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題名 自比較法觀點論我國特約條款之理論與法制再建構
A comparative study on the restruction of special provisions in Taiwan
作者 臧長韋
Zang, Chang-Wei
貢獻者 陳俊元
Chen, Chun-Yuan
臧長韋
Zang, Chang-Wei
關鍵詞 擔保
特約條款
除外條款
英國2015保險法
英國1906年海上保險法
風險控制
澳大利亞保險契約法
海上保險
Warranty
Special provisions
Exclusion
Insurance act 2015
Marine. insurance act 1906
Risk control
Insurance contracts act 1984
Marine insurance
日期 2024
上傳時間 5-Aug-2024 14:01:53 (UTC+8)
摘要 我國特約條款制度規範在保險法第66至69條，繼受自英美法系國家之擔保制度，依照傳統上向來之區分標準可按照所擔保之內容為契約成立之時、前，抑或是之後分為肯定擔保和允諾擔保，於英國早期違反擔保條款之法律效果為自違反時起自動解除保險之之責任，對照台灣特約條款之法律效果則是依照保險法68條之規定為解除契約，學說上皆普遍認為現行法律效果過於嚴苛，對要保人及被保險人極其不利。 而英國2015年適逢保險法針對擔保制度進行大刀闊斧改革，將原先的嚴格遵循條款修正為隨承保風險變化而加以調整，成為真正的風險控制條款，本文將透過歷史追溯英國修法的發展歷程和後續司法實務判決發展，同時從比較法角度觀察其他同樣繼受英國擔保制度的國家諸如澳大利亞和美國等國發展動向，梳理出擔保制度於當代應有的樣貌作為我國將來修法之借鏡並提出修正建議。
Articles 66 to 69 of the Insurance Law are special provisions. It is inherited from the warranty of common law countries. According to the traditional distinction standard, the contract can be divided into an affirmative warranty that regulates the past or the current contract conclusion and a promissory warranty that regulates future events. In the early days of the UK, the legal effect of breaching the warranty clause was to terminate the insurance liability from the time of breach automatically. In contrast, the legal impact of Taiwan's clause was to terminate the contract by Article 68 of the Insurance Law. In theory, it is generally believed that the current legal effects are too strict and highly detrimental to policyholders and insureds. In 2015, the UK insurance law carried out a drastic reform of the warranty. The original strict compliance clause was revised to adjust as the underwriting risk changes, becoming an absolute risk control clause. This article will trace the development and follow-up of British law revision throughout history. The development of judicial practical judgments, and at the same time, observing the development trends of other countries that also inherited the British warranty from a comparative legal perspective, such as Australia and the United States, sorting out what the warranty should look like in the contemporary era as a reference for our country's future law revisions and proposing amendment suggestions.
參考文獻 一、中文文獻 （一）、書籍 江朝國（2011），《保險法逐條釋義：第一卷 總則》，修訂二版，元照。 江朝國（2011），《保險法逐條釋義：第二卷 保險契約》，修訂二版，元照。 施文森（1999），《美國加州保險法（上冊）》，頁49，財團法人保險事業發展中心。 陳聰富（2022），《民法總則》，四版，元照。 黃裕凱（2014），《海商法修正建議》，一版，三民。 黃裕凱（2023），《查莫斯1906年海上保險法第十一版》，初版，輔仁大學出版社。 葉啓洲（2023），《保險法》，增修八版，元照。 劉宗榮（2021），《保險法：保險法暨保險契約法》，五版，三民。 饒瑞正（2018），《海商法論》，初版，三民。 （二）、期刊 王肖卿(2011)，〈協會船體論時保單(ITC)與國際船殼險保單(IHC)〉，《保險大道-專題論述七》，61 期，頁43。 王怡蘋、姜世明（2018），〈訴訟外民事紛爭解決程序中公平合理原則之適用──以金融消費評議事件之運用為中心〉，《政大法學評論》，158期，頁8。 江朝國（2010），〈特約條款之定位與除外條款之區辨〉，《台灣法學雜誌》，149期，頁90-94。 陳俊元（2022），〈由防疫保單論特約條款與除外條款〉，《月旦醫事法報告》，72期，頁7-15。 陳豐年（2010），〈允諾特約條款實務現況論析－以近來最高法院判決暨現行銷售保險商品為核心〉，《中原財經法學》，25期，頁203-279。 曾文瑞（2013），〈英國協會貨物保險增值條款之研究:A Study on the Increased Value Clause of ICC〉，《保險經營學報》，頁104。 曾文瑞（2021），〈海上保險擔保與臺灣保險法特約條款之研究〉，《核保學報》，28期，頁78。 黃承陽（2010），〈從涉外商務契約談貨物保險的若干實務〉，《核保學報》，18期，頁176。 葉啟洲（2015），〈從「全有全無」到「或多或少」-以德國保險契約法上約定行為義務法制之改革為中心〉，《政大法學評論》，140期，頁225。 葉啟洲（2022），〈徘徊在除外條款與特約條款之間──最高法院108年度台上字第2663號判決〉，《月旦裁判時報》，115期，頁39。 廖家宏（2008），〈「除外條款」與「特約條款」之區辨：最高法院九十六年台上字第三九四號民事判決評釋〉，《律師雜誌》，346期，頁57-63。 羅俊瑋（2010），論保險人資訊義務，財經法暨經濟法，24期，頁 羅俊瑋（2011），〈定時保險之適航擔保－兼評臺北地方法院 98 年度保險字第 35 號民事判決〉，《法令月刊》，62卷第2期，頁45。 羅俊瑋（2012），英國 2012 年消費者保險（告知暨說明）法之立法例評析，中正財經法學，第 5 期，123-171 頁。 羅俊瑋、潘思澐（2020），〈海上保險準據法與擔保制度之探討－以臺灣高等法院 103 保險上更（一）字第 5 號判決為中心〉，《全國律師》，24 卷 第 9 期，頁63-78。 羅俊瑋、賴煥升（2017），〈百年變革－論英國海上保險擔保條款之修正〉，《東吳法律學報》，28卷第3期，頁32-34。 （三）、論文 洪千惠（2013），《民法上誠信原則之研究－以權利失效理論為中心》，頁20-21，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文。 陳豐年（2012），《特約條款之現況與再構成》，頁35、240-41，國立政治大學法律學系博士論文。 （四）、研究報告 黃正宗，《我國保險法的比較研析—法、德、日、美諸國法對我國保險契約法影響的探討》，中華民國產物保險公會，2001年12月12日。 劉宗榮、黃裕凱，《海商法2018融合草案完整版》，海商人，2019年1月8日。 二、英文文獻 （一）書籍 Abraham, K.S. & Schwarcz, D. (2020). Insurance Law and Regulation, Cases and Materials (7th ed.). Foundation Press. Abraham, K.S. (1986). Distributing Risk: Insurance, Legal Theory, and Public Policy. Yale University Press. Abraham, K.S. (2010). Insurance Law and Regulation, Cases and Materials (5th ed.). Foundation Press. Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society Towards a New Modernity. Sage. Bennett, H. (2006). The law of marine insurance (2th ed.) Oxford University Press. Birds, J. (2019). Birds' Modern Insurance Law (11th ed.) Sweet & Maxwell. Christian, T.F. et al., (2016). Atiyah and Adams' Sale of Goods (13th ed.) Pearson Educatio. Digby Charles Jess (2011). The Insurance of Commercial Risks: Law and Practice (4th ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. Furmston, M.P. (2012). Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's Law of Contract. Oxford University Press. Gilmore, G. & L. Black, C. (1975). The Law of Admiralty (2th ed.). Foundation Press. Ivamy E.R.(1988). Marine Insurance (Butterworths Insurance Library) (8th ed.). BUTTERWORTHS LAW. J. Beatson et al. (2016). Anson's Law of Contract (30th ed.). Oxford University Press. Lord Chorley of Kendal (1954). Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average (14th ed.). Stevens and Sons. Mann, P. (2016). Mann's Annotated Insurance Contracts Act (7th ed.). Thomson Reuters.Press. Martin, E. (2003). A Dictionary of Law (6th ed.). Oxford University Merkin, R. & Enright, I. (2014) Sutton on Insurance Law (4th ed.). Thomson Reuters. Merkin, R. (2009). The Law of Insurance Contracts (6th ed.). Informa Law from Routledge. O'May, D. & Hill, J., Marine (1993). O'May on Marine Insurance. Sweet & Maxwell. Owen, A. (2021). The Law of Insurance Warranties: Flawed Reform and a New Perspective. Informa Law from Routledge. Rainey, S. et al. (2019). Chalmers' Marine Insurance Act 1906 (11th ed.). Bloomsbury Professional. Rejda, G.E et al,(2021).Principles of Risk Management and Insurance (14th ed.). Pearson. Soyer, B. (2006). Warranties in Marine Insurance (2th ed.). Routledge-Cavendish. Soyer, B. (2008). Reforming Marine and Commercial Insurance Law. Informa Law from Routledge. Soyer, B. (2017). Warranties in Marine Insurance (3th ed.). Routledge. Thomas, R. (2002). Modern Law of Marine Insurance Volume 2. Informa Law from Routledge. （二）期刊 Abraham, K.S., Four Conceptions of Insurance (March 5, 2012). University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Forthcoming, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2012-34, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2016320. Baker, T. & Rick, S., Regulation by Liability Insurance: From Auto to Lawyers Professional Liability (2013). UCLA Law Review, vol. 60, p. 1412, 2013, U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. 13-4, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2202314. Ben-Shahar & D. Logue, Outsourcing Regulation: How Insurance Reduces Moral Hazard, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 197 (2012). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol111/iss2/2. Boudia & Jas (2007) Introduction: Risk and ‘Risk Society’ in Historical Perspective, History and Technology, 23:4, 317-331. Christopher C. French, The Role of the Profit Imperative in Risk Management, 17 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 1081 (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jbl/vol17/iss4/1. French, Christopher C., Understanding Insurance Policies as NonContracts: An Alternative Approach to Drafting and Construing These Unique Financial Instruments (May 2, 2016). 89 Temp. L. Rev. 535 (2017), Penn State Law Research Paper No. 10-2016, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773623. Goldman, S. E. (1985). Breach of warranty in american marine insurance. INSURANCE COUNSEL JOURNAL, 52(1), 60-70. Gurses, O. (2020). Section 11 of the Insurance Act 2015: When does a term define the risk as a whole in an insurance contract? Journal of Business Law, (3), 184-201. Holdsworth, W. S. (1917). The Early History of the Contract of Insurance. Columbia Law Review, 17(2), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1111672. Merkin, R. (2011) Australia: Still a Nation of Chalmers? University of Queensland Law Journal 30(2), 189-224. http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UQLawJl/2011/12.html. Merkin, R. & Gürses, Ö. (2016) Insurance contracts after the Insurance Act 2015. Law Quarterly Review, 132 (3). p. 445-469. ISSN 0023-933X Available at https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/90253/. Merkin, R. & Gürses, Ö. (2015) The Insurance Act 2015: rebalancing the interests of insurer and assured. Modern Law Review, 78 (6). pp. 1004-1027. ISSN 0026-7961. Merkin, R., & Lowry, J. (2008). Reconstructing Insurance Law: The Law Commissions’ Consultation Paper. The Modern Law Review, 71(1), 95–113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151179. Patterson, E. W. (1934). Warranties in Insurance Law. Columbia Law Review, 34(4), 595–631. https://doi.org/10.2307/1115671. Soyer, B. (2016). RISK CONTROL CLAUSES IN INSURANCE LAW: LAW REFORM AND THE FUTURE. The Cambridge Law Journal, 75(1), 109–127. doi:10.1017/S0008197315000963. Vance, W. R. (1911). The History of the Development of the Warranty in Insurance Law. The Yale Law Journal, 20(7), 523–534. https://doi.org/10.2307/785671. （三）論文 Evgenievna, R.D. (2015) “Marine Insurance Warranties. Development in England, in comparison with other countries.” MASTER'S THESIS.1-63.” Leloudas. G. (2016), Contracting out of the Insurance Act 2015 in commercial insurance contracts, in Malcolm Clarke & Baris Soyer (ed.), The Insurance Act 2015: A new regime for commercial and marine insurance law, 94-106 Routledge. Soyer, B. (2000) Warranties in marine insurance: a comprehensive study. University of Southampton, DOCTORAL THESIS. （四）網路資料 GOOD CATCH from The American Club Make Sure to Know What to Do, Before You Release the CO2（2021）, https://www.american-club.com/files/files/API_Good_Catch_CO2.pdf. Corporate Risk & Insurance - The Case for Placement Reform. The Mactavish Protocols (2011), https://www.mactavishgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/corporate-risk-insurance-the-case-for-placement-reform.pdf. Duty of Disclosure, Duty of Good Faith, Alternation of Risk and Warranties: An Analysis of the Replies to the CMI Questionnaire, CMI Yearbook 2000, https://comitemaritime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2000-YEARBOOK-ANNUAIRE-SINGAPORE-I.pdf. The Nordic Marine Insurance Plan of 2013, https://www.nordicplan.org/globalassets/archive/plan-2013/the-nmip-of-2013.pdf. Harry Wright, THE INSURANCE ACT 2015:A practical guide to changes in UK Insurance Law, prepared for members of the Lloyd’s Market Association and the International Underwriting Association, https://www.actuarialpost.co.uk/downloads/cat_1/Insurance%20Act%202015%20Guidance.pdf.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
風險管理與保險學系
111358005
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111358005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳俊元zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Chun-Yuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 臧長韋zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Zang, Chang-Weien_US
dc.creator (作者) 臧長韋zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Zang, Chang-Weien_US
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 5-Aug-2024 14:01:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 5-Aug-2024 14:01:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Aug-2024 14:01:53 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111358005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152784-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 風險管理與保險學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 111358005zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我國特約條款制度規範在保險法第66至69條，繼受自英美法系國家之擔保制度，依照傳統上向來之區分標準可按照所擔保之內容為契約成立之時、前，抑或是之後分為肯定擔保和允諾擔保，於英國早期違反擔保條款之法律效果為自違反時起自動解除保險之之責任，對照台灣特約條款之法律效果則是依照保險法68條之規定為解除契約，學說上皆普遍認為現行法律效果過於嚴苛，對要保人及被保險人極其不利。 而英國2015年適逢保險法針對擔保制度進行大刀闊斧改革，將原先的嚴格遵循條款修正為隨承保風險變化而加以調整，成為真正的風險控制條款，本文將透過歷史追溯英國修法的發展歷程和後續司法實務判決發展，同時從比較法角度觀察其他同樣繼受英國擔保制度的國家諸如澳大利亞和美國等國發展動向，梳理出擔保制度於當代應有的樣貌作為我國將來修法之借鏡並提出修正建議。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Articles 66 to 69 of the Insurance Law are special provisions. It is inherited from the warranty of common law countries. According to the traditional distinction standard, the contract can be divided into an affirmative warranty that regulates the past or the current contract conclusion and a promissory warranty that regulates future events. In the early days of the UK, the legal effect of breaching the warranty clause was to terminate the insurance liability from the time of breach automatically. In contrast, the legal impact of Taiwan's clause was to terminate the contract by Article 68 of the Insurance Law. In theory, it is generally believed that the current legal effects are too strict and highly detrimental to policyholders and insureds. In 2015, the UK insurance law carried out a drastic reform of the warranty. The original strict compliance clause was revised to adjust as the underwriting risk changes, becoming an absolute risk control clause. This article will trace the development and follow-up of British law revision throughout history. The development of judicial practical judgments, and at the same time, observing the development trends of other countries that also inherited the British warranty from a comparative legal perspective, such as Australia and the United States, sorting out what the warranty should look like in the contemporary era as a reference for our country's future law revisions and proposing amendment suggestions.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第一項我國特約條款制度問題 1 第二項 各國近年來發展 1 第二節 研究方法 2 第一項 研究方法概要 2 第二項 歷史分析 2 第三項 文獻介紹 2 第四項 比較法研究 2 第二章 特約條款制度起源 3 第一節 保險作為風險管理手段 3 第二節 保險法上風險控制 4 第三節 特約條款與擔保制度異同 6 第三章 英國2015修法前保險法上擔保制度簡介 7 第一節 起源 7 第一項 保險法上擔保制度誕生前時代背景 7 第二項 保險法上擔保制度誕生 9 第三項 擔保制度法典化 11 第二節 2015年修法前英國法上擔保的概念 12 第一項 英國契約法下的擔保和其他契約條款 13 第二項 英國保險法下的擔保與其他條款區辨 16 第三項 擔保制度的類型 23 第四項 擔保制度的本質 52 第四章 英國2015修法後擔保制度簡介 62 第一節 英國修法背景 62 第一項 英國法律委員會擔保條款修正建議報告（2014年以前） 62 第二項 外國競爭對手的威脅 72 第三項 英國2012消費者保險 77 第二節 英國2015年保險法 78 第一項 主要條款 78 第二項 默示擔保於2015保險法下的適用情形 88 第三項 2015保險法契約排除條款 89 第四項 小結 92 第五章 澳大利亞保險法擔保制度 94 第一節 非海上保險法 94 第一項 背景介紹 94 第二項 保險契約法第54條簡介 97 第三項 保險契約法第54條具體適用 100 第四項 近期保險契約法54條司法實務判決 107 第二節 海上保險法 118 第一項 海上保險獨立於其他保險 118 第二項 海上保險與非海上保險之分際 118 第三項 平行法律制度的質疑 119 第六章 美國保險法擔保法制 120 第一節 擔保制度法律效果演進 120 第一項 與英國系出同源 120 第二項 法律效果轉變 121 第二節 海上保險與其他保險法之分際兼論聯邦與州際管轄 132 第七章 我國法制發展與修法建議 135 第一節 我國保險法特約條款制度現況 135 第一項 起源 135 第二項 現行法制問題 136 第二節 修法建議 139 第一項 修法建議分析 139 第二項 修法建議條文 141 參考文獻 146zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3591017 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111358005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 擔保zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 特約條款zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 除外條款zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 英國2015保險法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 英國1906年海上保險法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 風險控制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 澳大利亞保險契約法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海上保險zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Warrantyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Special provisionsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Exclusionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Insurance act 2015en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Marine. insurance act 1906en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Risk controlen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Insurance contracts act 1984en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Marine insuranceen_US
dc.title (題名) 自比較法觀點論我國特約條款之理論與法制再建構zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A comparative study on the restruction of special provisions in Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文文獻 （一）、書籍 江朝國（2011），《保險法逐條釋義：第一卷 總則》，修訂二版，元照。 江朝國（2011），《保險法逐條釋義：第二卷 保險契約》，修訂二版，元照。 施文森（1999），《美國加州保險法（上冊）》，頁49，財團法人保險事業發展中心。 陳聰富（2022），《民法總則》，四版，元照。 黃裕凱（2014），《海商法修正建議》，一版，三民。 黃裕凱（2023），《查莫斯1906年海上保險法第十一版》，初版，輔仁大學出版社。 葉啓洲（2023），《保險法》，增修八版，元照。 劉宗榮（2021），《保險法：保險法暨保險契約法》，五版，三民。 饒瑞正（2018），《海商法論》，初版，三民。 （二）、期刊 王肖卿(2011)，〈協會船體論時保單(ITC)與國際船殼險保單(IHC)〉，《保險大道-專題論述七》，61 期，頁43。 王怡蘋、姜世明（2018），〈訴訟外民事紛爭解決程序中公平合理原則之適用──以金融消費評議事件之運用為中心〉，《政大法學評論》，158期，頁8。 江朝國（2010），〈特約條款之定位與除外條款之區辨〉，《台灣法學雜誌》，149期，頁90-94。 陳俊元（2022），〈由防疫保單論特約條款與除外條款〉，《月旦醫事法報告》，72期，頁7-15。 陳豐年（2010），〈允諾特約條款實務現況論析－以近來最高法院判決暨現行銷售保險商品為核心〉，《中原財經法學》，25期，頁203-279。 曾文瑞（2013），〈英國協會貨物保險增值條款之研究:A Study on the Increased Value Clause of ICC〉，《保險經營學報》，頁104。 曾文瑞（2021），〈海上保險擔保與臺灣保險法特約條款之研究〉，《核保學報》，28期，頁78。 黃承陽（2010），〈從涉外商務契約談貨物保險的若干實務〉，《核保學報》，18期，頁176。 葉啟洲（2015），〈從「全有全無」到「或多或少」-以德國保險契約法上約定行為義務法制之改革為中心〉，《政大法學評論》，140期，頁225。 葉啟洲（2022），〈徘徊在除外條款與特約條款之間──最高法院108年度台上字第2663號判決〉，《月旦裁判時報》，115期，頁39。 廖家宏（2008），〈「除外條款」與「特約條款」之區辨：最高法院九十六年台上字第三九四號民事判決評釋〉，《律師雜誌》，346期，頁57-63。 羅俊瑋（2010），論保險人資訊義務，財經法暨經濟法，24期，頁 羅俊瑋（2011），〈定時保險之適航擔保－兼評臺北地方法院 98 年度保險字第 35 號民事判決〉，《法令月刊》，62卷第2期，頁45。 羅俊瑋（2012），英國 2012 年消費者保險（告知暨說明）法之立法例評析，中正財經法學，第 5 期，123-171 頁。 羅俊瑋、潘思澐（2020），〈海上保險準據法與擔保制度之探討－以臺灣高等法院 103 保險上更（一）字第 5 號判決為中心〉，《全國律師》，24 卷 第 9 期，頁63-78。 羅俊瑋、賴煥升（2017），〈百年變革－論英國海上保險擔保條款之修正〉，《東吳法律學報》，28卷第3期，頁32-34。 （三）、論文 洪千惠（2013），《民法上誠信原則之研究－以權利失效理論為中心》，頁20-21，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文。 陳豐年（2012），《特約條款之現況與再構成》，頁35、240-41，國立政治大學法律學系博士論文。 （四）、研究報告 黃正宗，《我國保險法的比較研析—法、德、日、美諸國法對我國保險契約法影響的探討》，中華民國產物保險公會，2001年12月12日。 劉宗榮、黃裕凱，《海商法2018融合草案完整版》，海商人，2019年1月8日。 二、英文文獻 （一）書籍 Abraham, K.S. & Schwarcz, D. (2020). Insurance Law and Regulation, Cases and Materials (7th ed.). Foundation Press. Abraham, K.S. (1986). Distributing Risk: Insurance, Legal Theory, and Public Policy. Yale University Press. Abraham, K.S. (2010). Insurance Law and Regulation, Cases and Materials (5th ed.). Foundation Press. Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society Towards a New Modernity. Sage. Bennett, H. (2006). The law of marine insurance (2th ed.) Oxford University Press. Birds, J. (2019). Birds' Modern Insurance Law (11th ed.) Sweet & Maxwell. Christian, T.F. et al., (2016). Atiyah and Adams' Sale of Goods (13th ed.) Pearson Educatio. Digby Charles Jess (2011). The Insurance of Commercial Risks: Law and Practice (4th ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. Furmston, M.P. (2012). Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's Law of Contract. Oxford University Press. Gilmore, G. & L. Black, C. (1975). The Law of Admiralty (2th ed.). Foundation Press. Ivamy E.R.(1988). Marine Insurance (Butterworths Insurance Library) (8th ed.). BUTTERWORTHS LAW. J. Beatson et al. (2016). Anson's Law of Contract (30th ed.). Oxford University Press. Lord Chorley of Kendal (1954). Arnould on the Law of Marine Insurance and Average (14th ed.). Stevens and Sons. Mann, P. (2016). Mann's Annotated Insurance Contracts Act (7th ed.). Thomson Reuters.Press. Martin, E. (2003). A Dictionary of Law (6th ed.). Oxford University Merkin, R. & Enright, I. (2014) Sutton on Insurance Law (4th ed.). Thomson Reuters. Merkin, R. (2009). The Law of Insurance Contracts (6th ed.). Informa Law from Routledge. O'May, D. & Hill, J., Marine (1993). O'May on Marine Insurance. Sweet & Maxwell. Owen, A. (2021). The Law of Insurance Warranties: Flawed Reform and a New Perspective. Informa Law from Routledge. Rainey, S. et al. (2019). Chalmers' Marine Insurance Act 1906 (11th ed.). Bloomsbury Professional. Rejda, G.E et al,(2021).Principles of Risk Management and Insurance (14th ed.). Pearson. Soyer, B. (2006). Warranties in Marine Insurance (2th ed.). Routledge-Cavendish. Soyer, B. (2008). Reforming Marine and Commercial Insurance Law. Informa Law from Routledge. Soyer, B. (2017). Warranties in Marine Insurance (3th ed.). Routledge. Thomas, R. (2002). Modern Law of Marine Insurance Volume 2. Informa Law from Routledge. （二）期刊 Abraham, K.S., Four Conceptions of Insurance (March 5, 2012). University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Forthcoming, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2012-34, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2016320. Baker, T. & Rick, S., Regulation by Liability Insurance: From Auto to Lawyers Professional Liability (2013). UCLA Law Review, vol. 60, p. 1412, 2013, U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. 13-4, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2202314. Ben-Shahar & D. Logue, Outsourcing Regulation: How Insurance Reduces Moral Hazard, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 197 (2012). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol111/iss2/2. Boudia & Jas (2007) Introduction: Risk and ‘Risk Society’ in Historical Perspective, History and Technology, 23:4, 317-331. Christopher C. French, The Role of the Profit Imperative in Risk Management, 17 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 1081 (2015). Available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jbl/vol17/iss4/1. French, Christopher C., Understanding Insurance Policies as NonContracts: An Alternative Approach to Drafting and Construing These Unique Financial Instruments (May 2, 2016). 89 Temp. L. Rev. 535 (2017), Penn State Law Research Paper No. 10-2016, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773623. Goldman, S. E. (1985). Breach of warranty in american marine insurance. INSURANCE COUNSEL JOURNAL, 52(1), 60-70. Gurses, O. (2020). Section 11 of the Insurance Act 2015: When does a term define the risk as a whole in an insurance contract? Journal of Business Law, (3), 184-201. Holdsworth, W. S. (1917). The Early History of the Contract of Insurance. Columbia Law Review, 17(2), 85–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1111672. Merkin, R. (2011) Australia: Still a Nation of Chalmers? University of Queensland Law Journal 30(2), 189-224. http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UQLawJl/2011/12.html. Merkin, R. & Gürses, Ö. (2016) Insurance contracts after the Insurance Act 2015. Law Quarterly Review, 132 (3). p. 445-469. ISSN 0023-933X Available at https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/90253/. Merkin, R. & Gürses, Ö. (2015) The Insurance Act 2015: rebalancing the interests of insurer and assured. Modern Law Review, 78 (6). pp. 1004-1027. ISSN 0026-7961. Merkin, R., & Lowry, J. (2008). Reconstructing Insurance Law: The Law Commissions’ Consultation Paper. The Modern Law Review, 71(1), 95–113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25151179. Patterson, E. W. (1934). Warranties in Insurance Law. Columbia Law Review, 34(4), 595–631. https://doi.org/10.2307/1115671. Soyer, B. (2016). RISK CONTROL CLAUSES IN INSURANCE LAW: LAW REFORM AND THE FUTURE. The Cambridge Law Journal, 75(1), 109–127. doi:10.1017/S0008197315000963. Vance, W. R. (1911). The History of the Development of the Warranty in Insurance Law. The Yale Law Journal, 20(7), 523–534. https://doi.org/10.2307/785671. （三）論文 Evgenievna, R.D. (2015) “Marine Insurance Warranties. Development in England, in comparison with other countries.” MASTER'S THESIS.1-63.” Leloudas. G. (2016), Contracting out of the Insurance Act 2015 in commercial insurance contracts, in Malcolm Clarke & Baris Soyer (ed.), The Insurance Act 2015: A new regime for commercial and marine insurance law, 94-106 Routledge. Soyer, B. (2000) Warranties in marine insurance: a comprehensive study. University of Southampton, DOCTORAL THESIS. （四）網路資料 GOOD CATCH from The American Club Make Sure to Know What to Do, Before You Release the CO2（2021）, https://www.american-club.com/files/files/API_Good_Catch_CO2.pdf. Corporate Risk & Insurance - The Case for Placement Reform. The Mactavish Protocols (2011), https://www.mactavishgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/corporate-risk-insurance-the-case-for-placement-reform.pdf. Duty of Disclosure, Duty of Good Faith, Alternation of Risk and Warranties: An Analysis of the Replies to the CMI Questionnaire, CMI Yearbook 2000, https://comitemaritime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2000-YEARBOOK-ANNUAIRE-SINGAPORE-I.pdf. The Nordic Marine Insurance Plan of 2013, https://www.nordicplan.org/globalassets/archive/plan-2013/the-nmip-of-2013.pdf. Harry Wright, THE INSURANCE ACT 2015:A practical guide to changes in UK Insurance Law, prepared for members of the Lloyd’s Market Association and the International Underwriting Association, https://www.actuarialpost.co.uk/downloads/cat_1/Insurance%20Act%202015%20Guidance.pdf.zh_TW