliant South Korean Nuclear Deterrence Strategy against North Korea’s Minimal Deterrence Nuclear Capabilities." The Journal of Strategic Studies 27, no. 2: 41-67. https://doi.org/10.46226/jss.2020.07.27.1.41. - Park, K. C. (2023). An Analysis of the Scenario of China’s Invasion of Taiwan and Implications for South Korea-U.S.-Japan Security Cooperation. The Korean Journal of International Studies, 21(1), 171-187. https://doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2023.04.21.1.171. - Park, Y. S. (2011). Reassessment of the Limitations of the Kim Young-sam Government's Response to the North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Focusing on President Kim Young-sam's Leadership Orientation and Government Rigidity. Korean Political Science Review, 20(3), 55-80. Available at: https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/90221/1/3%20%EA%B9%80%EC%98%81%EC%82%BC%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%20%EB%B6%81%ED%95%B5%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0%20%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%91%EC%9D%98%20%ED%95%9C%EA%B3%84%EC%97%90%20%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%20%EC%9E%AC%ED%8F%89%EA%B0%80.PDF. - Park, Y. S. (2022). "The Probability of South Korea’s Nuclear Armament." The Journal of Asiatic Studies 65, no. 2: 101-132. https://doi.org/10.31930/JAS.2022.06.65.2.101. - Park, M., Won, J. C., & Jun, E. J. (2021). A Study on Strengthening the Effectiveness of the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): Focusing on Article 10, Legal Obligation, and Responsibility of a Withdrawing State. The Korean Journal of International Law, 66(1), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.46406/kjil.2021.03.66.1.71. - Roth, A. I. (2007). "Nuclear Weapons in Neo-Realist Theory." International Studies Review 9, no. 3: 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00695.x. - Seol, I. H. & Sohn, H. B. (2023). Enhancing U.S. Extended Deterrence: Focusing on North Korea's Tactical Nuclear Weapons and Integrated ROK-U.S. Nuclear Deterrence. National Security and Strategy, 23(2), 1-36. Available at: https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002972791. - Shin, B. (2019). Analysis of North Korea’s Strategic Intention Through the Denuclearization Process of 2018-2019. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 26(2), 37-76. https://doi.org/10.46226/jss.2019.07.26.2.37. - Shin, D. I. (2023). Issues of Violating International Norms and Damaging National Interests in South Korea's Pursuit of Nuclear Armament within the NPT Framework. Foreign Affairs Quarterly, (145), 105-111. Available at: https://www.kcfr.or.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=612&wr_id=328&sst=wr_datetime&sod=desc&sop=and&page=1. - Shin, W. H. (2007). Politics of Pressure and Exclusion: Northern Policy and the First Nuclear Crisis. Journal of Korean Political and Diplomatic History, 29(1), 205-234. Available at: https://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/mtrl/ifes/8307/13053/cnDownload.do. - Son, S. Y., & Park, J. H. (2020). Do South Korean Voters Really Want Nuclear Armament? Korean Political Science Review, 54(2), 175-204. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342844468_Do_South_Korean_Voters_Really_Want_Nuclear_Armament. - Spies, M. (2006). Iran and the limits of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. Am. U. Int'l L. Rev., 22, 401. Available at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=auilr. - Schweller, R. L. (2004). Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security, 29(2), 159–201. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288042879913. - Waltz, K. N. (1970). The origins of alliances. World Politics, 22(4), 325-338. - Waltz, K. N. (1974). The anarchic structure of international politics. World Politics, 26(2), 243-270. - Waltz, K. N. (2000). Structural realism after the Cold War. International Security, 25(1), 5-41. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228800560372. - Yang, U. C., Ha, S. S. (2012). Limits of UN’s Economic Sanctions against North Korea: Restraining Coercion and Enlarging Strategic Choice. 통일정책연구 (Journal of Unification Policy Studies), 21(2), 143-175. https://doi.org/G704-001526.2012.21.2.005. - Youn, H. K. (2019). Coexistence of North Korea's nuclear development and economic sanctions: The dilemma of policy value difference. Journal of Peace and Unification, 9(1), 25-50. Available at: https://kiss.kstudy.com/Detail/Ar?key=3679893. Online Sources: - Armstrong, M. (2023, July 12). North Korean Missile Tests at Record High in 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/9172/north-korea-missile-tests-timeline/. - Bandow, D. (2022a). Expanding Sanctions Won’t Halt North Korea’s Nuclear Program, Cato Institute. United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/commentary/expanding-sanctions-wont-halt-north-koreas-nuclear-program. on 25 Jan 2024. CID: 20.500.12592/n3v6td. - Bandow, D. (2022b). "Give South Korea Nuclear Weapons". Cato Institute. United States of America. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.cato.org/commentary/give-south-korea-nuclear-weapons. CID: 20.500.12592/4npg3z. - Bandow, D. (2023). "Do Ukraine, Taiwan And South Korea All Need Nuclear Weapons?" Cato Institute. United States of America. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.cato.org/commentary/do-ukraine-taiwan-south-korea-all-need-nuclear-weapons. CID: 20.500.12592/bq7p2m. - BBC. (2021, February 20). How Trump offered Kim a ride on Air Force One. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56118936. - Cheon, S. W. (2013). The Kim Jong-un Regime’s “Byungjin”(Parallel Development) Policy of Economy and Nuclear Weapons and the ‘April 1st Nuclearization Law’, Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: http://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/2227/1/0001458456.pdf (Accessed: 20 April 2019). - CHEY. (2023, February 14). 북핵 위기와 안보 상황 인식 (Awareness of the North Korean nuclear crisis and security situation), (academic event). https://www.chey.org/Kor/Notice/NoticeView.aspx?seq=192. - Cho, H. B. (2021). Evaluation of Biden Administration’s North Korean Policy after a Review and the ROK’s Response. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/12468/1/CO21-14%28e%29.pdf. - Cho, H. B. (2022). North Korea’s Enactment of Offensive Nuclear Doctrine and South Korea’s Qualitative Shift in Response to North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/13603. - Choi, D. (2022, May 10). Trump considered ‘complete withdrawal’ of US troops from South Korea, former defense chief says. Stars and Stripes. https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/2022-05-10/defense-secretary-mark-esper-memoir-president-trump-south-korea-troops-5954121.html. - Choi, Y., Kim, K., Kim, B., Oh, I., Lim, S., Jang, S., & Cho, E. (2019). Key Issues and Challenges in the Changing Security Landscape of East Asia. INSS. (Report No. INSS Research Report 2019-19). Available at: http://www.riia.re.kr/upload/bbs/BBSA05/202010/F10535.pdf. - Ham, J. H. (2023, September 9). China, Rapid Increase in Cases of Assisting and Turning a Blind Eye to North Korean Sanctions Violations... Involving Various Areas Including Maritime and Trade. Voice of Asia. https://www.voakorea.com/a/7260624.html. - Hyun, S. S. (2023). Evaluation and Prospects of the North Korea-Russia Summit. Online Series, CO 23-30, Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/14702. - Hwang, I. D. (2022). Analysis of North Korea's Nuclear Policy Law: Focusing on the Purpose of Nuclear Power and Command Control Provisions. IFANS FOCUS (Korean), 2022(18), 1-6. Available at: https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/ifans/eng/pblct/PblctView.do?csrfPreventionSalt=null&sn=&bbsSn=&mvpSn=&searchMvpSe=&koreanEngSe=ENG&ctgrySe=&menuCl=P11&pblctDtaSn=14058&clCode=P11&boardSe=. - FORUM Staff. (2023, March 26). ROK, U.S. Forces Stage Large-Scale Military Exercises Amid Intensifying North Korea Threat. Indo-Pacific Defense FORUM magazine. Retrieved from https://ipdefenseforum.com/2023/03/rok-u-s-forces-stage-large-scale-military-exercises-amid-intensifying-north-korea-threat/. - Jang, C. W. (2021). "Changes in North Korea's missile development strategy and competition between the two Koreas for missile development". Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/12423/1/Online%2021-11%28e%29.pdf. - Jang, I. S. (2023, October). Russia exported approximately 6,000 tons of wheat flour to North Korea this year, an increase of about 2,000 tons in the last three months. SPN Seoul Pyongyang News. https://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=71628. - Jung, Y. (2023, May 8). China Opposes Japan's Participation in the 'Washington Declaration', Citing Potential Harm to Strategic Interests. SBS News. Retrieved from https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1007183562&plink=COPYPASTE&cooper=SBSNEWSEND. - Kim, B. M. (2023). Characteristics of North Korea's Response to the U.S.-South Korea Joint Military Exercise (UFS). INSS. Available at: https://www.inss.re.kr/common/viewer.do?atchFileId=F20230906171605634&fileSn=0. - Kim, D., Ahn, J., Lee, D., & Jeon, E. (2013). North Korea's Nuclear Program and Capability Assessment in 2013. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/2303. - Kim, H. W. (2019). Outlook for North Korea’s Denuclearization in the Aftermath of Hanoi Summit. IFANS FOCUS, 2019-04E, 1-4. Available at: https://www.ifans.go.kr/knda/ifans/eng/pblct/PblctView.do?csrfPreventionSalt=null&pblctDtaSn=13381&menuCl=P11&clCode=P11&koreanEngSe=ENG&pclCode=&chcodeId=&searchCondition=searchAll&searchKeyword=Hanoi+Summit&pageIndex=2. - Kim Jong Un, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea. (2019, January 1). 2019 New Year Address [Full Text]. SPN Seoul Pyongyang News. https://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=16014. - Ku, K. (2021). Gain and Loss of Decoupling from China. CSF Expert Opinion. KIEP. Available at: https://csf.kiep.go.kr/issueInfoView.es?article_id=48237&mid=a20200000000&board_id=4. - Lee, C., & Lee, H.-a. (2019, March 1). (US-NK summit) N. Korea says it wants partial sanctions relief. Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190227014060315. - Lee, J. H. (Reporter). (2023, April 22). Can the 'Kill Chain' really stop North Korean missiles? Weekly Chosun. http://weekly.chosun.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=25883. - Lee, Y. S. (2023). Trilateral Summit Among South Korea, the United States, and Japan: Significance, Achievements, and Challenges. The Yeouido Institute. Available at: https://www.ydi.or.kr/board/download/1020. - Mearsheimer, J. J. (2022). "The causes and consequences of the Ukraine crisis." The National Interest, 23. Available at: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/causes-and-consequences-ukraine-crisis-203182. - Min, T. E., & Lee, K. T. (2023). Future Implications of the Camp David South Korea-U.S.-Japan Summit. Online Series, 08.20 | CO 23-23. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/14561/1/%5B%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88%5D%20%EC%BA%A0%ED%94%84%20%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C%20%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%9D%BC%20%EC%A0%95%EC%83%81%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98%EC%99%80%203%EA%B5%AD%20%ED%98%91%EB%A0%A5%EC%9D%98%20%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%98%28%EC%B5%9C%EC%A2%85%EB%B3%B8%29.pdf. - Ministry of Unification. 'Socialist Strong State' Meaning. Retrieved from https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/term/viewNkKnwldgDicary.do?pageIndex=1&dicaryId=277. - Nam, M. (2024, January 12). The shadow of Trump cast over the schedule of the South Korea-US Nuclear Consultative Group (NCG)? SISAIN. https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=51891. - NTI. (2023, April 28). The CNS North Korea Missile Test Database. Part of The CNS Missile and SLV Launch Databases. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/cns-north-korea-missile-test-database/. - Oh, K. S. (2023). The Paradox of Nuclear Possession and the Future of Parallel Routes. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/handle/2015.oak/13845. - Park, E. J. (2023). The Implications of North Korea's Asymmetric Force Buildup in the Context of Multi-Security Crisis in East Asia. KINU Policy Research Series, 22-02. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/14323/1/%5B%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88%2022-02%5D%20%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%20%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91%EC%95%88%EB%B3%B4%20%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0%20%EC%86%8D%20%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B9%84%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5%20%EC%A6%9D%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%B4%20%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%94%20%EC%9D%98%EB%AF%B8.pdf. - Political News Team. (2023, April 14). [Another Mighty Entity Showing Continuous Development of Strategic Force Unveiled in DPRK]. Rodong Sinmun. http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?MUAyMDIzLTA0LTE0LUgwMDNAMUAzQEAwQDMz==. - Rajagopalan, R. (2023). Is South Korea Considering Nuclear Weapons? Observer Research Foundation. India. Retrieved August 22, 2023, from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3443874/is-south-korea-considering-nuclear-weapons/4243877/. CID: 20.500.12592/kr0mvw. - Realmeter. (2023, April 23). Situation on the Korean Peninsula and Domestic Opinion on Nuclear Possession... 'Support for South Korea's Own Nuclear Weapons, 56.5% Approve'. http://www.realmeter.net/dsoiewrhlhlsd/?ckattempt=1. - Reddy, S. (2023, August 30). Mearsheimer: North Korean nukes a ‘force for stability’ on Korean Peninsula. NK NEWS. https://www.nknews.org/2023/08/mearsheimer-north-korean-nukes-a-force-for-stability-on-korean-peninsula/. - RFA (Radio Free Asia). (2019, March 20). Professor Mearsheimer: 'North Korea Won't Give Up Nuclear Weapons... Negotiations with North Korea Are a Waste of Time’. [Translation: Professor Meir Shafran, "North Korea, not giving up nuclear weapons... Negotiations with North Korea are a waste of time"]. Retrieved from https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/nk_nuclear_talks/nonnuclearization-03202019155753.html. - Shin, J. H. (2020). Recent North Korea-China Relations and the Korean Peninsula Peace Process. Korea Institute for National Unification. Available at: https://repo.kinu.or.kr/bitstream/2015.oak/11982/1/CO20-27(e).pdf. - Smeltz, D. (2022). Thinking Nuclear: South Korean Attitudes on Nuclear Weapons. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. United States of America. Retrieved August 22, 2023, from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3812342/thinking-nuclear/4618257/. CID: 20.500.12592/dsqwzk. - The Times of India. (2021, September 24). North Korea offers talks, likely trying to get sanctions relief. AP. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/north-korea-offers-talks-likely-trying-to-get-sanctions-relief/articleshow/86477721.cms. - United Nations Security Council. (2022, February 7). Seventy-seventh year, 8962nd meeting. [Meeting summary]. New York: Author. S/PV.8962. - UNSCR Search engine for the United Nations Security Council Resolutions. (2006-2017) UNSC Resolutions on DPRK. http://unscr.com/en. - Van Diepen, V. H. (2023, November 28). Modest beginnings: North Korea launches its first reconnaissance satellite. 38 North. https://www.38north.org/2018/07/ ae072318/. - Xu, B., & Bajoria, J. (2014). The China-North Korea Relationship. Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/183236/The%20China-North%20Korea%20Relationship%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.pdf. - Yonhap News. (2023, April 29). Yoon's Discussion with Harvard Kennedy School Professor Joseph Nye and Students at Harvard University. Lee, D. H., & Jeong, A. R. Retrieved from https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230429011200001. zh_TW
