學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 地緣政治在世界大學中的角色：日本對香港的啟示
The Role of Geopolitics in World-Class Universities: Japan’s Implications for Hong Kong作者 嚴朗灝
Yim, Long-Ho貢獻者 侯永琪
Hou, Yung-Chi, Angela
嚴朗灝
Yim, Long-Ho關鍵詞 世界大學
地緣政治
高等教育
印太地區
東京灣區
香港
World-Class Universities
Geopolitics
Higher Education
Indo-Pacific
Tokyo Bay Area
Hong Kong日期 2024 上傳時間 5-八月-2024 12:50:02 (UTC+8) 摘要 大國競爭的回歸已經波及到世界政治中包括高等教育在內的多個領域。有鑑於此，採用跨學科方法研究地緣政治與高等教育的相互作用，對於深化我們對世界大學的理解至關重要。本研究聚焦於探討地緣政治如何影響世界大學的構建，特別是從國際關係的角度去分析其在高等教育中的作用和影響。本研究的核心目標是要揭示地緣政治在日本構建世界大學過程中的角色，並且探討此過程對香港的啟示。為達到上述目標，本研究設計為對日本的案例分析，旨在深入理解世界大學政策的戰略高度、前瞻性願景以及其背後的邏輯。本研究將分析地緣政治、政府政策以及大學治理之間的互動關係，探索這些因素如何共同塑造大學的全球競爭力。透過日本的案例研究，本文不僅展現了日本在地緣政治環境下推動高等教育發展的歷程，還將討論這一發展對香港的啟示與影響。 為了更深入了解地緣政治在世界大學中的作用及其對香港的影響，本研究提出了四個研究問題：（一）地緣政治如何影響世界大學？（二）日本在推行有關於世界大學的國家政策時面臨着哪些挑戰和影響？（三）香港在發展其世界大學時面臨着哪些挑戰？（四）香港可以如何借鑒日本的經驗？ 為回答四個研究問題，本研究於2022年至2023年間分三個階段進行了數據收集。前兩個階段的田野調查分別於2022年11月和12月在日本進行，第三個階段於2023年1月在香港透過深度訪談完成。研究包括在日本國立和私立大學的校園觀察，參與日本一所世界大學的課堂，以及與日本和香港的大學教職人員及高級行政人員進行深入的半結構式訪談。此外，本研究還包括了與日本大學教職人員及日本已故首相安倍晉三的前特別顧問的深入對話。所有的對話和訪談均被記錄並轉錄，並已將訪談記錄返還給參與者進行成員查核，以確保資料的準確性和完整性。 本研究首先透過提供有關於印太地緣政治對高等教育影響的研究，彌補了現有研究的不足之處。研究結果揭示了香港對東京灣區的誤解，因為在東京灣區在日本本土並非廣為人知的概念，也未具備類似於美國矽谷的規模。此外，透過揭示地緣政治與高等教育之間的相互作用，本研究希望透過了解地緣政治在世界大學中的角色，重新思考在地緣政治不確定性時期高等教育的根本目的。
Since the return of great power competition has reached almost every aspect of world politics, including higher education, it is significant to have an interdisciplinary study to expand the understanding of the interplay between geopolitics and higher education by exploring the role of geopolitics in world-class universities. By doing so, this study is to examine the higher education issue of world-class university with a world view from the discipline of international relations. The main purpose of this research is to understand the role of geopolitics in the building of world-class universities in Japan, as well as its implications to Hong Kong. With the determination to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between geopolitics and higher education, this research is designed to be a case study of Japan that aimed to explore the altitude, vision, and rationales behind world-class university policies, as well as the dynamics of geopolitics, government, and universities. It is also aimed to tell the story of the development of world-class universities in Japan against the backdrop of geopolitics, and to present its implications to Hong Kong. To better understand the role of geopolitics in world-class universities, as well as Japan’s implications for Hong Kong, this study has proposed four guided research questions: 1) How does geopolitics impact world-class universities? 2) What are the challenges and impacts of national policies regarding world-class universities in Japan? 3) What are the challenges for Hong Kong when developing its world-class universities? 4) How can Hong Kong learn from Japan’s experience? Three phases of data collection had been carried out between 2022 and 2023 to answer the four guiding research questions, which included the first two phases of fieldwork in Japan during the November and December of 2022, and the final phase that consisted of in-depth interviews in Hong Kong in January 2023. This study had conducted campus tours in Japanese national and private universities, an in-class participation in a world-class university in Japan, in-depth semi-structured interviews with university faculty members and senior university administrators across Japan and Hong Kong, as well as the in-depth conversations with university faculty members in Japan and a former special advisor to the late Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. All conversations and interviews were transcribed and returned to participants for member-checking. This study has contributed to filling the research gaps first by providing a higher education study on the impact of geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific context, and the findings highlighted Hong Kong’s current understanding of the Tokyo Bay Area might have been an imaginary concept, as the term Tokyo Bay Area is neither a well-known subject in Japan nor a bay area that could resemble the capacity of the Silicon Valley in the United States. In addition, through revealing the interplay between geopolitics and higher education, this study hopes to rediscover the purpose of higher education at times of great geopolitical uncertainty through understanding the role of geopolitics in world-class universities.參考文獻 Abe, S. (2011). Asia's Democratic Security Diamond by Abe Shinzo. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/magazine/a-strategic-alliance-for-japan-and-india-by-shinzo-abe Abe, S. (2022). Utsukushi kuni e [Towards a Beautiful Nation]. Tokyo: Bunshun Shinsho. Abe, S. (2023). Abe shinzo kaiko-roku. [Shinzo Abe A Memoir]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Shinsha. Altbach, P. (2003). The Costs and Benefits of World-Class Universities. International Higher Education, (33). Altbach, P. G. (2004). Higher education crosses borders: Can the United States remain the top destination for foreign students?. Change: the magazine of higher learning, 36(2), 18-25. Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 290-305. Altbach, P. G., & Reisberg, L. (2018). Global trends and future uncertainties. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 50(3-4), 63-67. Ames, H., Glenton, C., & Lewin, S. (2019). Purposive sampling in a qualitative evidence synthesis: A worked example from a synthesis on parental perceptions of vaccination communication. BMC medical research methodology, 19(1), 1-9. Baracuhy, B. (2019). Geo-Economics as a Dimension of Grand Strategy. Geo-Economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century—The Revival of Economic Statecraft, 14-27. Bakkalbasioglu, E. (2020). How to Access Elites When Textbook Methods Fail: Challenges of Purposive Sampling and Advantages of Using Interviewees as" Fixers". Qualitative Report, 25(3). Baty, P. (2013, May14). Russia Must Globalize Its Universities. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/05/14/russia-must-globalize-its-universities-a24032 BBC. (2022). Ukraine: Russia plans biggest war in Europe since 1945 - Boris Johnson. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-60448162 Bennetts, M. (2019, June 28). Western liberalism is obsolete, warns Putin, ahead of May meeting. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/27/putin-skripal-attack-should-not-affect-uk-russia-relations Bloomberg. (2023). China’s Confucius Institutes are disappearing from US campuses. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3240149/chinas-confucius-institutes-are-disappearing-us-campuses Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: a tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation?. Qualitative health research, 26(13), 1802-1811. Bolt, P. J., & Cross, S. N. (2018). China, Russia, and Twenty-First Century Global Geopolitics. Oxford University Press. Braun, V., Clarke, V., Gray, D. (2017). Innovations in Qualitative Methods. In: Gough, B. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Brear, M. (2019). Process and outcomes of a recursive, dialogic member checking approach: A project ethnography. Qualitative Health Research, 29(7), 944-957. Buetow, S., & Zawaly, K. (2022). Rethinking researcher bias in health research. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 28(5), 843-846. Burgess, C., Gibson, I., Klaphake, J., & Selzer, M. (2010). The ‘Global 30’project and Japanese higher education reform: An example of a ‘closing in’or an ‘opening up’?. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 8(4), 461-475. Buzan, B. (2018). How and How not to develop IR theory: lessons from core and periphery. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(4), 391-414. Cameron, D. (2019). For the record. Harper Collins UK. Cameron, D. (2023, November). Lord Cameron makes debut speech in House of Lords.[Video].YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znmMwmSkeVw Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D. & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. Candela, A. G. (2019). Exploring the function of member checking. The qualitative report, 24(3), 619-628. Cannon, B. J., & Hakata, K. (Eds.). (2022). Indotaiheiyo Senryaku - Taikoku-kan kyoso no chiseigaku [Indo-Pacific Strategies: Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Shinsha Carlson, J. A. (2010). Avoiding traps in member checking. Qualitative Report, 15(5), 1102- 1113. Carspecken, F. P. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. Routledge. Carr, E. H. (2016). The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: Reissued with a New Preface from Michael Cox. Springer. Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. Sage. Chou, C., & Ching, G. (2012). Taiwan Education at the Crossroad: When Globalization meets Localization. Springer. Clarke, M & Ramscar, H. (2022). Britain’s Persuaders. I.B. Tauris Connelly, L. M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg nursing, 25(6), 435. Cope, D. G. (2014). Methods and meanings: credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research. Oncology nursing forum, 41(1), 89-91. Coles et al., (2023). Seven ways Russia’s war on Ukraine has changed the world. Chatham House experts examine the shifts in geopolitical alliances, security, energy, and supply chains and whether these changes are likely to be long-lasting. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/02/seven-ways-russias-war-ukraine-has-changed-world Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. (2018). Education. https://www.bayarea.gov.hk/en/opportunities/education.html Corbett, A., & Hantrais, L. (2023). Higher education and research in the Brexit policy process. Journal of European Public Policy, 1-24. Courtois, A., & Veiga, A. (2020). Brexit and higher education in Europe: The role of ideas in shaping internationalisation strategies in times of uncertainty. Higher Education, 79(5), 811-827. Curtin, M., & Fossey, E. (2007). Appraising the trustworthiness of qualitative studies: Guidelines for occupational therapists. Australian occupational therapy journal, 54(2), 88-94. Deem, R., Mok, K. H., & Lucas, L. (2008). Transforming Higher Education in Whose image? Exploring the Concept of the ‘World-Class’ University in Europe and Asia. Higher Education Policy, 21, 83-97. Delardas, O., Kechagias, K. S., Katsikas Triantafyllidis, K., & Giannos, P. (2022). Concerns about academic freedom caused by the Russia–Ukraine War. EMBO reports, 23(5), e55079. Deng, W. (2022). Operation Crisis of Private Universities in the Tokyo Bay Area: Based on the Relationship Among Universities, Government and the Japanese Economy. In Higher Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Comparative Perspectives: Reengineering China Through the Greater Bay Economy and Development (pp. 59-80). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. Department of Justice. (2023). Preamble. Department of Justice. https://www.doj.gov.hk/en/legal_dispute/index.html Dobson, H. (2017). Is Japan really back? The “Abe Doctrine” and global governance. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47(2), 199-224. Education Bureau. (2022). Overview of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Greater Bay Area). Educational Bureau. https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-and-resources/geography/Overview_E.pdf European Union. (2022). Research and innovation. European Commission, https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/europe-world/international-cooperation/bilateral-cooperation-science-and-technology-agreements-non-eu-countries/russia_en Empson, L. (2018). Elite interviewing in professional organizations. Journal of Professions and Organization, 5(1), 58-69. Fasting, M., & Fukuyama, F. (2021). After the End of History. Georgetown University Press, Washington. Florczak, KL. (2022) Best Available Evidence or Truth for the Moment: Bias in Research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 35(1), 20-24. Fong, B. C. (2022). Great Power Competition in Non‐sovereign Entities: US–China Tug‐of‐War over Hong Kong, 1950–2020. Pacific Focus, 37(2), 251-288. Foot, R. (2017). Power transitions and great power management: Three decades of China–Japan–US relations. The Pacific Review, 30(6), 829-842. Foot, R. (2020). China’s rise and US hegemony: Renegotiating hegemonic order in East Asia?. International Politics, 57(2), 150-165. Francis, S. (2023, May 17). Rishi Sunak u-turns on proposed ban on Chinese institutes. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-65624287 Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History?.The National Interest, (16), 3-18. Fukuyama, F. (2022). Liberalism and its Discontents. Profile Books. Gate, R. (2022, March 3). Opinion | Robert M. Gates: Ukraine is a wakeup call to Americans' complacency about their security - The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/03/why-ukraine-should-force-a-total-overhaul-of-our-national-security-strategy/ George, V., & Wilding, P. (2009). Globalization and human welfare: why is there a need for a global social policy?. A Reader in Promoting Public Health. London: Sage, 27-34. Gerstle, G. (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. Gilpin, R. (2022). Haken-koku no kotai senso to hendo no kokusai seiji-gaku [War and Change in World Politics]. (M. Naya Trans.). Tokyo: Keiso Shobo. (Original work published 1981) Gong, Z., Chan, F., & Wu, Y. (2021). Borrowing Hong Kong’s International Standards: A Steppingstone for the Chinese “Belt and Road” Going Out?. Sustainability, 13(6), 3485. Goodman, R. (2010). The rapid redrawing of boundaries in Japanese higher education. Japan Forum, 22 (1-2), 65-87. Guba, E. G. (1990). The paradigm dialog. In Alternative paradigms conference, mar, 1989, indiana u, school of education, san francisco, ca, us. Sage Publications, Inc. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(163-194), 105. Hakata, K. (2023). Will Japan Succeed in Its ‘Global South’ Diplomacy?. The Diplomat. Hakata, K., & Cannon, B. J. (2021). Why the Quad is Crucial. The Diplomat Hardy, J., & McCann, L. (2017). Brexit one year on: Introducing the special issue. Competition & Change, 21(3), 165-168. Hay, C. (2002). Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Hazelkorn, E. (2011). Measuring World-class Excellence and the Global Obsession with Rankings. In Handbook on Globalization and Higher Education. Edward Elgar Publishing. Hazelkorn, E. (2018). Reshaping the world order of higher education: the role and impact of rankings on national and global systems. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 2(1), 4-31. He, L., & Montgomery, H. (2024, February 15). Japan just lost its crown as the world’s third-largest economy. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/14/economy/japan-economy-recession-hnk-intl/index.html Highman, L. (2018). Repositioning UK partnerships post-Brexit. International Higher Education, (95), 19-21. Hook, G. D. (2010). Decoding boundaries in contemporary Japan: the Koizumi administration and beyond. Routledge. Hoshi, T., & Lipscy, P. Y. (Eds.). (2021). The Political Economy of the Abe Government and Abenomics Reforms. Cambridge University Press. Hou, A. Y. C. (2011). Quality assurance at a distance: international accreditation in Taiwan higher education. Higher Education, 61, 179-191. Hou, A. Y. C., Morse, R., & Chiang, C. L. (2012). An analysis of mobility in global rankings: making institutional strategic plans and positioning for building world-class universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 31(6), 841-857. Hou, A. Y. C. (2023). Did Taiwan Academic Excellence Initiatives Build World-Class Universities? Governance, Funding Schemes, and Policy Shifts. In M. Yudkevich & P.G. Altbach (Eds.), Academic Star Wars: Excellence Initiatives in Global Perspective (pp.107-128). The MIT Press. Huang, F. (2015). Building the world-class research universities: A case study of China. Higher Education, 70, 203-215. Inoguchi, T. (2014). Japan in 2013: Abenomics and abegeopolitics. Asian Survey, 54(1), 101-112. James Jacob, W., Xiong, W., & Ye, H. (2015). Professional development programmes at world-class universities. Palgrave communications, 1(1), 1-27. Joffe, H. (2011). Thematic Analysis. In Harper, D., & Thompson, A. R. (Eds.). Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners, (pp. 209-223). John Wiley & Sons. Kissinger, H. (2015). World order. Penguin Books. Knight, J. (2011). Education hubs: A fad, a brand, an innovation?. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(3), 221-240. Knight, J. (2013) Education hubs: international, regional and local dimensions of scale and scope, Comparative Education, 49:3, 374-387. Knight, J. (2014). A model for the regionalization of higher education: The role and contribution of tuning. Knight, J. (2023). Knowledge Diplomacy: A Conceptual Analysis. In The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Reform and Innovation (pp. 59-80). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Knight, J. (2024). The evolution of contemporary education hubs: Fad, brand or innovation?. International Journal of Educational Development, 104, 102972. Kottasová et al., (2022). Putin lambasts the West and declares the end of ‘the era of the unipolar world’.CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/17/europe/russia-president-vladimir-putin-speech-spief-intl/index.html Kurapov, A., Pavlenko, V., Drozdov, A., Bezliudna, V., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2023). Toward an understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian war impact on university students and personnel. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 28(2), 167-174. Kuroda, K., Yuki, T., & Kang, K. (2014). The institutional prospects of cross-border higher education for East Asian regional integration: An analysis of the JICA survey of leading universities in East Asia. In Emerging international dimensions in East Asian higher education (pp. 55-79). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Kuroda, K., (2023). Kokusai kyōiku kyōryoku no keifu [A History of Japan’s International Cooperation in Education: Principles, Politics and Practices Crossing Borders]. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. Lee, J. T. (2015). Soft power and Cultural Diplomacy: Emerging Education Hubs in Asia. Comparative Education, 53(3), 353-374. Lo, W. Y. W. (2011). Soft power, university rankings and knowledge production: Distinctions between hegemony and self‐determination in higher education. Comparative Education, 47(2), 209-222. Lo, W. Y. W. (2018). After globalisation: A reconceptualisation of transnational higher education governance in Singapore and Hong Kong. Higher Education Quarterly, 72(1), 3-14. Lo, W. Y. W. (2018). After globalisation: A reconceptualisation of transnational higher education governance in Singapore and Hong Kong. Higher Education Quarterly, 72(1), 3-14. Lo, W. Y. W., & Li, D. (2023). Reimagining the notion of Hong Kong as an education hub: National imperative for higher education policy. International Journal of Educational Development, 103, 102938. Luttwak, E. N. (1990). From Geopolitics to Geo-economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. The National Interest, (20), 17-23. Lynne, M.C. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg nursing, 25(6), 435. Marginson, S. (2006). Dynamics of national and global competition in higher education. Higher Education, 52, 1-39. Marginson, S. (2011). Higher education and public good. Higher education quarterly, 65(4), 411-433. Marginson, S. (2022). What is global higher education?. Oxford Review of Education, 48(4), 492-517. Marginson, S. (2022). What drives global science? The four competing narratives. Studies in Higher Education, 47(8), 1566-1584. Matthews, K., & Minford, P. (1987). Mrs Thatcher's economic policies 1979–1987. Economic Policy, 2(5), 57-101. McKeon, M. (1994). The origins of interdisciplinary studies. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 28(1), 17-28. Medeiros, E. S. (2021). The Changing Context of Great Power Competition. Council on Foreign Relations, 4-9. MEXT. (2013). Daigaku no gurōbaru-ka ni kansuru kakugi kettei [Cabinet decision regarding the globalization of universities]. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo4/036/siryo/attach/1344786.htm MEXT. (2014). Nihon saikō senryaku' kaitei 2014 ― mirai e no chosen [Japan Revitalization Strategy" Revised in 2014 – the Future Challenge]. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu4/030/attach/1350137.htm MEXT. (2023). Top Global University Project. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/title02/detail02/sdetail02/1395420.htm MEXT. (2023). Designated National University Corporation System. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/title02/detail02/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2020/20200408-mxt_kouhou02_02.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2013). Japan is Back. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. https://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/pm/abe/us_20130222en.html Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2007). "Confluence of the Two Seas" Speech by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan at the Parliament of the Republic of India. https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html Mok, K. H. (2005). The quest for world class university: Quality assurance and international benchmarking in Hong Kong. Quality Assurance in Education, 13(4), 277-304. Mok, K. H. (2006). Education Reform and Education Policy in East Asia. Routledge. Mok, K. H. (2007). Questing for internationalization of universities in Asia: Critical reflections. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 433-454. Mok, K. H., & Cheung, A. B. (2011). Global aspirations and strategising for world-class status: New form of politics in higher education governance in Hong Kong. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(3), 231-251. Mok, K. H. (2013). The quest for an entrepreneurial university in East Asia: impact on academics and administrators in higher education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 14, 11-22. Mok, K. H. (2016). The quest for regional education hub status: Challenges, possibilities and search for new governance in Hong Kong. Internationalization of higher education: The case of Hong Kong, 43-62. Mok, K. H. (2022). The Role of Higher Education, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in Bay Areas: Challenges and Opportunities. Higher Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Comparative Perspectives: Reengineering China Through the Greater Bay Economy and Development, 1-14. Mok, K. H., Welch, A., & Kang, Y. (2020). Government innovation policy and higher education: the case of Shenzhen, China. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(2), 194-212. Moore, C. (2023, November 4). The Spectator’s Notes: Cambridge’s China complicity. The Spectator, 11. Morozumi, A. (2019). Higher education reform: Focusing on national university reform. Education in Japan: A comprehensive analysis of education reforms and practices, 197-209. Morris, J. (2023). Political ethnography and Russian studies in a time of conflict. Post-Soviet Affairs, 39(1-2), 92-100. Morrow, S. L. (2007). Qualitative research in counselling psychology: Conceptual foundations. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 209-235. Newell, W. H., & Klein, J. T. (1996). Interdisciplinary studies into the 21st century. The Journal of General Education, 45(2), 152-169. Nicoll, A. (2013). Beyond Abenomics: Japan’s grand strategy, strategic comments. The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 19(4), 2. Pan, S. Y. (2013). Confucius Institute project: China's cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. Asian Education and Development Studies, 2(1), 22-33. Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations. Partington, R. (2023, December 11). World economy on brink of ‘cold war two’, IMF official warns. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/11/world-economy-on-brink-of-cold-war-two-imf-official-warns Pesek, W. (2014). Japanization: What the world can learn from Japan's lost decades. John Wiley & Sons. Postiglione, G. A., & Jung, J. (Eds.). (2017). The Changing Academic Profession in Hong Kong (Vol. 19). Springer. Prime Minister of Japan and his cabinet. (2014). Address by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, at the New York Stock Exchange. Prime Minister of Japan and his cabinet. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201309/25nyse_e.html Prime Minister Office of Japan. (2017). Council for Designing 100-Year Life Society. Prime Minister Office of Japan. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/actions/201709/11article5.html QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. (2024). QS World University Rankings 2024: Top global universities. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?tab=indicators Rees, T. (2022, May 26). Putin ‘thunderbolt’ spells end of globalisation, Olaf Scholz warns. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/05/26/putin-thunderbolt-spells-end-globalisation-olaf-scholz-warns/ Rose, R. (1991). What is lesson-drawing?. Journal of Public Policy, 11(1), 3-30. Russell, B. (2009). Human knowledge: Its scope and limits. Routledge. Sabzalieva, E. (2017). The policy challenges of creating a world-class university outside the global ‘core’. European Journal of Higher Education, 7(4), 424-439. Salmi, J. (2009). The challenge of establishing world-class universities. World Bank Publications. Salmi, J. (2021). Do Rankings Promote Academic Excellence?: Redefining World-Class Universities. In World-Class Universities (pp. 79-112). Brill. Sato, T. (2022). Reconsidering Englishization: the Japanese Government’s Top Global University Project. Asian Englishes, 24(1), 102-113. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2024). 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities. ShanghaiRanking. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 Shimauchi, S. (2018). English-Medium Instruction in the Internationalization of Higher Education in Japan: Rationales and Issues. Educational Studies in Japan, 12, 77-90. Shinoda, T. (2013). Contemporary Japanese politics: Institutional changes and power shifts. Columbia University Press. Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text and interaction (3rd ed.). Sage Publications Ltd. Smith, J., & Noble, H. (2014). Bias in research. Evidence-based nursing, 17(4), 100-101. Steger, M. B., & James, P. (2019). Globalization Matters: Engaging the Global in Unsettled Times. Cambridge University Press. Stevens, R. (2004). The evolution of privatisation as an electoral policy, c. 1970–90. Contemporary British History, 18(2), 47-75. Simpson, J. (2022). Ukraine invasion: Is this a new Cold War, asks John Simpson. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60515342 Solís, M. (2023). Japan’s Quiet Leadership: Reshaping the Indo-Pacific. Brookings Institution Press. South China Morning Post. (2023, February 17). Hong Kong hits back at US after senators aim bill at 3 offices representing city in America. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3210644/hong-kong-hits-back-us-after-2-countrys-lawmakers-introduce-bill-shut-down-3-overseas-offices Sugimura, M. (2016). Transformation of Higher Education Systems in the Dynamics of Contemporary Globalization: The Case of Japan. The Palgrave Handbook of Asia Pacific Higher Education, 183-193. Sullivan, J. (2023). The Sources of American Power: A Foreign Policy for a Changed World. Foreign Affair, 102, 8. Taniguchi, T. (2022). Dare mo kakanakatta abe shinzo [The Shinzo Abe that No One could Wrote About]. Tokyo: Asukashinsha Publishing Co., Ltd. Tharoor, I. (2024, April 12). Japan may be the U.S.’s most important ally. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/12/japan-united-states-ally-defense-relationship/ The Economist. (2020, September 5). How Abe Shinzo changed Japan. The Economist. 7. The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2019, June 25). Hong Kong and Guangdong sign Letter of Intent on Qualifications Framework Co-operation (with photo). The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/25/P2019062500275.htm The Government of Japan. (2017). Abenomics. The Government of Japan. https://www.japan.go.jp/abenomics/_userdata/abenomics/pdf/170508_abenomics.pdf THE - Times Higher Education. (2024). The formula for a world-class university revealed. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/news/the-formula-for-a-world-class-university-revealed THE - Times Higher Education. (2024). World University Rankings 2024. THE - Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking The White House. (2020). President Donald J. Trump Is Protecting America From China’s Efforts To Steal Technology And Intellectual Property. The White House. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-protecting-america-chinas-efforts-steal-technology-intellectual-property/ Tohoku University. (2023). What is the Top Global University Project? https://www.tohoku.ac.jp/en/about/top_global_university.html Torres, J., Mandel, J., Pemstein, I., Swan, R., & Risetter, G. (2020). The Special Relationship Revealed: US–UK Materials in the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 18(4), 498-521. Tsinghua University. (2021). Xi visits Tsinghua University ahead of its 110th anniversary. Tsinghua University. https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/info/1399/10167.htm Umemoto, D. (2014). Koizumi naikaku-ki ni okeru kōtō kyōiku seisaku ni kansuru seiji rikigaku no bunseki [Analysis of Political Dynamics of Higher Education Policy during the Koizumi Cabinet]. Nihon kyoikushi ronshu, 1, 35-42. U.S. Department of State, (2020). “Confucius Institute U.S. Center” Designation as a Foreign Mission. U.S. Department of State. https://2017-2021.state.gov/confucius-institute-u-s-center-designation-as-a-foreign-mission/ Vogel, E. F. (1979). Japan as number one: Lessons for America. Harvard University Press. Weale, S. & Quinn, B. (2023, May 18). English universities warned not to over-rely on fees of students from China. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/may/18/english-universities-warned-not-to-over-rely-on-fees-of-students-from-china Weiss, J. (2013). EH Carr, Norman Angell, and Reassessing the Realist–Utopian Debate. The International History Review, 35(5), 1156-1184. Wigell, M., Scholvin, S., & Aaltola, M. (Eds.). (2018). Geo-economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century: The Revival of Economic Statecraft. Routledge. William, Y. W. L. (2010). Entrepreneurialism in higher education: A comparison of university governance changes in Hong Kong and Singapore. In The search for new governance of higher education in Asia (pp. 103-123). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. World Economic Forum. (2022). These are the best universities in the world for 2023.World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/times-higher-education-world-university-rankings-2022/ Xie, X., Liu, X., & McNay, I. (2023). One country with two systems: The characteristics and development of higher education in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11. Xiong, W., & Mok, K. H. (2020). Sustainability practices of higher education institutions in Hong Kong: a case study of a sustainable campus consortium. Sustainability, 12(2), 452. Yang, R., & Welch, A. (2012). A world-class university in China? The case of Tsinghua. Higher Education, 63, 645-666. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Yonezawa, A. (2003). Making “World-Class Universities”: Japan's Experiment. Higher Education Management and Policy, 15(2), 9-23. Yonezawa, A. (2003). The Impact of Globalisation on Higher Education Governance in Japan. Higher Education Research & Development, 22(2), 145-154 Yonezawa, A. (2011). The “global 30” and the consequences of selecting “world-class universities” in Japan. In Paths to a World-Class University (pp. 67-81). Brill. Yonezawa, A., & Hou, A. Y. C. (2014). Continuity and transformation: Continuous challenges for world-class status among universities in Taiwan and Japan as ageing societies. In How world-class universities affect global higher education (pp. 85-101). Brill. Yonezawa, A., & Shimmi, Y. (2016). Transformation of university governance through internationalization: Challenges for top universities and government policies in Japan. In Matching visibility and performance (pp. 101-118). Brill. Yonezawa, A. (2019). Japan: World-class universities for social innovation. International Higher Education, (96), 21-23. Yonezawa, A. (2020). Challenges of the Japanese higher education Amidst population decline and globalization. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 18(1), 43-52. Yonezawa, A. (2023). Japan's Higher Education Policies under Global Challenges. Asian Economic Policy Review. Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Yue, W., & Tang, C. (2023). Does regional cooperation constrain urban sprawl? Evidence from the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Landscape and Urban Planning, 235, 104742. 描述 博士
國立政治大學
教育學系
110152523資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110152523 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 侯永琪 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Hou, Yung-Chi, Angela en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 嚴朗灝 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Yim, Long-Ho en_US dc.creator (作者) 嚴朗灝 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yim, Long-Ho en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-八月-2024 12:50:02 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-八月-2024 12:50:02 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-八月-2024 12:50:02 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110152523 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152591 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 教育學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110152523 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 大國競爭的回歸已經波及到世界政治中包括高等教育在內的多個領域。有鑑於此，採用跨學科方法研究地緣政治與高等教育的相互作用，對於深化我們對世界大學的理解至關重要。本研究聚焦於探討地緣政治如何影響世界大學的構建，特別是從國際關係的角度去分析其在高等教育中的作用和影響。本研究的核心目標是要揭示地緣政治在日本構建世界大學過程中的角色，並且探討此過程對香港的啟示。為達到上述目標，本研究設計為對日本的案例分析，旨在深入理解世界大學政策的戰略高度、前瞻性願景以及其背後的邏輯。本研究將分析地緣政治、政府政策以及大學治理之間的互動關係，探索這些因素如何共同塑造大學的全球競爭力。透過日本的案例研究，本文不僅展現了日本在地緣政治環境下推動高等教育發展的歷程，還將討論這一發展對香港的啟示與影響。 為了更深入了解地緣政治在世界大學中的作用及其對香港的影響，本研究提出了四個研究問題：（一）地緣政治如何影響世界大學？（二）日本在推行有關於世界大學的國家政策時面臨着哪些挑戰和影響？（三）香港在發展其世界大學時面臨着哪些挑戰？（四）香港可以如何借鑒日本的經驗？ 為回答四個研究問題，本研究於2022年至2023年間分三個階段進行了數據收集。前兩個階段的田野調查分別於2022年11月和12月在日本進行，第三個階段於2023年1月在香港透過深度訪談完成。研究包括在日本國立和私立大學的校園觀察，參與日本一所世界大學的課堂，以及與日本和香港的大學教職人員及高級行政人員進行深入的半結構式訪談。此外，本研究還包括了與日本大學教職人員及日本已故首相安倍晉三的前特別顧問的深入對話。所有的對話和訪談均被記錄並轉錄，並已將訪談記錄返還給參與者進行成員查核，以確保資料的準確性和完整性。 本研究首先透過提供有關於印太地緣政治對高等教育影響的研究，彌補了現有研究的不足之處。研究結果揭示了香港對東京灣區的誤解，因為在東京灣區在日本本土並非廣為人知的概念，也未具備類似於美國矽谷的規模。此外，透過揭示地緣政治與高等教育之間的相互作用，本研究希望透過了解地緣政治在世界大學中的角色，重新思考在地緣政治不確定性時期高等教育的根本目的。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Since the return of great power competition has reached almost every aspect of world politics, including higher education, it is significant to have an interdisciplinary study to expand the understanding of the interplay between geopolitics and higher education by exploring the role of geopolitics in world-class universities. By doing so, this study is to examine the higher education issue of world-class university with a world view from the discipline of international relations. The main purpose of this research is to understand the role of geopolitics in the building of world-class universities in Japan, as well as its implications to Hong Kong. With the determination to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between geopolitics and higher education, this research is designed to be a case study of Japan that aimed to explore the altitude, vision, and rationales behind world-class university policies, as well as the dynamics of geopolitics, government, and universities. It is also aimed to tell the story of the development of world-class universities in Japan against the backdrop of geopolitics, and to present its implications to Hong Kong. To better understand the role of geopolitics in world-class universities, as well as Japan’s implications for Hong Kong, this study has proposed four guided research questions: 1) How does geopolitics impact world-class universities? 2) What are the challenges and impacts of national policies regarding world-class universities in Japan? 3) What are the challenges for Hong Kong when developing its world-class universities? 4) How can Hong Kong learn from Japan’s experience? Three phases of data collection had been carried out between 2022 and 2023 to answer the four guiding research questions, which included the first two phases of fieldwork in Japan during the November and December of 2022, and the final phase that consisted of in-depth interviews in Hong Kong in January 2023. This study had conducted campus tours in Japanese national and private universities, an in-class participation in a world-class university in Japan, in-depth semi-structured interviews with university faculty members and senior university administrators across Japan and Hong Kong, as well as the in-depth conversations with university faculty members in Japan and a former special advisor to the late Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. All conversations and interviews were transcribed and returned to participants for member-checking. This study has contributed to filling the research gaps first by providing a higher education study on the impact of geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific context, and the findings highlighted Hong Kong’s current understanding of the Tokyo Bay Area might have been an imaginary concept, as the term Tokyo Bay Area is neither a well-known subject in Japan nor a bay area that could resemble the capacity of the Silicon Valley in the United States. In addition, through revealing the interplay between geopolitics and higher education, this study hopes to rediscover the purpose of higher education at times of great geopolitical uncertainty through understanding the role of geopolitics in world-class universities. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Research Purpose and Questions 13 1.3 Significance of the Study 16 1.4 Terminology 17 2. Literature Review 22 2.1 World-Class University 22 2.2 The Grand Strategy of Shinzo Abe and the Pursuit of World-Class Universities 29 2.3 Hong Kong’s Pursuit of World-Class Universities 38 2.4 The Impact of Geopolitics on Higher Education 44 3. Research Design and Methodology 47 3.1 A Constructivist Approach 47 3.2 The Three-Dimensional Theoretical Framework 50 3.3 Study Participants and Data Collection 54 3.4 Data Collection and Trustworthiness 61 4. The Grand Strategy of Geopolitics 70 4.1 Shinzo Abe and the Role of Japan in the Free and Open Indo-Pacific 70 4.2 The Impact of Geopolitics on Japanese Higher Education 74 5. The Current Development and Policy of World-Class University in Japan 79 5.1 Political Aspiration and Academic Autonomy 79 5.2 The Challenges and Impacts of National Policy 84 6. The Current Development and Policy of World-Class University in Hong Kong 91 6.1 World-Class University and One Country, Two Systems 91 6.2 The Tokyo Bay Area Aspiration 93 6.3 Concerns over World-Class University and Geopolitics 95 6.4 The Role of World-Class Universities in Geopolitics 96 7. A Constructivist Discussion 98 7.1 Multiple Realities 98 7.2 Lesson from Japan 103 7.3 Reflections on Higher Education 104 7.4 Limitations 105 8. Conclusion 108 Bibliography 115 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1065355 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110152523 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 世界大學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 地緣政治 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 高等教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 印太地區 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 東京灣區 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 香港 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) World-Class Universities en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Geopolitics en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Higher Education en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Indo-Pacific en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tokyo Bay Area en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hong Kong en_US dc.title (題名) 地緣政治在世界大學中的角色：日本對香港的啟示 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Role of Geopolitics in World-Class Universities: Japan’s Implications for Hong Kong en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abe, S. (2011). Asia's Democratic Security Diamond by Abe Shinzo. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/magazine/a-strategic-alliance-for-japan-and-india-by-shinzo-abe Abe, S. (2022). Utsukushi kuni e [Towards a Beautiful Nation]. Tokyo: Bunshun Shinsho. Abe, S. (2023). Abe shinzo kaiko-roku. [Shinzo Abe A Memoir]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Shinsha. Altbach, P. (2003). The Costs and Benefits of World-Class Universities. International Higher Education, (33). Altbach, P. G. (2004). Higher education crosses borders: Can the United States remain the top destination for foreign students?. Change: the magazine of higher learning, 36(2), 18-25. Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 290-305. Altbach, P. G., & Reisberg, L. (2018). Global trends and future uncertainties. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 50(3-4), 63-67. Ames, H., Glenton, C., & Lewin, S. (2019). Purposive sampling in a qualitative evidence synthesis: A worked example from a synthesis on parental perceptions of vaccination communication. BMC medical research methodology, 19(1), 1-9. Baracuhy, B. (2019). Geo-Economics as a Dimension of Grand Strategy. Geo-Economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century—The Revival of Economic Statecraft, 14-27. Bakkalbasioglu, E. (2020). How to Access Elites When Textbook Methods Fail: Challenges of Purposive Sampling and Advantages of Using Interviewees as" Fixers". Qualitative Report, 25(3). Baty, P. (2013, May14). Russia Must Globalize Its Universities. The Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2013/05/14/russia-must-globalize-its-universities-a24032 BBC. (2022). Ukraine: Russia plans biggest war in Europe since 1945 - Boris Johnson. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-60448162 Bennetts, M. (2019, June 28). Western liberalism is obsolete, warns Putin, ahead of May meeting. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/27/putin-skripal-attack-should-not-affect-uk-russia-relations Bloomberg. (2023). China’s Confucius Institutes are disappearing from US campuses. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3240149/chinas-confucius-institutes-are-disappearing-us-campuses Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: a tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation?. Qualitative health research, 26(13), 1802-1811. Bolt, P. J., & Cross, S. N. (2018). China, Russia, and Twenty-First Century Global Geopolitics. Oxford University Press. Braun, V., Clarke, V., Gray, D. (2017). Innovations in Qualitative Methods. In: Gough, B. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Brear, M. (2019). Process and outcomes of a recursive, dialogic member checking approach: A project ethnography. Qualitative Health Research, 29(7), 944-957. Buetow, S., & Zawaly, K. (2022). Rethinking researcher bias in health research. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 28(5), 843-846. Burgess, C., Gibson, I., Klaphake, J., & Selzer, M. (2010). The ‘Global 30’project and Japanese higher education reform: An example of a ‘closing in’or an ‘opening up’?. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 8(4), 461-475. Buzan, B. (2018). How and How not to develop IR theory: lessons from core and periphery. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(4), 391-414. Cameron, D. (2019). For the record. Harper Collins UK. Cameron, D. (2023, November). Lord Cameron makes debut speech in House of Lords.[Video].YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znmMwmSkeVw Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D. & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. Candela, A. G. (2019). Exploring the function of member checking. The qualitative report, 24(3), 619-628. Cannon, B. J., & Hakata, K. (Eds.). (2022). Indotaiheiyo Senryaku - Taikoku-kan kyoso no chiseigaku [Indo-Pacific Strategies: Navigating Geopolitics at the Dawn of a New Age]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Shinsha Carlson, J. A. (2010). Avoiding traps in member checking. Qualitative Report, 15(5), 1102- 1113. Carspecken, F. P. (1996). Critical ethnography in educational research: A theoretical and practical guide. Routledge. Carr, E. H. (2016). The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: Reissued with a New Preface from Michael Cox. Springer. Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory. Sage. Chou, C., & Ching, G. (2012). Taiwan Education at the Crossroad: When Globalization meets Localization. Springer. Clarke, M & Ramscar, H. (2022). Britain’s Persuaders. I.B. Tauris Connelly, L. M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg nursing, 25(6), 435. Cope, D. G. (2014). Methods and meanings: credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research. Oncology nursing forum, 41(1), 89-91. Coles et al., (2023). Seven ways Russia’s war on Ukraine has changed the world. Chatham House experts examine the shifts in geopolitical alliances, security, energy, and supply chains and whether these changes are likely to be long-lasting. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/02/seven-ways-russias-war-ukraine-has-changed-world Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. (2018). Education. https://www.bayarea.gov.hk/en/opportunities/education.html Corbett, A., & Hantrais, L. (2023). Higher education and research in the Brexit policy process. Journal of European Public Policy, 1-24. Courtois, A., & Veiga, A. (2020). Brexit and higher education in Europe: The role of ideas in shaping internationalisation strategies in times of uncertainty. Higher Education, 79(5), 811-827. Curtin, M., & Fossey, E. (2007). Appraising the trustworthiness of qualitative studies: Guidelines for occupational therapists. Australian occupational therapy journal, 54(2), 88-94. Deem, R., Mok, K. H., & Lucas, L. (2008). Transforming Higher Education in Whose image? Exploring the Concept of the ‘World-Class’ University in Europe and Asia. Higher Education Policy, 21, 83-97. Delardas, O., Kechagias, K. S., Katsikas Triantafyllidis, K., & Giannos, P. (2022). Concerns about academic freedom caused by the Russia–Ukraine War. EMBO reports, 23(5), e55079. Deng, W. (2022). Operation Crisis of Private Universities in the Tokyo Bay Area: Based on the Relationship Among Universities, Government and the Japanese Economy. In Higher Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Comparative Perspectives: Reengineering China Through the Greater Bay Economy and Development (pp. 59-80). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. Department of Justice. (2023). Preamble. Department of Justice. https://www.doj.gov.hk/en/legal_dispute/index.html Dobson, H. (2017). Is Japan really back? The “Abe Doctrine” and global governance. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 47(2), 199-224. Education Bureau. (2022). Overview of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Greater Bay Area). Educational Bureau. https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-and-resources/geography/Overview_E.pdf European Union. (2022). Research and innovation. European Commission, https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/europe-world/international-cooperation/bilateral-cooperation-science-and-technology-agreements-non-eu-countries/russia_en Empson, L. (2018). Elite interviewing in professional organizations. Journal of Professions and Organization, 5(1), 58-69. Fasting, M., & Fukuyama, F. (2021). After the End of History. Georgetown University Press, Washington. Florczak, KL. (2022) Best Available Evidence or Truth for the Moment: Bias in Research. Nursing Science Quarterly, 35(1), 20-24. Fong, B. C. (2022). Great Power Competition in Non‐sovereign Entities: US–China Tug‐of‐War over Hong Kong, 1950–2020. Pacific Focus, 37(2), 251-288. Foot, R. (2017). Power transitions and great power management: Three decades of China–Japan–US relations. The Pacific Review, 30(6), 829-842. Foot, R. (2020). China’s rise and US hegemony: Renegotiating hegemonic order in East Asia?. International Politics, 57(2), 150-165. Francis, S. (2023, May 17). Rishi Sunak u-turns on proposed ban on Chinese institutes. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-65624287 Fukuyama, F. (1989). The End of History?.The National Interest, (16), 3-18. Fukuyama, F. (2022). Liberalism and its Discontents. Profile Books. Gate, R. (2022, March 3). Opinion | Robert M. Gates: Ukraine is a wakeup call to Americans' complacency about their security - The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/03/03/why-ukraine-should-force-a-total-overhaul-of-our-national-security-strategy/ George, V., & Wilding, P. (2009). Globalization and human welfare: why is there a need for a global social policy?. A Reader in Promoting Public Health. London: Sage, 27-34. Gerstle, G. (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. Gilpin, R. (2022). Haken-koku no kotai senso to hendo no kokusai seiji-gaku [War and Change in World Politics]. (M. Naya Trans.). Tokyo: Keiso Shobo. (Original work published 1981) Gong, Z., Chan, F., & Wu, Y. (2021). Borrowing Hong Kong’s International Standards: A Steppingstone for the Chinese “Belt and Road” Going Out?. Sustainability, 13(6), 3485. Goodman, R. (2010). The rapid redrawing of boundaries in Japanese higher education. Japan Forum, 22 (1-2), 65-87. Guba, E. G. (1990). The paradigm dialog. In Alternative paradigms conference, mar, 1989, indiana u, school of education, san francisco, ca, us. Sage Publications, Inc. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(163-194), 105. Hakata, K. (2023). Will Japan Succeed in Its ‘Global South’ Diplomacy?. The Diplomat. Hakata, K., & Cannon, B. J. (2021). Why the Quad is Crucial. The Diplomat Hardy, J., & McCann, L. (2017). Brexit one year on: Introducing the special issue. Competition & Change, 21(3), 165-168. Hay, C. (2002). Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Hazelkorn, E. (2011). Measuring World-class Excellence and the Global Obsession with Rankings. In Handbook on Globalization and Higher Education. Edward Elgar Publishing. Hazelkorn, E. (2018). Reshaping the world order of higher education: the role and impact of rankings on national and global systems. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, 2(1), 4-31. He, L., & Montgomery, H. (2024, February 15). Japan just lost its crown as the world’s third-largest economy. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/14/economy/japan-economy-recession-hnk-intl/index.html Highman, L. (2018). Repositioning UK partnerships post-Brexit. International Higher Education, (95), 19-21. Hook, G. D. (2010). Decoding boundaries in contemporary Japan: the Koizumi administration and beyond. Routledge. Hoshi, T., & Lipscy, P. Y. (Eds.). (2021). The Political Economy of the Abe Government and Abenomics Reforms. Cambridge University Press. Hou, A. Y. C. (2011). Quality assurance at a distance: international accreditation in Taiwan higher education. Higher Education, 61, 179-191. Hou, A. Y. C., Morse, R., & Chiang, C. L. (2012). An analysis of mobility in global rankings: making institutional strategic plans and positioning for building world-class universities. Higher Education Research & Development, 31(6), 841-857. Hou, A. Y. C. (2023). Did Taiwan Academic Excellence Initiatives Build World-Class Universities? Governance, Funding Schemes, and Policy Shifts. In M. Yudkevich & P.G. Altbach (Eds.), Academic Star Wars: Excellence Initiatives in Global Perspective (pp.107-128). The MIT Press. Huang, F. (2015). Building the world-class research universities: A case study of China. Higher Education, 70, 203-215. Inoguchi, T. (2014). Japan in 2013: Abenomics and abegeopolitics. Asian Survey, 54(1), 101-112. James Jacob, W., Xiong, W., & Ye, H. (2015). Professional development programmes at world-class universities. Palgrave communications, 1(1), 1-27. Joffe, H. (2011). Thematic Analysis. In Harper, D., & Thompson, A. R. (Eds.). Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: A guide for students and practitioners, (pp. 209-223). John Wiley & Sons. Kissinger, H. (2015). World order. Penguin Books. Knight, J. (2011). Education hubs: A fad, a brand, an innovation?. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(3), 221-240. Knight, J. (2013) Education hubs: international, regional and local dimensions of scale and scope, Comparative Education, 49:3, 374-387. Knight, J. (2014). A model for the regionalization of higher education: The role and contribution of tuning. Knight, J. (2023). Knowledge Diplomacy: A Conceptual Analysis. In The Palgrave Handbook of Diplomatic Reform and Innovation (pp. 59-80). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Knight, J. (2024). The evolution of contemporary education hubs: Fad, brand or innovation?. International Journal of Educational Development, 104, 102972. Kottasová et al., (2022). Putin lambasts the West and declares the end of ‘the era of the unipolar world’.CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/17/europe/russia-president-vladimir-putin-speech-spief-intl/index.html Kurapov, A., Pavlenko, V., Drozdov, A., Bezliudna, V., Reznik, A., & Isralowitz, R. (2023). Toward an understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian war impact on university students and personnel. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 28(2), 167-174. Kuroda, K., Yuki, T., & Kang, K. (2014). The institutional prospects of cross-border higher education for East Asian regional integration: An analysis of the JICA survey of leading universities in East Asia. In Emerging international dimensions in East Asian higher education (pp. 55-79). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Kuroda, K., (2023). Kokusai kyōiku kyōryoku no keifu [A History of Japan’s International Cooperation in Education: Principles, Politics and Practices Crossing Borders]. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. Lee, J. T. (2015). Soft power and Cultural Diplomacy: Emerging Education Hubs in Asia. Comparative Education, 53(3), 353-374. Lo, W. Y. W. (2011). Soft power, university rankings and knowledge production: Distinctions between hegemony and self‐determination in higher education. Comparative Education, 47(2), 209-222. Lo, W. Y. W. (2018). After globalisation: A reconceptualisation of transnational higher education governance in Singapore and Hong Kong. Higher Education Quarterly, 72(1), 3-14. Lo, W. Y. W. (2018). After globalisation: A reconceptualisation of transnational higher education governance in Singapore and Hong Kong. Higher Education Quarterly, 72(1), 3-14. Lo, W. Y. W., & Li, D. (2023). Reimagining the notion of Hong Kong as an education hub: National imperative for higher education policy. International Journal of Educational Development, 103, 102938. Luttwak, E. N. (1990). From Geopolitics to Geo-economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. The National Interest, (20), 17-23. Lynne, M.C. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg nursing, 25(6), 435. Marginson, S. (2006). Dynamics of national and global competition in higher education. Higher Education, 52, 1-39. Marginson, S. (2011). Higher education and public good. Higher education quarterly, 65(4), 411-433. Marginson, S. (2022). What is global higher education?. Oxford Review of Education, 48(4), 492-517. Marginson, S. (2022). What drives global science? The four competing narratives. Studies in Higher Education, 47(8), 1566-1584. Matthews, K., & Minford, P. (1987). Mrs Thatcher's economic policies 1979–1987. Economic Policy, 2(5), 57-101. McKeon, M. (1994). The origins of interdisciplinary studies. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 28(1), 17-28. Medeiros, E. S. (2021). The Changing Context of Great Power Competition. Council on Foreign Relations, 4-9. MEXT. (2013). Daigaku no gurōbaru-ka ni kansuru kakugi kettei [Cabinet decision regarding the globalization of universities]. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo4/036/siryo/attach/1344786.htm MEXT. (2014). Nihon saikō senryaku' kaitei 2014 ― mirai e no chosen [Japan Revitalization Strategy" Revised in 2014 – the Future Challenge]. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu4/030/attach/1350137.htm MEXT. (2023). Top Global University Project. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/title02/detail02/sdetail02/1395420.htm MEXT. (2023). Designated National University Corporation System. MEXT. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/title02/detail02/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2020/20200408-mxt_kouhou02_02.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2013). Japan is Back. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. https://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/pm/abe/us_20130222en.html Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2007). "Confluence of the Two Seas" Speech by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan at the Parliament of the Republic of India. https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html Mok, K. H. (2005). The quest for world class university: Quality assurance and international benchmarking in Hong Kong. Quality Assurance in Education, 13(4), 277-304. Mok, K. H. (2006). Education Reform and Education Policy in East Asia. Routledge. Mok, K. H. (2007). Questing for internationalization of universities in Asia: Critical reflections. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 433-454. Mok, K. H., & Cheung, A. B. (2011). Global aspirations and strategising for world-class status: New form of politics in higher education governance in Hong Kong. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(3), 231-251. Mok, K. H. (2013). The quest for an entrepreneurial university in East Asia: impact on academics and administrators in higher education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 14, 11-22. Mok, K. H. (2016). The quest for regional education hub status: Challenges, possibilities and search for new governance in Hong Kong. Internationalization of higher education: The case of Hong Kong, 43-62. Mok, K. H. (2022). The Role of Higher Education, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in Bay Areas: Challenges and Opportunities. Higher Education, Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Comparative Perspectives: Reengineering China Through the Greater Bay Economy and Development, 1-14. Mok, K. H., Welch, A., & Kang, Y. (2020). Government innovation policy and higher education: the case of Shenzhen, China. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 42(2), 194-212. Moore, C. (2023, November 4). The Spectator’s Notes: Cambridge’s China complicity. The Spectator, 11. Morozumi, A. (2019). Higher education reform: Focusing on national university reform. Education in Japan: A comprehensive analysis of education reforms and practices, 197-209. Morris, J. (2023). Political ethnography and Russian studies in a time of conflict. Post-Soviet Affairs, 39(1-2), 92-100. Morrow, S. L. (2007). Qualitative research in counselling psychology: Conceptual foundations. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 209-235. Newell, W. H., & Klein, J. T. (1996). Interdisciplinary studies into the 21st century. The Journal of General Education, 45(2), 152-169. Nicoll, A. (2013). Beyond Abenomics: Japan’s grand strategy, strategic comments. The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 19(4), 2. Pan, S. Y. (2013). Confucius Institute project: China's cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. Asian Education and Development Studies, 2(1), 22-33. Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations. Partington, R. (2023, December 11). World economy on brink of ‘cold war two’, IMF official warns. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/11/world-economy-on-brink-of-cold-war-two-imf-official-warns Pesek, W. (2014). Japanization: What the world can learn from Japan's lost decades. John Wiley & Sons. Postiglione, G. A., & Jung, J. (Eds.). (2017). The Changing Academic Profession in Hong Kong (Vol. 19). Springer. Prime Minister of Japan and his cabinet. (2014). Address by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, at the New York Stock Exchange. Prime Minister of Japan and his cabinet. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201309/25nyse_e.html Prime Minister Office of Japan. (2017). Council for Designing 100-Year Life Society. Prime Minister Office of Japan. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/actions/201709/11article5.html QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. (2024). QS World University Rankings 2024: Top global universities. https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings?tab=indicators Rees, T. (2022, May 26). Putin ‘thunderbolt’ spells end of globalisation, Olaf Scholz warns. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/05/26/putin-thunderbolt-spells-end-globalisation-olaf-scholz-warns/ Rose, R. (1991). What is lesson-drawing?. Journal of Public Policy, 11(1), 3-30. Russell, B. (2009). Human knowledge: Its scope and limits. Routledge. Sabzalieva, E. (2017). The policy challenges of creating a world-class university outside the global ‘core’. European Journal of Higher Education, 7(4), 424-439. Salmi, J. (2009). The challenge of establishing world-class universities. World Bank Publications. Salmi, J. (2021). Do Rankings Promote Academic Excellence?: Redefining World-Class Universities. In World-Class Universities (pp. 79-112). Brill. Sato, T. (2022). Reconsidering Englishization: the Japanese Government’s Top Global University Project. Asian Englishes, 24(1), 102-113. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. (2024). 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities. ShanghaiRanking. https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 Shimauchi, S. (2018). English-Medium Instruction in the Internationalization of Higher Education in Japan: Rationales and Issues. Educational Studies in Japan, 12, 77-90. Shinoda, T. (2013). Contemporary Japanese politics: Institutional changes and power shifts. Columbia University Press. Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analyzing talk, text and interaction (3rd ed.). Sage Publications Ltd. Smith, J., & Noble, H. (2014). Bias in research. Evidence-based nursing, 17(4), 100-101. Steger, M. B., & James, P. (2019). Globalization Matters: Engaging the Global in Unsettled Times. Cambridge University Press. Stevens, R. (2004). The evolution of privatisation as an electoral policy, c. 1970–90. Contemporary British History, 18(2), 47-75. Simpson, J. (2022). Ukraine invasion: Is this a new Cold War, asks John Simpson. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60515342 Solís, M. (2023). Japan’s Quiet Leadership: Reshaping the Indo-Pacific. Brookings Institution Press. South China Morning Post. (2023, February 17). Hong Kong hits back at US after senators aim bill at 3 offices representing city in America. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/3210644/hong-kong-hits-back-us-after-2-countrys-lawmakers-introduce-bill-shut-down-3-overseas-offices Sugimura, M. (2016). Transformation of Higher Education Systems in the Dynamics of Contemporary Globalization: The Case of Japan. The Palgrave Handbook of Asia Pacific Higher Education, 183-193. Sullivan, J. (2023). The Sources of American Power: A Foreign Policy for a Changed World. Foreign Affair, 102, 8. Taniguchi, T. (2022). Dare mo kakanakatta abe shinzo [The Shinzo Abe that No One could Wrote About]. Tokyo: Asukashinsha Publishing Co., Ltd. Tharoor, I. (2024, April 12). Japan may be the U.S.’s most important ally. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/12/japan-united-states-ally-defense-relationship/ The Economist. (2020, September 5). How Abe Shinzo changed Japan. The Economist. 7. The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2019, June 25). Hong Kong and Guangdong sign Letter of Intent on Qualifications Framework Co-operation (with photo). The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201906/25/P2019062500275.htm The Government of Japan. (2017). Abenomics. The Government of Japan. https://www.japan.go.jp/abenomics/_userdata/abenomics/pdf/170508_abenomics.pdf THE - Times Higher Education. (2024). The formula for a world-class university revealed. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/news/the-formula-for-a-world-class-university-revealed THE - Times Higher Education. (2024). World University Rankings 2024. THE - Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking The White House. (2020). President Donald J. Trump Is Protecting America From China’s Efforts To Steal Technology And Intellectual Property. The White House. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-protecting-america-chinas-efforts-steal-technology-intellectual-property/ Tohoku University. (2023). What is the Top Global University Project? https://www.tohoku.ac.jp/en/about/top_global_university.html Torres, J., Mandel, J., Pemstein, I., Swan, R., & Risetter, G. (2020). The Special Relationship Revealed: US–UK Materials in the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 18(4), 498-521. Tsinghua University. (2021). Xi visits Tsinghua University ahead of its 110th anniversary. Tsinghua University. https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/info/1399/10167.htm Umemoto, D. (2014). Koizumi naikaku-ki ni okeru kōtō kyōiku seisaku ni kansuru seiji rikigaku no bunseki [Analysis of Political Dynamics of Higher Education Policy during the Koizumi Cabinet]. Nihon kyoikushi ronshu, 1, 35-42. U.S. Department of State, (2020). “Confucius Institute U.S. Center” Designation as a Foreign Mission. U.S. Department of State. https://2017-2021.state.gov/confucius-institute-u-s-center-designation-as-a-foreign-mission/ Vogel, E. F. (1979). Japan as number one: Lessons for America. Harvard University Press. Weale, S. & Quinn, B. (2023, May 18). English universities warned not to over-rely on fees of students from China. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2023/may/18/english-universities-warned-not-to-over-rely-on-fees-of-students-from-china Weiss, J. (2013). EH Carr, Norman Angell, and Reassessing the Realist–Utopian Debate. The International History Review, 35(5), 1156-1184. Wigell, M., Scholvin, S., & Aaltola, M. (Eds.). (2018). Geo-economics and Power Politics in the 21st Century: The Revival of Economic Statecraft. Routledge. William, Y. W. L. (2010). Entrepreneurialism in higher education: A comparison of university governance changes in Hong Kong and Singapore. In The search for new governance of higher education in Asia (pp. 103-123). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. World Economic Forum. (2022). These are the best universities in the world for 2023.World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/times-higher-education-world-university-rankings-2022/ Xie, X., Liu, X., & McNay, I. (2023). One country with two systems: The characteristics and development of higher education in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11. Xiong, W., & Mok, K. H. (2020). Sustainability practices of higher education institutions in Hong Kong: a case study of a sustainable campus consortium. Sustainability, 12(2), 452. Yang, R., & Welch, A. (2012). A world-class university in China? The case of Tsinghua. Higher Education, 63, 645-666. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (Vol. 6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Yonezawa, A. (2003). Making “World-Class Universities”: Japan's Experiment. Higher Education Management and Policy, 15(2), 9-23. Yonezawa, A. (2003). The Impact of Globalisation on Higher Education Governance in Japan. Higher Education Research & Development, 22(2), 145-154 Yonezawa, A. (2011). The “global 30” and the consequences of selecting “world-class universities” in Japan. In Paths to a World-Class University (pp. 67-81). Brill. Yonezawa, A., & Hou, A. Y. C. (2014). Continuity and transformation: Continuous challenges for world-class status among universities in Taiwan and Japan as ageing societies. In How world-class universities affect global higher education (pp. 85-101). Brill. Yonezawa, A., & Shimmi, Y. (2016). Transformation of university governance through internationalization: Challenges for top universities and government policies in Japan. In Matching visibility and performance (pp. 101-118). Brill. Yonezawa, A. (2019). Japan: World-class universities for social innovation. International Higher Education, (96), 21-23. Yonezawa, A. (2020). Challenges of the Japanese higher education Amidst population decline and globalization. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 18(1), 43-52. Yonezawa, A. (2023). Japan's Higher Education Policies under Global Challenges. Asian Economic Policy Review. Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Xu, Y., Yue, W., & Tang, C. (2023). Does regional cooperation constrain urban sprawl? Evidence from the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Landscape and Urban Planning, 235, 104742. zh_TW
