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題名 華語讚美語及回應策略之二語語用研究：以韓國華語學習者為例
An L2 Pragmatic Study on Compliments and Compliment Responses in Mandarin: Exemplified by Korean Learners作者 鍾昕穎
Chung, Hsi-Ying貢獻者 杜容玥
Tu, Jung-Yueh
鍾昕穎
Chung, Hsi-Ying關鍵詞 讚美語
讚美回應策略
語用學
二語習得
中韓對比
華語教學
Compliment
Compliment responses
Pragmatics
Second language acquisition
Chinese-Korean comparison
Chinese language teaching日期 2023 上傳時間 1-Jul-2024 12:12:04 (UTC+8) 摘要 讚美猶如一把雙面刃。它可以被視為一種互惠互利的語言形式。若讚美得當，則能夠產生雙贏的局面，增進彼此的關係。反之，恐怕會造成面子上的威脅，減損兩人情感之間的效益。在人際交流中，讚美語是舉足輕重的角色，關於讚美語的研究不計其數。然而，前人之文獻多數著重於華語和英語的讚美語，對於韓語讚美的研究著墨較少。韓語讚美相關的文獻也鮮少探究第二語言學習者的程度和語用掌握度的關聯。基於此，本文旨在探討華語為第二語言之韓國學習者的華語讚美語用行為，研究學習者在華語的語境裡偏好使用哪些讚美主題、句式結構，選擇何種讚美回應策略，以及華語程度的高低是否會影響學習者的讚美語用行為。 本文使用問卷調查的言談填充測驗（Discourse Completion Test）以及個人訪談蒐集語料，再根據Knapp、Hopper 和Bell（1984）的讚美語分類和Wang與Tsai（2003）的讚美句式歸納，對韓國學習者和華語母語者進行語料分析。研究結果顯示，韓國學習者最常使用的華語讚美主題依序為：表現與能力 > 個性 > 外表 > 擁有物，句式結構以為「人/物+（程度副詞）+形容詞」、「（程度副詞）+形容詞」、「人/物+動詞（得）+（程度副詞）+副詞」為主。讚美回應方面，共有60.4%的韓國學習者選擇接受讚美。他們傾向使用「形式化接受」、「不同意」和「樂意接受」的策略予以回應。最後，將本研究與前人之文獻相互對比，證明了韓國學習者華語程度的高低和語用行為是成正比的。
A compliment is a double-edged sword. It can be considered as a mutually beneficial form of language. When a compliment is given appropriately, it can lead to a win-win situation as well as enhance relationships. On the other hand, it can be a face-saving act that detracts from the emotional benefits of a relationship. The role of compliment is pivotal in interpersonal communication, and there is extensive research on compliments and compliment responses in various contexts. However, previous literature predominantly focuses on Chinese and English compliments, with relatively less attention in Korean. There is also a scarcity of literature exploring the relationship between proficiency levels of Korean leaners of Chinese as a second language and their pragmatic competence in Korean compliment contexts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the use of Chinese compliments by Korean learners of Chinese as a second language. It examines which compliment topics and sentence structures learners of Chinese prefer in Chinese contexts, their choices of compliment responses strategies, and whether Chinese proficiency influences their compliment behavior. This research utilizes Discourse Completion Tests and in person interviews for data collection, and analyzes the data by Knapp, Hopper, and Bell's (1984) classification of compliments and Wang and Tsai's (2003) categorization of compliment sentence structures. The study compares the language use between learners of Chinese and native Chinese speakers. The findings reveal that the most used Chinese compliment topics by learners of Chinese are performance and abilities > personality > appearance > possessions. The predominant sentence structures include "person/thing + (degree adverb) + adjective," "(degree adverb) + adjective," and "person/thing + verb (得) + (degree adverb) + adverb." Regarding compliment responses, 60.4% of learners of Chinese choose to accept compliments, often employing strategies of ritualistic acceptance, disagreement, or pleased acceptance. Finally, by contrasting this study with previous studies, it demonstrates a proportional relationship between the Chinese proficiency of learners of Chinese and their pragmatic behavior.參考文獻 一、中文部分 王雅勤（2011）。以色列籍華語學習者讚美回應之跨文化語用分析與教學應用。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。 何淑貞、張孝裕、陳立芬、舒兆民、蔡雅薰、賴明德合著（2008）。華語文教學導論。臺北市：三民書局。 李櫻（2012）。語用研究與華語教學。新北市：正中書局股份有限公司。 金寶京（2019）。韓籍學習者中文語法習得之語言遷移研究。臺灣大學華語教學碩士學位學程學位論文，未出版，台北市。 韋德名（2012）。回應讚美之語用研究：以台灣人，德國人及德國華語學習者爲例。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所學位論文，未出版，台北市。 康建東（2008）。外語 /二語語用習得中的語用失誤。河北理工大學學報：社會科學版，第八卷第四期，175-177頁。 許葳（2013）。韓國學生的漢字音義遷移研究與華語文教學應用。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。 陳紫嫣（2017）。韓國中學生漢語初級階段語用失誤研究——以堤川中學為例。河北大學碩士論文，未出版，河北省保定市。 溫碧婷（2019）。韓國留學生漢語語用能力分析及其與 HSK 等級相關性研究。遼寧大學碩士論文，未出版，遼寧省瀋陽市。 蕭瑩華（2011）。中文讚美語，回應策略與感知辨識之中介語分析—以英語背景學習者為例。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。 顧曰國（1992）。禮貌、語用和文化。外語教學與研究，第四期，10-17頁。 二、英文部分 Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baba, J. (1999). Interlanguage Pragmatics: Compliment Responses by Learners of Japanese and English as a Second Language. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. Bach, K., & Harnish, R. (1979). Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts. Cambridge MIT Press. Beebe, L. & Cummings, M. C. (1996). Natural speech act data versus written questionnaire data: How data collection method affects speech act performance. In S. M. Gass & J Neu (Eds.), Speech acts across cultures: Challenges to communication in a second language (pp. 65-86). Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Investigating cross-cultural pragmatics, An introductory overview. In: Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies (pp. 1-34). Norwood: : Ablex. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. D. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chen, R. (1993). 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Speech Acts: Force Behind Words. English Education: Journal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 9(1), 1-12. Holmes, J. (1986). Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics, 28, 485-508. Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of pragmatics, 12(4), 445-465. Kang, H. S. (2004). Compliment responses by Korean speakers. The Korean Language in America, 9, 113-125. Kasper, G. & Dahl, M. (1991). Research methods in interlanguage pragmatics. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 215-247. Kasper, G. (1992). Pragmatic transfer. Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht), 8(3), 203-231. Kim, H. J. (2003). A study of compliments across cultures: the effect of sociolinguistic transfer on EFL learners. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistic, 7(2), 138-147. Kim, Y. S. (1998). Pragmatic Transfer in Complimenting and Responding to Compliments by Korean Learners of English. The Applied Linguistics Association of Korea. 14(2), 1-20. Knapp, M. L., Hopper, R., & Bell, R. (1984). Complements: A descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communications, 34(4), 12-31. Leech, G. N. (1983). Principle of pragmatics. London and New York: Longman. Motamedi, S. (2018). A Sociopragmatic Contrastive Analysis of Compliment Responses between Native American and Native Persian Chatters–A Web-Based Study. International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture 5.3 (2018): 124-134. Nurani, L. M. (2009). Methodological issue in pragmatic research: Is discourse completion test a reliable data collection instrument?. Journal Sosioteknologi, 8(17), 667-678. Paik, K. S. (1998). A cross-cultural study of compliments and compliment responses in English and Korean. Doctoral dissertation, Seoul National University, 1998. Pomerantz, A. (1978). Compliment responses: Notes on the co-operation of multiple constraints. In J. Schenkein, Jim (ed), Studies in the organization of conversational interaction. (pp. 79-112). New York: Academic. Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sohn, H. (2006). Korean language in culture and society. University of Hawaii press, 2006. Song, S. (2017). Second Language Acquisition as a Mode-Switching Process: An Empirical Analysis of Korean Learners of English. Springer, 2017. Wang, Y. & Tsai, P. (2003). An empirical study on compliments and compliment responses in Taiwan Mandarin conversation. Concentric: Studies in English Literature and Linguistics. 29(2). 118-156. Wolfson, N. (1983). An empirically based analysis of complimenting in American English. In N. Wolfson & E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition. (pp. 82-95.) Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Wolfson, N., & Manes, J. (1980). The compliment as a social strategy. Papers in Linguistics, 13, 391-410. Yaqubi, M., Saeed, K. M., & Khaksari, M. (2016). Conversational maxim view of politeness: Focus on politeness implicatures raised in performing Persian offers and invitations. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(1), 52. Ye, L. (1995). Complimenting in Mandarin Chinese. In Kasper, G. (ed.), Pragmatics of Chinese as native and target language (pp. 207-302.) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Yu, M. (2005). Sociolinguistic competence in the complimenting act of native Chinese and American English Speakers: a mirror of cultural value. Language and Speech, 48(1), 91-119. Yuan, Y. (2002). Compliments and compliment responses in Kunming Chinese. International Pragmatics Association, 12(2), 183-226. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
華語文教學碩博士學位學程
108161006資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108161006 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 杜容玥 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Tu, Jung-Yueh en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鍾昕穎 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chung, Hsi-Ying en_US dc.creator (作者) 鍾昕穎 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chung, Hsi-Ying en_US dc.date (日期) 2023 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2024 12:12:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Jul-2024 12:12:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2024 12:12:04 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108161006 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/151968 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 華語文教學碩博士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108161006 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 讚美猶如一把雙面刃。它可以被視為一種互惠互利的語言形式。若讚美得當，則能夠產生雙贏的局面，增進彼此的關係。反之，恐怕會造成面子上的威脅，減損兩人情感之間的效益。在人際交流中，讚美語是舉足輕重的角色，關於讚美語的研究不計其數。然而，前人之文獻多數著重於華語和英語的讚美語，對於韓語讚美的研究著墨較少。韓語讚美相關的文獻也鮮少探究第二語言學習者的程度和語用掌握度的關聯。基於此，本文旨在探討華語為第二語言之韓國學習者的華語讚美語用行為，研究學習者在華語的語境裡偏好使用哪些讚美主題、句式結構，選擇何種讚美回應策略，以及華語程度的高低是否會影響學習者的讚美語用行為。 本文使用問卷調查的言談填充測驗（Discourse Completion Test）以及個人訪談蒐集語料，再根據Knapp、Hopper 和Bell（1984）的讚美語分類和Wang與Tsai（2003）的讚美句式歸納，對韓國學習者和華語母語者進行語料分析。研究結果顯示，韓國學習者最常使用的華語讚美主題依序為：表現與能力 > 個性 > 外表 > 擁有物，句式結構以為「人/物+（程度副詞）+形容詞」、「（程度副詞）+形容詞」、「人/物+動詞（得）+（程度副詞）+副詞」為主。讚美回應方面，共有60.4%的韓國學習者選擇接受讚美。他們傾向使用「形式化接受」、「不同意」和「樂意接受」的策略予以回應。最後，將本研究與前人之文獻相互對比，證明了韓國學習者華語程度的高低和語用行為是成正比的。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) A compliment is a double-edged sword. It can be considered as a mutually beneficial form of language. When a compliment is given appropriately, it can lead to a win-win situation as well as enhance relationships. On the other hand, it can be a face-saving act that detracts from the emotional benefits of a relationship. The role of compliment is pivotal in interpersonal communication, and there is extensive research on compliments and compliment responses in various contexts. However, previous literature predominantly focuses on Chinese and English compliments, with relatively less attention in Korean. There is also a scarcity of literature exploring the relationship between proficiency levels of Korean leaners of Chinese as a second language and their pragmatic competence in Korean compliment contexts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the use of Chinese compliments by Korean learners of Chinese as a second language. It examines which compliment topics and sentence structures learners of Chinese prefer in Chinese contexts, their choices of compliment responses strategies, and whether Chinese proficiency influences their compliment behavior. This research utilizes Discourse Completion Tests and in person interviews for data collection, and analyzes the data by Knapp, Hopper, and Bell's (1984) classification of compliments and Wang and Tsai's (2003) categorization of compliment sentence structures. The study compares the language use between learners of Chinese and native Chinese speakers. The findings reveal that the most used Chinese compliment topics by learners of Chinese are performance and abilities > personality > appearance > possessions. The predominant sentence structures include "person/thing + (degree adverb) + adjective," "(degree adverb) + adjective," and "person/thing + verb (得) + (degree adverb) + adverb." Regarding compliment responses, 60.4% of learners of Chinese choose to accept compliments, often employing strategies of ritualistic acceptance, disagreement, or pleased acceptance. Finally, by contrasting this study with previous studies, it demonstrates a proportional relationship between the Chinese proficiency of learners of Chinese and their pragmatic behavior. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 表目錄 ……………..………………………………………………………………... 7 圖目錄 …………………………..………………………………………………...… 9 第一章 緒論 ……………………………………………………………………......10 第一節、研究背景與動機 …………………………………………………....10 第二節、研究目的與研究問題 …………………………………………...….11 第二章 文獻回顧 ……………………………………………………………….… 13 第一節 讚美語的定義和功能 ……………………..………………..…….… 13 一、讚美語的定義 …………………..………………………...…….…. 13 二、讚美語的功能 …………………..……………………………….… 14 第二節 語用學相關理論 ………………..………………………………...… 15 一、言語行為理論 ………………..…………………………………..... 16 二、Grice的合作原則 ………………..…………………………….….. 16 三、Leech的禮貌原則 ………………..…………………………….…. 18 四、顧曰國的禮貌準則 ………………..…………………………….… 19 五、Brown和Levinson的禮貌和面子理論 ………………..……...…. 20 第三節 二語習得之語用研究 ……………..………………………………... 22 第四節 讚美語的相關研究 ………………..………………………………... 25 一、讚美語主題 ………………..…………………………………….… 25 二、讚美語回應策略 ………………..……………………………….… 26 三、讚美語的語用實證研究 ………………..……………………….… 27 （一）英語母語者 ………………..………………………..…….… 28 （二）紐西蘭母語者 ………………..………………………….….. 29 四、讚美語的第二語言習得實證研究 ………………..………….…… 32 （一）以英語為第二語言的日語學習者 ……..…….…...….…… 32 （二）以英語為第二語言的華語學習者 …………..……….…… 33 五、華語讚美語的跨語言實證研究 ………………..…………….…… 35 （一）華語母語者、德語母語者以及德語華語學習者…….…… 35 （二）華語母語者、以色列母語者以及以色列華語學習者 …... 36 第五節 韓語和華語的讚美語對比 ………………..…………………..….… 37 一、韓語讚美主題 ………………..………………………………….… 37 二、華語讚美主題 ………………..………………………………….… 40 三、韓語讚美回應 ………………..………………………………….… 43 四、華語讚美回應 ………………..………………………………….… 48 第六節 小結 ………………..…………………………………………...…… 52 第三章 研究方法 ………………..…………………………………………...…… 54 第一節 研究對象 ………………..……………………………..…….……… 54 第二節 研究工具 ………………..……………………………..……….…… 55 第三節 研究過程 ………………..…………………………..………….…… 56 第四節 語料分析 ………………..…………………………..………….…… 57 第四章 研究結果 ………………..……………………………………..…….…… 58 第一節 讚美主題 ………………..…………………………..…………….… 58 一、開放式讚美主題 ………..……..…………………..………….…… 59 二、外表 …………..………..…………………………..………….…… 64 三、表現與能力 …..………..…………………………..………….…… 67 四、個性 ……………..……..…………………………..………….…… 70 五、擁有物 ……..…………..…………………………..………….…… 74 第二節 讚美回應策略 ………………..……………………..…………….… 77 一、開放式讚美主題 ………………..…..……………..…………….… 78 二、外表 ………..…………..…………………………..………….…… 86 三、表現與能力 ……..……..…………………………..………….…… 89 四、個性 ……………….…...…………………………..………….…… 93 五、擁有物 …………..……..…………………………..………….…… 95 第三節 個別訪談 ………………..……………………...…..…………...…... 99 第五章 分析與討論 ……………..……………………………………..….......… 100 第一節 研究問題討論 ………………..……………………..…………........100 第二節 讚美主題 ………………..…………………………..………….….. 109 第三節 讚美回應策略 ………………..……………………..…………...… 118 第四節 訪談結果討論 ………………..……………………..………….….. 124 第五節 教學建議 ………………..…………………………..……….….…. 127 第六章 結論 ……………..……………………………………………..….…….. 128 第一節 研究結論 ………………..…………………………..……….…….. 128 第二節 研究限制 ………………..…………………………..……….…….. 129 第三節 未來研究方向 ………………..……………………..…….……….. 130 參考書目 ………………..……………………..………………………...……….. 131 附錄 ………………..……………………..………………………..…….……….. 136 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2530686 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108161006 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 讚美語 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 讚美回應策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語用學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 二語習得 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中韓對比 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華語教學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Compliment en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Compliment responses en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pragmatics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Second language acquisition en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese-Korean comparison en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chinese language teaching en_US dc.title (題名) 華語讚美語及回應策略之二語語用研究：以韓國華語學習者為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) An L2 Pragmatic Study on Compliments and Compliment Responses in Mandarin: Exemplified by Korean Learners en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分 王雅勤（2011）。以色列籍華語學習者讚美回應之跨文化語用分析與教學應用。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。 何淑貞、張孝裕、陳立芬、舒兆民、蔡雅薰、賴明德合著（2008）。華語文教學導論。臺北市：三民書局。 李櫻（2012）。語用研究與華語教學。新北市：正中書局股份有限公司。 金寶京（2019）。韓籍學習者中文語法習得之語言遷移研究。臺灣大學華語教學碩士學位學程學位論文，未出版，台北市。 韋德名（2012）。回應讚美之語用研究：以台灣人，德國人及德國華語學習者爲例。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所學位論文，未出版，台北市。 康建東（2008）。外語 /二語語用習得中的語用失誤。河北理工大學學報：社會科學版，第八卷第四期，175-177頁。 許葳（2013）。韓國學生的漢字音義遷移研究與華語文教學應用。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。 陳紫嫣（2017）。韓國中學生漢語初級階段語用失誤研究——以堤川中學為例。河北大學碩士論文，未出版，河北省保定市。 溫碧婷（2019）。韓國留學生漢語語用能力分析及其與 HSK 等級相關性研究。遼寧大學碩士論文，未出版，遼寧省瀋陽市。 蕭瑩華（2011）。中文讚美語，回應策略與感知辨識之中介語分析—以英語背景學習者為例。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。 顧曰國（1992）。禮貌、語用和文化。外語教學與研究，第四期，10-17頁。 二、英文部分 Austin, J. 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