1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of Social Science
  4. 學位論文
  5. Item

Publications-學位論文

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 超越種族內部衝突： 新加坡華人新移民與語言政策的關係
Beyond intra-ethnic conflicts: Singapore's new Chinese immigrants at the nexus of immigration and language policy
作者 林洛嶠
貢獻者 劉曉鵬
Liu, Philip Hsiaopong
林洛嶠
關鍵詞 新加坡
英語
華語
移民政策
語言政策
語言衝突
李光耀
Singapore
English
Chinese
immigration policy
language policy
language conflict
Lee Kuan Yew
日期 2024
上傳時間 1-Jul-2024 12:09:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究調查新加坡華人與新華人移民之間語言衝突背後的政治、經濟和文化因素。具體來說，它審查移民和語言政策，向新加坡政策制定者通報公民身份和永久居留權的英語語言能力要求。該分析以語言政策和規劃框架為指導。對來自新加坡最受歡迎的線上社群之一的用戶評論的討論為該討論提供了經驗證據。調查結果顯示，人們對中國新移民的英語能力非常擔憂，大多數人主張將英語語言測驗納入入籍申請中。反移民情緒歸因於對中國候選人的優惠待遇、工作不穩定以及對中國文化主導地位的恐懼。英語能力的差異和政府支持國語程度的政策加劇了新加坡華人和新華人移民之間的語言衝突，反映出李光耀對身分政治的深遠影響所導致的新加坡華人身分的複雜性。政策建議建議對移民實施英語能力考試，以緩解語言衝突並促進社會融合。
This research investigates the political, economic, and cultural factors underlying language conflicts between Singaporean Chinese and new Chinese immigrants. Specifically, it examines immigration and language policies to inform Singaporean policymakers on English language proficiency requirements for citizenship and permanent residency. The analysis is guided by the Language Policy and Planning Framework. The discussion of user comments sourced from one of Singapore's most popular online communities contributes empirical evidence to the discourse. The findings reveal significant concern about the English proficiency of new Chinese immigrants, with a majority advocating for the inclusion of English language tests in citizenship applications. Anti-immigrant sentiments are attributed to perceptions of preferential treatment for Chinese candidates, job insecurity, and fears of Chinese cultural dominance. Disparities in English proficiency and government policies endorsing Mandarin proficiency exacerbate language conflicts between Singaporean Chinese and new Chinese immigrants, reflecting complexities in the Singaporean Chinese identity because of Lee Kuan Yew's profound influence on identity politics. Policy recommendations propose the implementation of English proficiency exams for immigrants to mitigate language conflicts and foster social integration.
參考文獻 Al Jazeera. (2023, March 27). China’s rich flee crackdowns for ‘Asia’s Switzerland’ Singapore. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/3/27/chinas-rich-flee-crackdowns-for-asias-switzerland-singapore Alesina, & Reich. (2019). Nation-building—Why Nationalism. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77792 Ang, J. (2020, June 15). Singaporeans feel English should be main language used in public, with space for other languages: IPS study | The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singaporeans-feel-english-should-be-main-language-used-in-public-with-space-for-other Ang, S. (2017). I am More Chinese than You: Online Narratives of Locals and Migrants in Singapore. Cultural Studies Review, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v23i1.5497 Ang, S., & Colic-Peisker, V. (2022). Sinophobia in the Asian century: Race, nation and Othering in Australia and Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(4), 718–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1921236 Annamalai, E. (2005). 2. Nation-building in a Globalised World: Language Choice and Education in India. In A. Lin & P. Martin (Eds.), Decolonisation, Globalisation (pp. 20–37). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853598265-004 Ariely, G. (2012). Globalization, immigration and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(4), 539–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211430518 Barr, M. D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The beliefs behind the man. Georgetown University Press. Barr, M. D., & Skrbiš, Z. (2011). Constructing Singapore: Elitism, ethnicity and the nation-building project (Repr). NIAS. BBC News. (2013, February 16). Rare mass rally over Singapore immigration plans. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21485729 Behdad, A. (1997). Nationalism and Immigration to the United States. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 6(2), 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1997.0000 Bing, N. C. (2022). Xin Yimin in Malaysia: Trends and Implications. 2022. Bokhorst-Heng, W., & Silver, R. E. (2017). Reconsidering language shift within Singapore’s Chinese community: A Bourdieusian analysis. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2017(248). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0037 Cavallaro, F., & Chin, N. B. (2014). 2. Language in Singapore: From Multilingualism to English Plus. In J. Hajek & Y. Slaughter (Eds.), Challenging the Monolingual Mindset (pp. 33–48). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092529-005 Cavallaro, F., Ng, B. C., & Seilhamer, M. F. (2014). Singapore Colloquial English: Issues of prestige and identity. World Englishes, 33(3), 378–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12096 Caviedes, A. (2003). The Role of Language in Nation-Building within the European Union. Dialectical Anthropology, 27(3/4), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DIAL.0000006105.16609.f5 Chang, D. W. (1968). Nation-Building in Singapore. Asian Survey, 8(9), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.2307/2642643 Ching Yuen Luk, S. (2023). Population Ageing in Singapore. In S. Ching Yuen Luk, Healthy Ageing in Singapore (pp. 1–28). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0872-1_1 Chong, T. (2006). Embodying society’s best: Hegel and the Singapore state. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 36(3), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330680000181 Chong, T. T.-L. & Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Eds.). (2010). Management of success: Singapore revisited. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Colantone, I., & Stanig, P. (2018). Global Competition and Brexit. American Political Science Review, 112(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000685 Colantone, I., & Stanig, P. (2019). The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(4), 128–151. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.128 Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York university press. Deterding, D. (2010). Singapore English (Reprint). Edinburgh University Press. Edwards, J. (2023). Multilingualism: Understanding linguistic diversity (Second edition). Bloomsbury Publishing. Escandell, X., & Ceobanu, A. M. (2010). Nationalisms and Anti-immigrant Sentiment in Spain. South European Society and Politics, 15(2), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740903374486 Fishman, J. A. (1973). Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Newbury House Publishers. Gans, C. (1998). Nationalism and Immigration. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 1(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009938807877 Gazzola, M., Grin, F., Cardinal, L., & Heugh, K. (Eds.). (2024). The Routledge handbook of language policy and planning. Routledge. Gill, S. K. (2014). Language, Nation-Building and Identity Formation in a Multi-Ethnic Society. In S. K. Gill, Language Policy Challenges in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia (Vol. 8, pp. 17–33). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7966-2_2 Goh, C. C. M. (2017). English as Lingua Franca: Singapore’s Common Tongue. In O. S. Tan, E. L. Low, & D. Hung (Eds.), Lee Kuan Yew’s Educational Legacy (pp. 57–67). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3525-8_5 Goh, C. T. (1997). National Day Rally Speech. Goh, C. T. (1999). National Day Rally Speech, 22 August 1999. National Archives of Singapore. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19990822.pdf Green, E. G. T., Sarrasin, O., Fasel, N., & Staerklé, C. (2011). Nationalism and patriotism as predictors of immigration attitudes in Switzerland: A municipality‐level analysis. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(4), 369–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02030.x Gupta, A. F. (1994). The step-tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Multilingual Matters. Han, H. (2011). ‘Love your China’ and evangelise: Religion, nationalism, racism and immigrant settlement in Canada. Ethnography and Education, 6(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2011.553080 Heugh, K. (2023). Language policy, planning, and mobilisation in post-colonial civil societies. In M. Gazzola, F. Grin, L. Cardinal, & K. Heugh, The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning (1st ed., pp. 113–131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448843-9 Ho, E. L.-E., & Kathiravelu, L. (2022). More than race: A comparative analysis of “new” Indian and Chinese migration in Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(4), 636–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1924391 Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press. Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2020). Studying public policy: Principles and processes (Fourth edition). Oxford University Press. Jacobs, A. (2012, July 27). In Singapore, Vitriol Against Chinese Newcomers. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/world/asia/in‑singapore‑vitriol‑against‑newcomers‑from‑mainland‑china.html. Kärchner-Ober, R., Mukherjee, D., & David, M. K. (2011). 11. Conclusions: Multilinguality in the Malaysian Context of Nation-Building and Globalisation. In D. Mukherjee & M. K. David (Eds.), National Language Planning and Language Shifts in Malaysian Minority Communities (pp. 173–184). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048513383-014 Kaufmann, E. (2019). Ethno‐traditional nationalism and the challenge of immigration. Nations and Nationalism, 25(2), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12516 Kheng, S., & Chua, C. (2010). Singapore’s language policy and its globalised concept of Bi(tri)lingualism. Current Issues in Language Planning, 11(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2010.546055 Knoepfel, P., Larrue, C., Varone, F., & Hill, M. (2007). Public policy analysis (1st ed.). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgz7q Kraus, P. A., & Grin, F. (Eds.). (2018). The Politics of Multilingualism: Europeanisation, globalisation and linguistic governance (Vol. 6). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/wlp.6 Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (2006). Race and TESOL: Introduction to Concepts and Theories. TESOL Quarterly, 40(3), 471. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264540 Kuo, E. (2023, June 13). Prof Eddie Kuo: Singapore’s ethnic Chinese have never been a unified collective, Society News - ThinkChina. https://www.thinkchina.sg Kwon, O. (2019). The diverging paths of skilled immigration in Singapore, Japan and Korea: Policy priorities and external labor market for skilled foreign workers. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 57(4), 418–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12173 Lam, W. K. (2023). Singapore is becoming the preferred study destination for affluent Asian families. ThinkChina - Big Reads, Opinion & Columns on China. https://www.thinkchina.sg/society/singapore-becoming-preferred-study-destination-affluent-asian-families Lee, H. L. (2018). National Day Rally Speech. Lee, K. Y. (1989). National Day Rally Speech, 8 August 1989. National Archives of Singapore. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/lky19890808.pdf Lee, K. Y. (1998). The Singapore story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Prentice Hall. Lee, K. Y. (2011). Lee Kuan Yew, my lifelong challenge: Singapore’s bilingual journey. Straits Times Press. Lee, K. Y. (2013). One man’s view of the world. Straits Times Press. Léger, R., & Lewis, H. (2017). Normative political theory’s contribution to language policy research. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(7), 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1192177 Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2013). Singapore English: Structure, variation, and usage. Cambridge university press. Leong, N. (2012). Racial Capitalism. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2009877 Lim, J. J., Chen, S. C., & Hiramoto, M. (2021). “You don’t ask me to speak Mandarin, okay?”: Ideologies of language and race among Chinese Singaporeans. Language & Communication, 76, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.10.003 Liu, H. (2014). Beyond co-ethnicity: The politics of differentiating and integrating new immigrants in Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(7), 1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.892630 Liu, H. (2021). The new Chinese diaspora in a globalising Singapore. Melbourne Asia Review, 8. https://doi.org/10.37839/MAR2652-550X8.11 LKY School of Public Policy. (2020). Language Proficiency, Identity & Management: Results from the IPS Survey on Language, Race & Religion. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/news/details/language-proficiency-identity-management-results-from-the-ips-survey-on-language-race-religion?fbrefresh=638497456593772872 Lu, L. (2023). The (In)significance of Race in Singapore’s Immigration Context: Accounts of Self-Differentiation by Academically Elite Students. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1832494 Mamadouh, V. (2023). Language and territory. In M. Gazzola, F. Grin, L. Cardinal, & K. Heugh, The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning (1st ed., pp. 132–144). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448843-10 Marten, L., & Kula, N. C. (2008). Zambia: ‘One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages’. In A. Simpson (Ed.), Language and National Identity in Africa (pp. 291–313). Oxford University PressOxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0016 Ministry of Education Singapore. (2023). Singapore Education System. https://www.moe.gov.sg/-/media/files/about-us/overview_of_singapore_education_system.pdf Ministry of Manpower. (2024). A Framework for Foreign Manpower Management. https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits Modiano, M. (2022). EU language policy under review. European Journal of Language Policy, 14(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2022.14 Ng, A. (2021). The divisiveness of Chinese identities in Singapore. International Communication of Chinese Culture, 8(4), 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-021-00235-z Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (2nd ed). Routledge. Orman, J. (2008). Language policy and nation-building in post-apartheid South Africa. Springer. Ortmann, S. (2009). Singapore: The Politics of Inventing National Identity. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 28(4), 23–46. PACS. (2019). China’s rise, new immigrants (新桥): Impact on the Philippines. Philippine Association for Chinese Studies. https://www.pacs.ph/chinas-rise-new-immigrants-%e6%96%b0%e6%a1%a5-impact-on-the-philippines/ Pan, J., & Walter, T. (2023). Immigration in Singapore. Background Paper to the World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/080a4bc64cc8a9eb8a2a0e98d97a260a-0050062023/original/WDR-Immigration-in-Singapore-FORMATTED.pdf Phiri, B. J. (2006). A political history of Zambia: From the colonial rule to the third republic, 1890 - 2001. Africa World Press. Qin, A. (2018, August 5). Worries Grow in Singapore Over China’s Calls to Help ‘Motherland’ (Published 2018). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/05/world/asia/singapore-china.html Ramsay, J. E., & Pang, J. S. (2017). Anti‐Immigrant Prejudice in Rising East Asia: A Stereotype Content and Integrated Threat Analysis. Political Psychology, 38(2), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12312 Rubdy, R. (2001). Creative destruction: Singapore’s Speak Good English movement. World Englishes, 20(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00219 See, T. A., & See, C. A. (2019). THE RISE OF CHINA, NEW IMMIGRANTS AND CHANGING POLICIES ON CHINESE OVERSEAS: Impact on the Philippines. Southeast Asian Affairs, 275–294. Sim, C. (2015). Little India riot. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=1665605a-de43-4e02-a8aa-c3d8f42a1c8c Simon, H. A. (1986). Rationality in Psychology and Economics. The Journal of Business, 59(S4), S209. https://doi.org/10.1086/296363 Singapore Business Federation. (2024). Global Investor Programme. https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/how-we-help/global-investor-programme.html Singapore Department of Statistics (SDS). (2020). Census 2020. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Singstat. (2020). CENSUS OF POPULATION 2020. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/visualising_data/infographics/c2020/c2020-literacy-homelanguage.pdf Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. University of Nevada Press. Spolsky, B. (2003). Language Policy (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615245 Suryadinata, L. (2020). New Chinese Migrants in Indonesia: An Emerging Community that Faces New Challenges. 2020. Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204 Tan, K. P. (2008). Meritocracy and Elitism in a Global City: Ideological Shifts in Singapore. International Political Science Review, 29(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512107083445 Tang, H. K. (2020). Linguistic landscaping in Singapore: Multilingualism or the dominance of English and its dual identity in the local linguistic ecology? International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(2), 152–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1467422 Tang, L. (2023). CNA poll finds majority welcome English test to be part of Singapore citizenship application process. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/english-test-new-citizens-pr-application-survey-3368571 The Economic Times. (2023). Want new citizens who know Singapore; not here for powerful passport: Opposition leader Pritam Singh. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/want-new-citizens-who-know-singapore-not-here-for-powerful-passport-opposition-leader-pritam-singh/articleshow/98298318.cms The Economic Times. (2024). Singapore taps foreign talent as labour crunch worsens, birth rate falls. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/work/facing-a-low-birth-rate-and-manpower-shortage-singapore-to-stay-open-to-foreign-talent/articleshow/108078289.cms Thompson, E. C. (2006). Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 28(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1355/CS28-2A Toh, A. L. L., & Liu, H. (2021). Language Ideologies, Chinese Identities and Imagined Futures: Perspectives from Ethnic Chinese Singaporean University Students. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 17(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341432 Velayutham, S. (2009). Everyday Racism in Singapore. In A. Wise & S. Velayutham (Eds.), Everyday Multiculturalism (pp. 255–273). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244474_14 Vernice, M., & Sorace, A. (2023). More than one languageCognitive perspectives and implications for language policy. In M. Gazzola, F. Grin, L. Cardinal, & K. Heugh, The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning (1st ed., pp. 172–185). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448843-13 Wagner, U., Becker, J. C., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., & Schmidt, P. (2010). A Longitudinal Test of the Relation between German Nationalism, Patriotism, and Outgroup Derogation. European Sociological Review, 28(3), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq066 Wan, J. (2021, August 10). What Singapore today can learn from its ethnic riots of the 1960s. Southeast Asia Globe. https://southeastasiaglobe.com/singapore-ethnic-riots/ Wickström, B.-A., Templin, T., & Gazzola, M. (2018). An Economics Approach to Language Policy and Linguistic Justice. In M. Gazzola, T. Templin, & B.-A. Wickström (Eds.), Language Policy and Linguistic Justice (pp. 3–64). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75263-1_1 Wong, K. Z.-H., & Tan, Y.-Y. (2017). Mandarinization and the construction of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore. Chinese Language and Discourse. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 18–50. https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.8.1.02won Xiao, J., & Xu, S. (2023, August 14). Singapore Flags ‘Structural Decline’ Without Migrant Workers. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-14/singapore-flags-structural-decline-without-migrant-workers Yang, C.-N., Yu, Y.-S., & Wang, G. (2017). Lee Kuan Yew Through the Eyes of Chinese Scholars. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. https://doi.org/10.1142/10322 Yang, P. (2014). Privilege, Prejudice, Predicament: “PRC Scholars” in Singapore—An Overview. Frontiers of Education in China, 9(3), 350–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03397027 Yee, S. J. (2024, March 4). [Big read] Double-edged sword of more new Chinese immigrants in Malaysia, Society News—ThinkChina. https://www.thinkchina.sg Yeoh, B. S. A. (2006). BIFURCATED LABOUR: THE UNEQUAL INCORPORATION OF TRANSMIGRANTS IN SINGAPORE. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 97(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00493.x Yeoh, B. S. A., & Lin, W. (2013). Chinese Migration to Singapore: Discourses and Discontents in a Globalizing Nation-State. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200103 Zhan, S., Huang, L., & Zhou, M. (2022). Differentiation from above and below: Evolving immigration policy and the integration dilemma in Singapore. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 31(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221083703 Zhou, M. (2015). Nation-State Building in a Rising China: PRC Discourses on the Chinese Language since the Turn of the 21st Century. In L. Tsung & W. Wang (Eds.), Studies in Chinese Language and Discourse (Vol. 4, pp. 59–80). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/scld.4.05zho Zhou, M., & Liu, H. (2015). Transnational Entrepreneurship and Immigrant Integration: New Chinese Immigrants in Singapore and the United States. In J. A. Vallejo (Ed.), Immigration and Work (Vol. 27, pp. 169–201). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Zhou, M., & Sun, H. (Eds.). (2004). Language policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
111926014
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111926014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 劉曉鵬zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Liu, Philip Hsiaopongen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林洛嶠zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 林洛嶠zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2024 12:09:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2024 12:09:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2024 12:09:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111926014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/151960-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 111926014zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究調查新加坡華人與新華人移民之間語言衝突背後的政治、經濟和文化因素。具體來說，它審查移民和語言政策，向新加坡政策制定者通報公民身份和永久居留權的英語語言能力要求。該分析以語言政策和規劃框架為指導。對來自新加坡最受歡迎的線上社群之一的用戶評論的討論為該討論提供了經驗證據。調查結果顯示，人們對中國新移民的英語能力非常擔憂，大多數人主張將英語語言測驗納入入籍申請中。反移民情緒歸因於對中國候選人的優惠待遇、工作不穩定以及對中國文化主導地位的恐懼。英語能力的差異和政府支持國語程度的政策加劇了新加坡華人和新華人移民之間的語言衝突，反映出李光耀對身分政治的深遠影響所導致的新加坡華人身分的複雜性。政策建議建議對移民實施英語能力考試，以緩解語言衝突並促進社會融合。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This research investigates the political, economic, and cultural factors underlying language conflicts between Singaporean Chinese and new Chinese immigrants. Specifically, it examines immigration and language policies to inform Singaporean policymakers on English language proficiency requirements for citizenship and permanent residency. The analysis is guided by the Language Policy and Planning Framework. The discussion of user comments sourced from one of Singapore's most popular online communities contributes empirical evidence to the discourse. The findings reveal significant concern about the English proficiency of new Chinese immigrants, with a majority advocating for the inclusion of English language tests in citizenship applications. Anti-immigrant sentiments are attributed to perceptions of preferential treatment for Chinese candidates, job insecurity, and fears of Chinese cultural dominance. Disparities in English proficiency and government policies endorsing Mandarin proficiency exacerbate language conflicts between Singaporean Chinese and new Chinese immigrants, reflecting complexities in the Singaporean Chinese identity because of Lee Kuan Yew's profound influence on identity politics. Policy recommendations propose the implementation of English proficiency exams for immigrants to mitigate language conflicts and foster social integration.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 1.1 Research Purpose, Motivation and Research Questions 1 1.2 Singapore's Exceptional Case 2 1.3 Chapters Overview 8 Chapter 2 - Literature Review 10 2.1 The Language Policy Cycle Framework 10 2.2 Language Policy and Nation-Building 12 2.3 Immigration Policy and Nationalism 16 2.4 Immigration Policy in Southeast Asia 20 Chapter 3 - Language and Immigration Policy in Singapore 23 3.1 Language Policy and Planning 23 3.1.1 Lee Kuan Yew's successful Nation-Building 23 3.1.2 Bilingual Education Policy 23 3.1.3 Speak Mandarin Campaign 24 3.2 English and Globalization 25 3.3 English and Social Cohesion 27 3.4 Immigration Policy 28 3.4.1 Immigration and Economic Prosperity 28 3.4.2 Ethnic Quotas 30 3.4.3 Prime Ministers and Evolution of Immigration Policy 31 Chapter 4 Chinese Intra-Ethnic Conflicts and Online Discourse in Singapore 35 4.1 Economic Competition 35 4.2 Language Conflicts 36 4.3 Cultural and Identity Conflicts 41 4.4 Online Comments on English Requirements for Singapore Immigrants 43 4.4.1 Methodology 43 4.4.2 Reddit Comments Analysis 44 Chapter 5 - Conclusion 52 5.1 Discussion and Implications 52 5.2 Limitations and Future Research 55 References 56zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111926014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新加坡zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 英語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 移民政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言衝突zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 李光耀zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Singaporeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Englishen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chineseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) immigration policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) language conflicten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lee Kuan Yewen_US
dc.title (題名) 超越種族內部衝突： 新加坡華人新移民與語言政策的關係zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Beyond intra-ethnic conflicts: Singapore's new Chinese immigrants at the nexus of immigration and language policyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Al Jazeera. (2023, March 27). China’s rich flee crackdowns for ‘Asia’s Switzerland’ Singapore. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/3/27/chinas-rich-flee-crackdowns-for-asias-switzerland-singapore Alesina, & Reich. (2019). Nation-building—Why Nationalism. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77792 Ang, J. (2020, June 15). Singaporeans feel English should be main language used in public, with space for other languages: IPS study | The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singaporeans-feel-english-should-be-main-language-used-in-public-with-space-for-other Ang, S. (2017). I am More Chinese than You: Online Narratives of Locals and Migrants in Singapore. Cultural Studies Review, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v23i1.5497 Ang, S., & Colic-Peisker, V. (2022). Sinophobia in the Asian century: Race, nation and Othering in Australia and Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(4), 718–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1921236 Annamalai, E. (2005). 2. Nation-building in a Globalised World: Language Choice and Education in India. In A. Lin & P. Martin (Eds.), Decolonisation, Globalisation (pp. 20–37). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853598265-004 Ariely, G. (2012). Globalization, immigration and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(4), 539–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211430518 Barr, M. D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The beliefs behind the man. Georgetown University Press. Barr, M. D., & Skrbiš, Z. (2011). Constructing Singapore: Elitism, ethnicity and the nation-building project (Repr). NIAS. BBC News. (2013, February 16). Rare mass rally over Singapore immigration plans. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21485729 Behdad, A. (1997). Nationalism and Immigration to the United States. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, 6(2), 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1997.0000 Bing, N. C. (2022). Xin Yimin in Malaysia: Trends and Implications. 2022. Bokhorst-Heng, W., & Silver, R. E. (2017). Reconsidering language shift within Singapore’s Chinese community: A Bourdieusian analysis. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2017(248). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2017-0037 Cavallaro, F., & Chin, N. B. (2014). 2. Language in Singapore: From Multilingualism to English Plus. In J. Hajek & Y. Slaughter (Eds.), Challenging the Monolingual Mindset (pp. 33–48). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092529-005 Cavallaro, F., Ng, B. C., & Seilhamer, M. F. (2014). Singapore Colloquial English: Issues of prestige and identity. World Englishes, 33(3), 378–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12096 Caviedes, A. (2003). The Role of Language in Nation-Building within the European Union. Dialectical Anthropology, 27(3/4), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DIAL.0000006105.16609.f5 Chang, D. W. (1968). Nation-Building in Singapore. Asian Survey, 8(9), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.2307/2642643 Ching Yuen Luk, S. (2023). Population Ageing in Singapore. In S. Ching Yuen Luk, Healthy Ageing in Singapore (pp. 1–28). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0872-1_1 Chong, T. (2006). Embodying society’s best: Hegel and the Singapore state. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 36(3), 283–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330680000181 Chong, T. T.-L. & Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Eds.). (2010). Management of success: Singapore revisited. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Colantone, I., & Stanig, P. (2018). Global Competition and Brexit. American Political Science Review, 112(2), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000685 Colantone, I., & Stanig, P. (2019). The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(4), 128–151. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.128 Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York university press. Deterding, D. (2010). Singapore English (Reprint). Edinburgh University Press. Edwards, J. (2023). Multilingualism: Understanding linguistic diversity (Second edition). Bloomsbury Publishing. Escandell, X., & Ceobanu, A. M. (2010). Nationalisms and Anti-immigrant Sentiment in Spain. South European Society and Politics, 15(2), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740903374486 Fishman, J. A. (1973). Language and nationalism: Two integrative essays. Newbury House Publishers. Gans, C. (1998). Nationalism and Immigration. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 1(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009938807877 Gazzola, M., Grin, F., Cardinal, L., & Heugh, K. (Eds.). (2024). The Routledge handbook of language policy and planning. Routledge. Gill, S. K. (2014). Language, Nation-Building and Identity Formation in a Multi-Ethnic Society. In S. K. Gill, Language Policy Challenges in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia (Vol. 8, pp. 17–33). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7966-2_2 Goh, C. C. M. (2017). English as Lingua Franca: Singapore’s Common Tongue. In O. S. Tan, E. L. Low, & D. Hung (Eds.), Lee Kuan Yew’s Educational Legacy (pp. 57–67). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3525-8_5 Goh, C. T. (1997). National Day Rally Speech. Goh, C. T. (1999). National Day Rally Speech, 22 August 1999. National Archives of Singapore. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19990822.pdf Green, E. G. T., Sarrasin, O., Fasel, N., & Staerklé, C. (2011). Nationalism and patriotism as predictors of immigration attitudes in Switzerland: A municipality‐level analysis. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(4), 369–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02030.x Gupta, A. F. (1994). The step-tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Multilingual Matters. Han, H. (2011). ‘Love your China’ and evangelise: Religion, nationalism, racism and immigrant settlement in Canada. Ethnography and Education, 6(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2011.553080 Heugh, K. (2023). Language policy, planning, and mobilisation in post-colonial civil societies. In M. Gazzola, F. Grin, L. Cardinal, & K. Heugh, The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning (1st ed., pp. 113–131). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448843-9 Ho, E. L.-E., & Kathiravelu, L. (2022). More than race: A comparative analysis of “new” Indian and Chinese migration in Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(4), 636–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1924391 Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press. Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2020). Studying public policy: Principles and processes (Fourth edition). Oxford University Press. Jacobs, A. (2012, July 27). In Singapore, Vitriol Against Chinese Newcomers. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/27/world/asia/in‑singapore‑vitriol‑against‑newcomers‑from‑mainland‑china.html. Kärchner-Ober, R., Mukherjee, D., & David, M. K. (2011). 11. Conclusions: Multilinguality in the Malaysian Context of Nation-Building and Globalisation. In D. Mukherjee & M. K. David (Eds.), National Language Planning and Language Shifts in Malaysian Minority Communities (pp. 173–184). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048513383-014 Kaufmann, E. (2019). Ethno‐traditional nationalism and the challenge of immigration. Nations and Nationalism, 25(2), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12516 Kheng, S., & Chua, C. (2010). Singapore’s language policy and its globalised concept of Bi(tri)lingualism. Current Issues in Language Planning, 11(4), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2010.546055 Knoepfel, P., Larrue, C., Varone, F., & Hill, M. (2007). Public policy analysis (1st ed.). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgz7q Kraus, P. A., & Grin, F. (Eds.). (2018). The Politics of Multilingualism: Europeanisation, globalisation and linguistic governance (Vol. 6). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/wlp.6 Kubota, R., & Lin, A. (2006). Race and TESOL: Introduction to Concepts and Theories. TESOL Quarterly, 40(3), 471. https://doi.org/10.2307/40264540 Kuo, E. (2023, June 13). Prof Eddie Kuo: Singapore’s ethnic Chinese have never been a unified collective, Society News - ThinkChina. https://www.thinkchina.sg Kwon, O. (2019). The diverging paths of skilled immigration in Singapore, Japan and Korea: Policy priorities and external labor market for skilled foreign workers. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 57(4), 418–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12173 Lam, W. K. (2023). Singapore is becoming the preferred study destination for affluent Asian families. ThinkChina - Big Reads, Opinion & Columns on China. https://www.thinkchina.sg/society/singapore-becoming-preferred-study-destination-affluent-asian-families Lee, H. L. (2018). National Day Rally Speech. Lee, K. Y. (1989). National Day Rally Speech, 8 August 1989. National Archives of Singapore. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/lky19890808.pdf Lee, K. Y. (1998). The Singapore story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Prentice Hall. Lee, K. Y. (2011). Lee Kuan Yew, my lifelong challenge: Singapore’s bilingual journey. Straits Times Press. Lee, K. Y. (2013). One man’s view of the world. Straits Times Press. Léger, R., & Lewis, H. (2017). Normative political theory’s contribution to language policy research. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 38(7), 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1192177 Leimgruber, J. R. E. (2013). Singapore English: Structure, variation, and usage. Cambridge university press. Leong, N. (2012). Racial Capitalism. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2009877 Lim, J. J., Chen, S. C., & Hiramoto, M. (2021). “You don’t ask me to speak Mandarin, okay?”: Ideologies of language and race among Chinese Singaporeans. Language & Communication, 76, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.10.003 Liu, H. (2014). Beyond co-ethnicity: The politics of differentiating and integrating new immigrants in Singapore. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(7), 1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.892630 Liu, H. (2021). The new Chinese diaspora in a globalising Singapore. Melbourne Asia Review, 8. https://doi.org/10.37839/MAR2652-550X8.11 LKY School of Public Policy. (2020). Language Proficiency, Identity & Management: Results from the IPS Survey on Language, Race & Religion. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/news/details/language-proficiency-identity-management-results-from-the-ips-survey-on-language-race-religion?fbrefresh=638497456593772872 Lu, L. (2023). The (In)significance of Race in Singapore’s Immigration Context: Accounts of Self-Differentiation by Academically Elite Students. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 22(1), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2020.1832494 Mamadouh, V. (2023). Language and territory. In M. Gazzola, F. Grin, L. Cardinal, & K. Heugh, The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning (1st ed., pp. 132–144). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448843-10 Marten, L., & Kula, N. C. (2008). Zambia: ‘One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages’. In A. Simpson (Ed.), Language and National Identity in Africa (pp. 291–313). Oxford University PressOxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0016 Ministry of Education Singapore. (2023). Singapore Education System. https://www.moe.gov.sg/-/media/files/about-us/overview_of_singapore_education_system.pdf Ministry of Manpower. (2024). A Framework for Foreign Manpower Management. https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits Modiano, M. (2022). EU language policy under review. European Journal of Language Policy, 14(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2022.14 Ng, A. (2021). The divisiveness of Chinese identities in Singapore. International Communication of Chinese Culture, 8(4), 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-021-00235-z Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (2nd ed). Routledge. Orman, J. (2008). Language policy and nation-building in post-apartheid South Africa. Springer. Ortmann, S. (2009). Singapore: The Politics of Inventing National Identity. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 28(4), 23–46. PACS. (2019). China’s rise, new immigrants (新桥): Impact on the Philippines. Philippine Association for Chinese Studies. https://www.pacs.ph/chinas-rise-new-immigrants-%e6%96%b0%e6%a1%a5-impact-on-the-philippines/ Pan, J., & Walter, T. (2023). Immigration in Singapore. Background Paper to the World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/080a4bc64cc8a9eb8a2a0e98d97a260a-0050062023/original/WDR-Immigration-in-Singapore-FORMATTED.pdf Phiri, B. J. (2006). A political history of Zambia: From the colonial rule to the third republic, 1890 - 2001. Africa World Press. Qin, A. (2018, August 5). Worries Grow in Singapore Over China’s Calls to Help ‘Motherland’ (Published 2018). https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/05/world/asia/singapore-china.html Ramsay, J. E., & Pang, J. S. (2017). Anti‐Immigrant Prejudice in Rising East Asia: A Stereotype Content and Integrated Threat Analysis. Political Psychology, 38(2), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12312 Rubdy, R. (2001). Creative destruction: Singapore’s Speak Good English movement. World Englishes, 20(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00219 See, T. A., & See, C. A. (2019). THE RISE OF CHINA, NEW IMMIGRANTS AND CHANGING POLICIES ON CHINESE OVERSEAS: Impact on the Philippines. Southeast Asian Affairs, 275–294. Sim, C. (2015). Little India riot. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=1665605a-de43-4e02-a8aa-c3d8f42a1c8c Simon, H. A. (1986). Rationality in Psychology and Economics. The Journal of Business, 59(S4), S209. https://doi.org/10.1086/296363 Singapore Business Federation. (2024). Global Investor Programme. https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/how-we-help/global-investor-programme.html Singapore Department of Statistics (SDS). (2020). Census 2020. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/ Singstat. (2020). CENSUS OF POPULATION 2020. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/visualising_data/infographics/c2020/c2020-literacy-homelanguage.pdf Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. University of Nevada Press. Spolsky, B. (2003). Language Policy (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615245 Suryadinata, L. (2020). New Chinese Migrants in Indonesia: An Emerging Community that Faces New Challenges. 2020. Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information, 13(2), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847401300204 Tan, K. P. (2008). Meritocracy and Elitism in a Global City: Ideological Shifts in Singapore. International Political Science Review, 29(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512107083445 Tang, H. K. (2020). Linguistic landscaping in Singapore: Multilingualism or the dominance of English and its dual identity in the local linguistic ecology? International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(2), 152–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1467422 Tang, L. (2023). CNA poll finds majority welcome English test to be part of Singapore citizenship application process. CNA. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/english-test-new-citizens-pr-application-survey-3368571 The Economic Times. (2023). Want new citizens who know Singapore; not here for powerful passport: Opposition leader Pritam Singh. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/latest-updates/want-new-citizens-who-know-singapore-not-here-for-powerful-passport-opposition-leader-pritam-singh/articleshow/98298318.cms The Economic Times. (2024). Singapore taps foreign talent as labour crunch worsens, birth rate falls. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/work/facing-a-low-birth-rate-and-manpower-shortage-singapore-to-stay-open-to-foreign-talent/articleshow/108078289.cms Thompson, E. C. (2006). Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 28(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1355/CS28-2A Toh, A. L. L., & Liu, H. (2021). Language Ideologies, Chinese Identities and Imagined Futures: Perspectives from Ethnic Chinese Singaporean University Students. Journal of Chinese Overseas, 17(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341432 Velayutham, S. (2009). Everyday Racism in Singapore. In A. Wise & S. Velayutham (Eds.), Everyday Multiculturalism (pp. 255–273). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244474_14 Vernice, M., & Sorace, A. (2023). More than one languageCognitive perspectives and implications for language policy. In M. Gazzola, F. Grin, L. Cardinal, & K. Heugh, The Routledge Handbook of Language Policy and Planning (1st ed., pp. 172–185). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429448843-13 Wagner, U., Becker, J. C., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., & Schmidt, P. (2010). A Longitudinal Test of the Relation between German Nationalism, Patriotism, and Outgroup Derogation. European Sociological Review, 28(3), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq066 Wan, J. (2021, August 10). What Singapore today can learn from its ethnic riots of the 1960s. Southeast Asia Globe. https://southeastasiaglobe.com/singapore-ethnic-riots/ Wickström, B.-A., Templin, T., & Gazzola, M. (2018). An Economics Approach to Language Policy and Linguistic Justice. In M. Gazzola, T. Templin, & B.-A. Wickström (Eds.), Language Policy and Linguistic Justice (pp. 3–64). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75263-1_1 Wong, K. Z.-H., & Tan, Y.-Y. (2017). Mandarinization and the construction of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore. Chinese Language and Discourse. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 18–50. https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.8.1.02won Xiao, J., & Xu, S. (2023, August 14). Singapore Flags ‘Structural Decline’ Without Migrant Workers. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-14/singapore-flags-structural-decline-without-migrant-workers Yang, C.-N., Yu, Y.-S., & Wang, G. (2017). Lee Kuan Yew Through the Eyes of Chinese Scholars. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. https://doi.org/10.1142/10322 Yang, P. (2014). Privilege, Prejudice, Predicament: “PRC Scholars” in Singapore—An Overview. Frontiers of Education in China, 9(3), 350–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03397027 Yee, S. J. (2024, March 4). [Big read] Double-edged sword of more new Chinese immigrants in Malaysia, Society News—ThinkChina. https://www.thinkchina.sg Yeoh, B. S. A. (2006). BIFURCATED LABOUR: THE UNEQUAL INCORPORATION OF TRANSMIGRANTS IN SINGAPORE. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 97(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00493.x Yeoh, B. S. A., & Lin, W. (2013). Chinese Migration to Singapore: Discourses and Discontents in a Globalizing Nation-State. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 31–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200103 Zhan, S., Huang, L., & Zhou, M. (2022). Differentiation from above and below: Evolving immigration policy and the integration dilemma in Singapore. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 31(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/01171968221083703 Zhou, M. (2015). Nation-State Building in a Rising China: PRC Discourses on the Chinese Language since the Turn of the 21st Century. In L. Tsung & W. Wang (Eds.), Studies in Chinese Language and Discourse (Vol. 4, pp. 59–80). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/scld.4.05zho Zhou, M., & Liu, H. (2015). Transnational Entrepreneurship and Immigrant Integration: New Chinese Immigrants in Singapore and the United States. In J. A. Vallejo (Ed.), Immigration and Work (Vol. 27, pp. 169–201). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Zhou, M., & Sun, H. (Eds.). (2004). Language policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949. Kluwer Academic Publishers.zh_TW