Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 臺灣與拉丁美洲及加勒比海邦交國外交關係變動性的影響因素—以尼加拉瓜為例
The Influencing Factors in Diplomatic Switches of Taiwan’s Diplomatic Allies in Latin America and the Caribbean – A Case Study on Nicaragua作者 曾媺茹
Tseng, Mei-Ju貢獻者 張文揚
Chang, Wen-Yang
曾媺茹
Tseng, Mei-Ju關鍵詞 拉丁美洲與加勒比海
臺灣
外交關係
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Taiwan
diplomatic relations日期 2024 上傳時間 5-Aug-2024 15:04:40 (UTC+8) 摘要 為什麼拉丁美洲國家仍願意與臺灣維持邦交關係？維持邦交關係的背後有什麼原因與動機？本論文認為，除了中國的影響力之外，意識形態、經濟因素以及美國的影響力為拉美國家決定是否與臺灣維持邦交關係的重要影響因素，此外，經濟因素位居三者之首、美國影響力位次、意識形態位末。為了比較三者的影響力，筆者選擇了位於中美洲、曾多次在臺灣與中國間擺盪的國家—尼加拉瓜，作為本文的研究個案。在檢視尼加拉瓜多次轉換外交立場的因素後，本文的發現與原始假設有出入。前述的三個因素都影響了臺灣與尼加拉瓜的外交關係，然美國的影響力應位居第一、經濟因素其次、意識形態最末。在個案中，美國對尼加拉瓜的制裁造成兩國關係的倒退，加之蘇聯與中國在不同時期扮演著有如「催化劑」的角色，導致臺尼外交關係的惡化；身為臺灣維繫邦交關係的重要工具，外交援助與貿易等經濟因素有其必要性，卻無法有效地防止臺尼斷交；最後，意識形態對臺尼外交關係並無直接的影響，然尼國對民主與人權的侵犯往往是美國制裁其的主要因素。總地來說，本文的貢獻在於同時考慮三項因素對臺尼外交關係的影響，此外，透過此研究也可確知臺灣一直以來著重的經援外交對鞏固邦交國的影響力有限，本文也建議未來研究應多考量美國對臺灣邦交國的政策將如何影響臺灣的外交關係。
Why are countries, especially those located in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, still willing to maintain diplomatic tie with Taiwan? What might be the reasons or motivations behind those decisions? This thesis argues that, besides China’s endeavor, ideology, economic factors and the influence of the United States are the three important determinants that affect LAC countries’ diplomatic stances. In addition, economic factors are the most influential among the three, followed by US influence and ideology being the least influential. In order to compare the level of influence among different factors within a longer time span, Nicaragua, a Central American country which switched between Taiwan and China for multiple times was being selected as the case study. However, the findings did not entirely align with the originally proposed argument. Instead of economic factors, US influence perceived to be the most influential factor with ideology remain the third. The sanctions that US imposed on Nicaragua worsened their relations, thus leads to the deterioration of Taiwan-Nicaragua ties. The economic supports provide by Taiwan serve more like a requirement, rather than a guarantee that could successfully prevent Nicaragua from severing ties with Taiwan. Lastly, the ideology and level of democracy did not directly influence Taiwan-Nicaragua relation; however, the declining democracy results in US’s sanction. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the field by considering the influence of three factors in one single country. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to examine how US-LAC relations may affect Taiwan’s diplomatic relations.參考文獻 Academia Historica. 2002. Diplomatic Chronicle of ROC History [中華民國史外交志]. Taipei County: Academia Historica. Al Día News. 2021. “Renacer Law Enacted.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://aldianews.com/en/politics/policy/renacer-law-enacted. Al Jazeera. 2006. “Ortega Returns as Nicaragua President.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/11/8/ortega-returns-as-nicaragua-president. Al Jazeera. 2011. “Nicaragua: Deaths in Post-Election Violence.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/11/10/nicaragua-deaths-in-post-election-violence. Al Jazeera. 2021. “Biden Signs Bill Urging More Sanctions on Nicaragua After Vote.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/10/biden-signs-bill-urging-more-sanctions-on-nicaragua-after-vote. American Archive of Public Broadcasting. ““Burning with a Deadly Heat”: News Hour Coverage of the Hot Wars of the Cold War.” Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://americanarchive.org/exhibits/newshour-cold-war/Nicaragua. American Experience. “The Iran-Contra Affair.” Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reagan-iran/. Arcia, Valeria Holguib. 2021. “Taiwan and Nicaragua’s Suitable Alliance.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 173-196. Lexington Books. Arnson, Cynthia and David Holiday. 1991. “Fitful peace: human rights and reconciliation in Nicaragua under the Chamorro government.” New York: Americas Watch. Atkinson, Joel. 2014. “Aid in Taiwan’s Foreign Policy: putting Ma Ying-jeou’s aid reforms in historical perspective.” The Pacific Review 27(3): 409-431. Barbieri, Katherine and Omar M. G. Keshk and Brian Pollins. 2016. “Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set Codebook, Version 4.0.” Retrieved April 24, 2024 from https://correlatesofwar.org. Barlow, Barry H. 1993. “The Nicaraguan-Contra Negotiations of 1988: a Test of the Reagan Doctrine.” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 13(35): 67-85. BBC. 2014 “Nicaragua: Ortega allowed to run for third successive term.” Retrieved May 15, 2024 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25937292. BBC. 2022 “Daniel Ortega: From revolutionary leader to opposition hate figure.” Retrieved May 15, 2024 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15544315. Berger, Mark T. 1997. “The Reconquest of Central America: Latin American Studies and the Transition to Democracy, 1979-1990.” Latin American Perspectives 92(24): 7-72. Bilaterals.org. 2006. "Taiwan, Nicaragua Sign Free Trade Agreement." Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.bilaterals.org/?taiwan-nicaragua-sign-free-trade&lang=en. Blitz, Mark. 1990. “Letter from America: President Bush’s Foreign Policy”. Government and Opposition 25(2): 219-230. Bosworth, James. 2011. “Nicaragua's Disputed Election Result.” Americas Quarterly. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://americasquarterly.org/article/nicaraguas-disputed-election-result/. Brinkley, Joel. 2005. “US Envoy Goes to Nicaragua to Back Embattled Leader.” The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/05/world/americas/us-envoy-goes-to-nicaragua-to-back-embattled-leader.html. Britannica. 2024. “Sandinista.” Retrieved April 22, 2024 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sandinista. Britannica. 2024. “Violeta Barrios de Chamorro” Retrieved April 4, 2024 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Violeta-Barrios-de-Chamorro. Brown University. “Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs.” Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/iran-contra-affairs.php. Burbach, Roger. 2009. “Et Tu, Daniel? The Sandinista Revolution Betrayed.” NACLA Report on the Americas 42(2): 33-37. Campbell, Duncan. 2005. “NSA pays US companies for access to their lines.” The Guardian. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/06/usa.duncancampbell. Chan, Gerald. 1997. “Taiwan as an Emerging Aid Donor: Developments, Problems and Prospects.” Pacific Affairs 70(1): 37-56. Chang, Chiung-fang. 2000. “President Chen Travels Abroad.” Taiwan Panorama. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.taiwan-panorama.com.tw/en/Articles/Details?Guid=79c0f6d0-bba8-40fd-8d24-9d05b2f2079c&langId=3&CatId=7&postname=President%20Chen%20Travels%20Abroad. Chen, Ian Tsung-Yen. 2018. “Taiwanese Allies Are for Rent, Not for Sale: The Political Economy of Breaking a Diplomatic Relationship” [只租不賣的台灣友邦：斷交政治經濟學]. 問題與研究 57(3): 139-151. Chen, Ian Tsung-Yen. 2022. “The Crisis of COVID-19 and the Political Economy of China’s Vaccine Diplomacy.” Foreign Policy Analysis 18(3): orac014 Chen, Jinji and Ling-Yu Chen. 2024. “The promise of growth: A “Difference-in-Differences” analysis of the economic impact of switching diplomatic relations between Taiwan and China” In Switching Diplomatic Recognition between Taiwan and China: Economic and Social Impact, edited by Chien-Huei Wu, 70-94. Routledge. Cheng, Tuan Y. 1998. “The ROC’s Pragmatic Diplomacy: Practices and Alternatives” [務實外交的發展與抉擇]. 問題與研究 37(4): 1-20. Chicago Tribune. 1987. “Initial Contra Hearings Put Reagan on Defensive.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/05/17/initial-contra-hearings-put-reagan-on-defensive/. Close, David. 1984. “The Nicaraguan Elections of 1984”. Electoral Studies 4(2): 152-158. Close, David. 2007. “From Guerrillas to Government to Opposition and Back to Government: The Sandinistas since 1979.” In From Revolutionary Movements to Political Parties: Cases from Latin America and Africa edited by Kalowatie Deonandan, David Close and Gary Prevost, 17-42. New York: Palgrave MacMillian. Close, David and Salvador Martí i Puig. 2012. “The Sandinistas and Nicaragua Since 1979. In The Sandinistas and Nicaragua since 1979, edited by David Close, Salvador Martí i Puig and Shelley A. McConnell, 1-20. Lynne Rienner. Confidencial. 2022. “Daniel Ortega's War on Journalism: 54 Media Outlets Shut Down.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://confidencial.digital/english/daniel-ortegas-war-on-journalism-54-media-outlets-shut-down/. Contini, Kerry B. and Eunkyung Kim Shin. 2021. “Biden Administration Signs Law to Increase Sanctions Against Nicaragua.” Baker McKenzie Sanctions News. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://sanctionsnews.bakermckenzie.com/biden-administration-signs-law-to-increase-sanctions-against-nicaragua/. Cui, Shoujun. 2018. “The Chinese-backed Nicaragua Canal: Domestic Rationale, Multiple Risks, and Geopolitical Implications.” In Building Development for a New Era: China’s Infrastructure Projects in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by Enrique Dussel Peters, Ariel C. Armony and Shoujun Cui, 157-163. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. Dosch, Jörn and David S. G. Goodman. 2012. “China and Latin America: Complementarity, Competition, and Globalisation.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 41(1): 3-19. Draper, Theodore. 1991. “A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs.” Hill and Wang. Duiker, William. 1994. U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Easterly, William. 2003. “Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(3): 23-48. Edelman, Marc. 1988. “Soviet-Nicaraguan Relations and the Contra War.” International Journal on World Peace 5(3): 45-67. Edmondson, Catie. 2018. “U.S. Imposes Sanctions on 3 Nicaraguans Over Violent Protests.” The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/us/politics/us-nicaragua-sanctions.html. Ellis, R. Evan. 2021. “The PRC Advance in Central America in the Context of COVID-19.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 255-283. Lexington Books. Erikson, Daniel P. and Janice Chen. “China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America.” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 31(2): 69-89. Everington, Keoni. 2021. “Pro-China Candidate Wins Honduran Election, Relations with Taiwan in Doubt.” Taiwan News November 29. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4359445 Feng, Yi and Qingjie Bob Zeng. 2022. “Economic Relations and the Public Image of China in Latin America: A Cross-Country Time-Series Analysis.” Economic and Political Studies 10(2): 181-207. Freedom House. n.d. “Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, 1973-2024.” Retrieved April 23, 2024 from https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives. Gao, Lang. 1993. 中華民國外交關係之演變, 1950-1972. [The Evolution of ROC Diplomatic Relations, 1950-1972]. Taipei City: Wu-Nan Book Inc. Geldenhuys, Deon. 2009. “Taiwan.” In Contested States in World Politics, 208-233. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Gerring, John. 2006. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gooren, Henri. 2010. “Ortega for President: The Religious Rebirth of Sandinismo in Nicaragua.” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 89: 47-63. Grimmett, Richard F. 2001. “Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs Since 1970 Involving U.S Military Forces and Overseas Deployments.” CRS Report for Congress Retrieved April 28, 2024 from https://web.archive.org/web/20150216121120/http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RS20775.pdf. Hardt, D. Brent. 1986. “The Reagan Administration’s Battle for Contra Aid.” The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 10(2): 259-295. Harold, Scott W., Lyle J. Morris and Logan Ma. 2019. “Countering China’s Efforts to Isolate Taiwan Diplomatically in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Rand National Security Research Division. Himmer, Michal and Zdenek Rod. 2020. “The Motivation of Diplomatic Switch of Selected States Newly Recognizing China within the China-Taiwan Rivalry.” Czech Journal of International Relations 55(3): 55-68. Hoekstra, Quint. 2021. “Helping the Contras: The Effectiveness of U.S. Support for Foreign Rebels During the Nicaraguan Contra War (1979-1990).” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 44(6): 21-541. Hoo, Boon Tiang and Charles Ardy. 2017. “China and Lilliputians: Small States in a Big Power’s Evolving Foreign Policy.” Asian Security 13(2): 116-131. Hsiang, Antonio C. 2021. “Theorizing Taiwan’s Relations with Latin America.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 21-45. Lexington Books. Hu, Caitlin, Natalie Gallón, and Mia Alberti. 2021. “Nicaragua's Presidential Election Marred by Allegations of Irregularities and Fraud.” CNN. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/07/americas/nicaragua-election-nov-7-intl-latam/index.html. Hu, Caitlin, Natalie Gallón, and Mia Alberti. 2021. “Ortega wins again in Nicaraguan elections panned as ‘parody’ by international observers.” CNN. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/07/americas/nicaragua-election-nov-7-intl-latam/index.html. Hu, Weixing. 2013. ““Diplomatic truce” in cross-Strait relations: limits and prospects” In New Dynamics in Cross-Taiwan Strait Relations, edited by Weixing Hu. Routledge. Human Rights Watch. 2018. "Nicaragua: Protests Leave Deadly Toll." Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/27/nicaragua-protests-leave-deadly-toll. International Trade Administration. 2024. Trade Statistics. Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://cuswebo.trade.gov.tw/FSC3000C?table=FSC3010F. Jarquín, Mateo. 2021. “The Nicaraguan Question: Contadora and the Latin American Response to US Intervention Against the Sandinistas, 1982-86.” The Americas 78(4): 581-608. Jennings, Ralph. 2019. “Taiwan loans Nicaragua $100 million in ongoing bonding between isolation nations.” Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-taiwan-nicaragua-20190223-story.html. Jonas, Susanne and Nancy Stein. 1990. “The Construction of Democracy in Nicaragua.” Latin American Perspectives 17(3): 10-37. Jordan, Mary. 2001. “Nicaraguans Head for the Polls.” The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/11/04/nicaraguans-head-for-the-polls/2a2ba98c-a6e1-4087-8e0b-1dfeb0e07dcd/. Jordan, Mary. 2003. “Former President of Nicaragua Is Found Guilty.” The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/12/08/former-president-of-nicaragua-is-found-guilty/011f7710-8909-4877-9ca7-b0612096f30c/. Kagan, Robert. 1996. “Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990.” Free Press. Kao, Lang. 1994. “The Evolution of ROC Foreign Relations, 1972-1992” [從邦交變化看兩岸外交競賽（一九七二～一九九二）]. Taiwanese Journal of Political Science 5: 183-210. Kastner, Scott et al. 2022. “Taiwan and the “One-China Principle” in the Age of COVID-19: Assessing the Determinants and Limits of Chinese Influence.” The China Quarterly 252: 1045-1065. Kinne, Brandon J. 2014. “Dependent Diplomacy: Signaling, Strategy, and Prestige in the Diplomatic Network.” International Studies Quarterly 58: 247-259. Kinzer, Stephen. 1984. Soviet Help to Sandinistas: No Blank Check. The New York Times. March 28. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/28/world/soviet-help-to-sandinistas-no-blank-check.html Kinzer, Stephen. 1985. Nicaragua Plans Ties with Peking. The New York Times. November 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/17/world/nicaragua-plans-ties-with-peking.html Ko, Shu-ling. 2007. Ortega affirms Taiwan-Nicaragua ties. Taipei Times. January 11. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2007/01/11/2003344252. Leiken, Robert S. 1984. “Fantasies and Facts: The Soviet Union and Nicaragua.” Current History 83(495): 314-317, 344-345. Leiken, Robert S. 1989. “The Soviet Union and Nicaragua.” Current History 88(534): 39-40, 57. Larus, Elizabeth F. 2008. “Soft Power versus Dard Cash: Retaining Democratic Allies” In Taiwan and the international community, edited by Steve Tsang, 153-188. Bern: Peter Lang. Lee, Wei-Chin. 1993. “Taiwan’s Foreign Aid Policy.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 20(1): 43-62. Lee, Wei-Chin. 2004. “Field of Dreams: An Overview of the Practice and Study of Taiwan’s Foreign Policy.” Issues & Studies 40(3&4): 137-182. Lemus-Delgado, Daniel and Carlos Cerda Dueñas. 2021. “China or Taiwan? The Tricky Dilemma of Diplomatic Recognition: The Salvadorean Experience.” Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal 7(1): 45-78. Leogrande, William M. 1996. “Making the Economy Scream: US Economic Sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua.” Third World Quarterly 17(2): 329-348. Lin, Hsing-Wei and Wan-Yu Liu. 2023. “How to enhance the food self-sufficiency rate of Taiwan? Applying the theory of planned behavior to decision making for food away from home.” Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 12: 1-8. Lin, Yeh-Chang and Jean Yen-Chun Lin. 2017. “Taiwan’s Foreign Aid in Transition: From ODA to Civil Society Approaches.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 18(4): 469-490. Liu, Xu-dong. 2005. “On the Effects of Ideology on Foreign Policies” [意識形態對外交政策的影響]. Journal of Anhui Normal University 33(6): 683-686. Long, Tom and Francisco Urdinez. 2021. “Status at the Margins: Why Paraguay Recognizes Taiwan and Shuns China.” Foreign Policy Analysis 17(1): 1-22. L.A. Times Archives. 1990. “Stunning Ortega Defeat: Chamorro Elected in Voter Rebuke to Sandinistas: Transfer of Power April 25.” Los Angeles Times, February 26. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-26-mn-1241-story.html. Maggiorelli, Lorenzo. 2019. “Taiwan’s Development Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean and the One China Policy.” Revista Razón Crítica 7: 177-208. Marczak, Jason. 2012. “Nicaraguans Lose $62 Million in Assistance as Ortega Stands Firm in Defending Flawed Elections.” Americas Quarterly. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/nicaraguans-lose-62-million-in-assistance-as-ortega-stands-firm-in-defending-flawed-elections/. Martí i Puig, Salvador. 2020 “The Adaption of the FSLN: Daniel Ortega’s Leadership and Democracy in Nicaragua.” Latin American Politics and Society 52(4): 79-106. Martí i Puig, Salvador, and Macià Serra. 2020. “Nicaragua: De-Democratization and Regime Crisis.” Latin American Politics and Society 62(2): 117-36. McCoy, Jennifer L. 1991. “Nicaragua in Transition.” Current History 90(554): 117-120, 131-132. McVeigh, Karen. 2020. “Over 100,000 Have Fled Nicaragua Since Brutal 2018 Crackdown, Says UN.” The Guardian. Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/11/over-100000-have-fled-nicaragua-since-brutal-2018-crackdown-says-un. Mendoza, Yubelka and Natalie Kitroeff. 2021. “Nicaragua Descends Into Autocratic Rule as Ortega Crushed Dissent.” The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2024 from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/07/world/americas/nicaragua-election-ortega.html. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2008. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from file:///Users/meiju/Downloads/97%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%20(1)/97%E6%AD%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%A1%A8(HTM).HTM Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2009. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from file:///Users/meiju/Downloads/98%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%20(2)/%E6%AD%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E5%88%A5%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%A1%A8(HTM).HTM Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2009. “Partnership for Progress and Sustainable Development White Paper on Foreign Aid Policy.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2010. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjYvOTnlubTluqblpJbkuqTpg6jllq7kvY3poJDnrpcuUERG&n=OTnlubTluqblpJbkuqTpg6jllq7kvY3poJDnrpcuUERG&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2011. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjcvMTAw5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAw5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2012. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjgvMTAx5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAx5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2013. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjkvMTAy5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAy5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2014. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MzAvMTAz5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAz5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2015. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTQ3MTM4LzhkMGE3ODkwLWExM2EtNDVlYi1hMGU4LTkyMjkzOGVlMmM4Ni5wZGY%3d&n=MTA05bm05bqm5rOV5a6a6aCQ566XKHBkZuaqlCkucGRm Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2016. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTU1NzQxLzEwNeW5tOW6puWkluS6pOmDqOWWruS9jemgkOeuly5wZGY%3d&n=MTA15bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2017. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTYwNTExLzEwNuWkluS6pOmDqOWWruS9jemgkOeuly5wZGY%3d&n=MTA25aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2018. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTY1MDk1LzJiNDFkOGQyLWRiNGItNDdjYS04Njk5LTRmNGMzNmUxNjNjMy5wZGY%3d&n=MTA35rOV5a6a6aCQ566XLeWWruS9jemgkOeuly5wZGY%3d Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2018. “The ROC Government has Terminated Diplomatic Relations with the Dominican Republic with Immediate Effect to Uphold National Dignity.” Retrieved May 29, 2023, from https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1328&s=33982 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2019. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTY5MzA3L2U0MTllZDcwLWYzOTItNDFjNC1hMGE5LWQ0MTgzMjljMDA3Ni5wZGY%3d&n=MTA45Zau5L2N6aCQ566XKOazleWumueJiCkucGRm Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2020. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTcxMTU3L2U0ZmQ3YjljLTYzZDQtNDFjYy05MGI5LTM4Y2JmOWRkODg0ZS5wZGY%3d&n=MTA55Zau5L2N6aCQ566XKOazleWumueJiCkucGRm Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2022. “Foreign Policy Guidelines.” Retrieved May 29, 2023, from https://en.mofa.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=1302 Ministry of Justice. 1980. “Business Agreement between the Government of Republic of China and the Government of Nicaragua” [中華民國政府與尼加拉瓜共和國國家重建政府商務協定]. Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Y0070029 Ministry of Justice. Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://law.moj.gov.tw/Law/LawSearchResult.aspx?cur=Cn&ty=ONEBAR&set=LNNDATE%7cASC&psize=20&kw=%e5%b0%bc%e5%8a%a0%e6%8b%89%e7%93%9c. Mohammed, Arshad. 2018. “U.S. Suspends Security Aid to Nicaragua Over Human Rights Concerns.” Reuters. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1NW2A7/. Moreno, Dario. 1888. “Peace and the Nicaraguan Revolution.” Current History 87(533): 405-408, 431-432. Moyo, Dambisa. 2009. “Why Foreign Aid is Hurting Africa?” The Wall Street Journal 21(1-2): 1-5. National Development Council. 1984. Taiwan Statistical Data book. Taipei County: National Development Council, R.O.C. National Development Council. 1990. Taiwan Statistical Data book. Taipei County: National Development Council, R.O.C. Navarrete, Julian. 2018. “Taiwán: ¿aliado o rehén del regimen de Daniel Ortega?” La Prensa. Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.laprensani.com/2018/12/16/suplemento/la-prensa-domingo/2505763-taiwan-aliado-o-rehen-de-nicaragua. Newnham, Randall E. 2000. “Embassies for Sales: The Purchase of Diplomatic Recognition by West Germany, Taiwan and South Korea.” International Politics 37: 259-284. Nicaraguan Central Bank. 2022. “Informe de Cooperación Oficial Externa.” Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.bcn.gob.ni/publicaciones/cooperacion_oficial?field_fecha_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=2022 Office of the Historian. “Central America, 1981-1983.” Retrieved May 18, 2023 from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1981-1988/central-america. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 1997. “President Lee and Nicaraguan President Aleman Sign Joint Communique.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1075. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 2001. “Nicaraguan President and Mrs. Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo Host a Dinner in Honor of President and Mrs. Chen.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/786. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 2003. “President Chen Meets with Nicaraguan President Enrique Bolanos.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/102. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 2005. “President Chen Meets with Nicaraguan Vice-President José Rizo Castellón.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.president.gov.tw/NEWS/9707. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2017. “Official development assistance – definition and coverage”. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm Pach, Chester. “The Iran-Contra Affair.” Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-iran-contra-affair. Pach, Chester. 2006. “The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, Pragmatism, and Policy.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36(1): 75-88. Pear, Robert. Turnover in Nicaragua; Washington set to End Embargo And Aid Chamorro Government. The New York Times. February 27. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/27/world/turnover-in-nicaragua-washington-set-to-end-embargo-and-aid-chamorro-government.html People’s Republic of China. 2000. “PRC White Paper, “The One China Principle and the Taiwan issue”. Perla, Jr, Héctor. 2017. “History of U.S.–Nicaragua Relations.” In Sandinista Nicaragua’s Resistance to US Coercion: Revolutionary Deterrence in Asymmetric Conflict, Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. chapter, 18-39. Persaud, Randolph B. 2008. “China and Taiwan in the Caribbean and Central America: The Strategic Competition over Sovereignty.” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 12(2): 119-146. Ponniah, Kevin. 2017. “Taiwan: How China is Poaching the Islands’ Diplomatic Allies” BBC News, June 14. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40263581. Popma, Marissa and Carel Roessingh. 2010. “The Overseas Taiwanese in Belze: An Exploration of a South-South Development Project in a Belizean Context.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 4(2): 120-141. Portada III, Robert A., Steve B. Lem and Uttam Paudel. 2020. “The Final Frontier: China, Taiwan, and the United States in Strategic Competition for Central America.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 25: 551-573. Prevost, Gary and Harry E. Vanden. 1993. “Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua.” Government and International Affairs Faculty Publications 37. Purcell, Richard. 2021. “Backgrounder: 2021 Nicaraguan Elections.” Geopolitical Monitor. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/backgrounder-2021-nicaraguan-elections/. Ratliff, William. 1987. “Sandinista Ideology and U.S.-Nicaraguan Relations.” Saint Louis University Public Law Review 6(1): 63-76. Reuters. 2018. “Nicaraguan President Ortega's Approval Rating Falls to 36 Percent: Gallup.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1JK12I/. Reuters. 2021. “U.S. Blacklists Four Nicaraguans, Including Ortega's Daughter.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-blacklists-four-nicaraguans-including-ortegas-daughter-2021-06-09/. Rich, Timothy S. 2009. “Status for Sales: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition.” Issues & Studies 45(4): 159-188. Rich, Timothy S., Andi Dahmer. 2018. “Explaining Taiwan’s Diplomatic Success in Central America” [解析臺灣於中美洲的外交成果]. 全球政治評論 63: 121-136. Rich, Timothy S. and Andi Dahmer. 2022. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan, 1950-2016.” International Journal of Taiwan Studies 5 (4): 353-374. Riz, Liliana De. 2015. “caudillismo”. Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved May 11, 2024 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/caudillismo. Rod, Zdenĕk, Michal Himmer. 2021. “The Great Powers in Central America: US Responses to Chinese Activities in the Region.” Latin American Policy 12(2): 236-249. Rogers, Tim. 2011. “Nicaragua Rewind: US Cuts Aid to Its Poor Old Foe.” Pulitzer Center. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/nicaragua-rewind-us-cuts-aid-its-poor-old-foe. Rohter, Larry. 1987. Sandinistas and Contras Resume Peace Talks. The New York Times. December 22. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library. 1985. “State of the Union.” Retrieved March 2, 2024 from https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/reagan-quotes-speeches/state-of-the-union-3/ Seelke, Clare Ribando. 2008. “Nicaragua: Political Situation and U.S. Relations.” CRS Report for Congress. March 17. Shabad, Theodore. 1985. Nicaragua Said to Triple Imports from Soviet. The New York Times. May 12. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/12/world/nicaragua-said-to-triple-imports-from-soviet.html. Shearman, Peter. 1987. “The Soviet Challenge in Central America.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 36(4): 211-222. Sobel, Richard. 1995. “Contra Aid Fundamentals: Exploring the Intricacies and the Issus.” Political Science Quarterly 110(2): 287-306. Sony, Maria. 2023. “China's Engagements with Central America and Its Implications for Taiwan.” ORCASIA. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://orcasia.org/article/458/chinas-engagements-with-central-america-and-its-implications-for-taiwan. Stargardter, Gabriel. 2014. “Nicaragua announces start of China-backed canal to rival Panama.” Reuters. Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0K01T8/. Su, Yen-Pin. 2024. “The impact of diplomatic ties on economic development: Taiwan and China in Latin America and the Caribbean” In Switching Diplomatic Recognition between Taiwan and China: Economic and Social Impact, edited by Chien-Huei Wu, 95-113. Routledge. Sun, Hongbo. 2017. “China’s Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean Region.” In China’s Foreign aid, edited by Hong Zhou and Hou Xiong, 281-324. Social Science Academic Press and Springer Science+Business Media. Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative (TAIPEI) Act of 2019, S. 1678, 116th Cong. (2019). Telias, Diego and Francisco Urdinez. 2022. “China’s Foreign Aid Political Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of Mask Diplomacy in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 51(1): 108-136. Teng, Chung-Chian. 2021. “Republic of China on Taiwan’s Relations with Latin America: The Role of Development Assistance.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 69-89. Lexington Books. Teng, Chung-Chian. 2022. “Taiwan and its Latin American Allies: An Uphill Diplomatic Campaign.” In External Powers in Latin America: Geopolitics between neo-extractivism and South-South Cooperation, edited by Gian Luca Gardini, 186-202. Routledge. Thaler, Kai M. 2017. “Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo.” Journal of Democracy 28(2): 157-169. Thaler Kai M. and Eric Mosinger. 2022. “Nicaragua: Doubling Down on Dictatorship.” Journal of Democracy 33(2): 133-146. The Dialogue. 2016. “The Economy vs. Democracy in Ortega's Nicaragua.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.thedialogue.org/blogs/2016/06/the-economy-vs-democracy-in-ortegas-nicaragua/. The Guardian. 2006. “Nicaragua Elects Ortega as President.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/nov/08/1. Tubilewicz, Czeslaw. 2016. “State Transformation and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Aid in Taiwan.” The Pacific Review 29(1): 45-66. Tubilewicz, Czeslaw and Alain Guilloux. 2011. “Does Size Matter? Foreign Aid in Taiwan’s Diplomatic Strategy, 2000-8.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 65(3): 322-339. United Nations. 1999. “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistics Use.” Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ United Nations. 2018. “Secretary-General Condemns Loss of Life, Calls for Restraint, Dialogue in Nicaragua.” Accessed May 22, 2024. https://press.un.org/en/2018/sgsm19005.doc.htm. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 2018. “Human Rights Violations and Abuses in the Context of Protests in Nicaragua.” Retrieved April 14, 2024 from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/NI/HumanRightsViolationsNicaraguaApr_Aug2018_EN.pdf. UN Trade & Development. Free Trade Agreement between Taiwan (Province of China) and Nicaragua. Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/treaties-with-investment-provisions/3379/nicaragua---taiwan-province-of-china-fta-2006-. U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua. 2019. “The United States Takes Action Against the Ortega Regime in Nicaragua.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://ni.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-takes-action-against-the-ortega-regime-in-nicaragua/. U.S. Department of State. 2001. “Central America, 1981-1993.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/176992.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2011. “Response to Elections in Nicaragua” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/176992.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2012. “Response to Municipal Elections in Nicaragua” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/11/200169.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2016. “Concerns Regarding Nicaraguan Democracy and Elections” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/08/260724.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2021. “Announcing Sanctions on the Ortega Regime in Response to Arbitrary Detentions and Other Undemocratic Moves.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.state.gov/announcing-sanctions-on-the-ortega-regime-in-response-to-arbitrary-detentions-and-other-undemocratic-moves/. U.S. Department of State and Department of Defense. 1985. “The Soviet-Cuban Connection in Central America and the Caribbean.” Retrieved May 12, 2024 from https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88B00745R000100140026-6.pdf. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2020. “Treasury Targets Corrupt Ortega Regime Officials.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm930. Voice of America News. 2019. “Loan of $100 Million from Taiwan Gives Lifeline to Nicaragua's Ortega.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.voanews.com/a/loan-of-100-million-from-taiwan-gives-lifeline-to-nicaragua-s-ortega/4795597.html. Voice of America News. 2019. “US Sanctions 3 Nicaraguan Officials.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.voanews.com/a/americas_us-sanctions-3-nicaraguan-officials/6178990.html. Waisová, Šárka. 2020. “China’s Strategy vis-à-vis Taiwan’s Diplomatic Friends: Is Beijing Using Dollar Diplomacy?” Journal of Comparative Politics 13(1): 76-101. Wang, HongYing and Yeh-Chung Lu. 2008. “The Conception of Soft Power and its Policy Implications: A Comparative Study of China and Taiwan.” Journal of Contemporary China 17(56): 425-447. Wang, Yun-Tung. 2016. Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches and Applications [社會研究方法：量化與質性取向及其應用]. 3rd edition. New Taipei City: Yang-Chih Book Co., Ltd. Weinraub, Bernard. 1989. “Bush and Congress Sign Policy Accord on Aid to Contras. The New York Times. March 25. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/world/bush-and-congress-sign-policy-accord-on-aid-to-contras.html World Bank. n.d. “Nicaragua Export Partner Share by country in percentage 1993-2021” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/NIC/StartYear/1993/EndYear/2021/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/BY-COUNTRY/Indicator/XPRT-PRTNR-SHR#. World Bank. n.d. “Nicaragua GDP per capita, in current US$ 2014-2018” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://wits.worldbank.org/countryprofile/en/country/NIC/startyear/2014/endyear/2018/indicator/NY-GDP-PCAP-CD. World Bank. n.d. “Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Nicaragua.” Retrieved May 3, 2024 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=NI. Wu, Yi-Chen and Shiuh-Shen Chien. 2022. “Taiwan’s Foreign Aid Policy in Transition Since the late 2000s: Beyond Aid for Diplomacy to Aid for Development” [2000年代末以來臺灣援外轉型：從「建交」導向延伸「發展」導向]. Issue and Studies 61(3): 51-93. Xiang, Chen and Qiang Xin. 2023. “Small States as Helpless Pawns? Panama’s Diplomatic Strategy over the Taiwan Strait.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 1-19. Yu, Jess Macy and Ben Blanchard. 2012. “Taiwan Says China Dangles $3 Billion to Grab Ally Dominican Republic.” REUTERS Retrieved May 1, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-dominicanrepublic-taiwan/taiwan-condemns-chinas-deal-to-establish-ties-with-dominican-republic-idUSKBN1I22LN?utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_content=5ae80bc704d301455203f7b9&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系
110253015資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110253015 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 張文揚 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Wen-Yang en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 曾媺茹 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tseng, Mei-Ju en_US dc.creator (作者) 曾媺茹 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Tseng, Mei-Ju en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 5-Aug-2024 15:04:40 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 5-Aug-2024 15:04:40 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 5-Aug-2024 15:04:40 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110253015 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152955 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 外交學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110253015 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 為什麼拉丁美洲國家仍願意與臺灣維持邦交關係？維持邦交關係的背後有什麼原因與動機？本論文認為，除了中國的影響力之外，意識形態、經濟因素以及美國的影響力為拉美國家決定是否與臺灣維持邦交關係的重要影響因素，此外，經濟因素位居三者之首、美國影響力位次、意識形態位末。為了比較三者的影響力，筆者選擇了位於中美洲、曾多次在臺灣與中國間擺盪的國家—尼加拉瓜，作為本文的研究個案。在檢視尼加拉瓜多次轉換外交立場的因素後，本文的發現與原始假設有出入。前述的三個因素都影響了臺灣與尼加拉瓜的外交關係，然美國的影響力應位居第一、經濟因素其次、意識形態最末。在個案中，美國對尼加拉瓜的制裁造成兩國關係的倒退，加之蘇聯與中國在不同時期扮演著有如「催化劑」的角色，導致臺尼外交關係的惡化；身為臺灣維繫邦交關係的重要工具，外交援助與貿易等經濟因素有其必要性，卻無法有效地防止臺尼斷交；最後，意識形態對臺尼外交關係並無直接的影響，然尼國對民主與人權的侵犯往往是美國制裁其的主要因素。總地來說，本文的貢獻在於同時考慮三項因素對臺尼外交關係的影響，此外，透過此研究也可確知臺灣一直以來著重的經援外交對鞏固邦交國的影響力有限，本文也建議未來研究應多考量美國對臺灣邦交國的政策將如何影響臺灣的外交關係。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Why are countries, especially those located in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, still willing to maintain diplomatic tie with Taiwan? What might be the reasons or motivations behind those decisions? This thesis argues that, besides China’s endeavor, ideology, economic factors and the influence of the United States are the three important determinants that affect LAC countries’ diplomatic stances. In addition, economic factors are the most influential among the three, followed by US influence and ideology being the least influential. In order to compare the level of influence among different factors within a longer time span, Nicaragua, a Central American country which switched between Taiwan and China for multiple times was being selected as the case study. However, the findings did not entirely align with the originally proposed argument. Instead of economic factors, US influence perceived to be the most influential factor with ideology remain the third. The sanctions that US imposed on Nicaragua worsened their relations, thus leads to the deterioration of Taiwan-Nicaragua ties. The economic supports provide by Taiwan serve more like a requirement, rather than a guarantee that could successfully prevent Nicaragua from severing ties with Taiwan. Lastly, the ideology and level of democracy did not directly influence Taiwan-Nicaragua relation; however, the declining democracy results in US’s sanction. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the field by considering the influence of three factors in one single country. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to examine how US-LAC relations may affect Taiwan’s diplomatic relations. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1: Introduction 10 1.1 Research design 15 1.1.1 Argument 15 1.1.2 Analytical Framework 17 1.2 Research methods 19 1.3 Research Limitation 21 Chapter 2: Literature Review 22 2.1 Ideology 22 2.2 Economic Factors 24 2.3 US Influence 26 2.4 Gap in Current Literature 28 Chapter 3: First and Second Switch 30 3.1 Economic Factors 30 3.2 US Influence 32 3.3 Ideology 40 3.4 Summary 43 Chapter 4: Third Switch 48 4.1 Economic Factors 48 4.2 US Influence 56 4.3 Ideology 62 4.4 Summary 68 Chapter 5: Conclusion 72 Reference 74 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1547381 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110253015 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拉丁美洲與加勒比海 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 臺灣 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 外交關係 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) diplomatic relations en_US dc.title (題名) 臺灣與拉丁美洲及加勒比海邦交國外交關係變動性的影響因素—以尼加拉瓜為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Influencing Factors in Diplomatic Switches of Taiwan’s Diplomatic Allies in Latin America and the Caribbean – A Case Study on Nicaragua en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Academia Historica. 2002. Diplomatic Chronicle of ROC History [中華民國史外交志]. Taipei County: Academia Historica. Al Día News. 2021. “Renacer Law Enacted.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://aldianews.com/en/politics/policy/renacer-law-enacted. Al Jazeera. 2006. “Ortega Returns as Nicaragua President.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/11/8/ortega-returns-as-nicaragua-president. Al Jazeera. 2011. “Nicaragua: Deaths in Post-Election Violence.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/11/10/nicaragua-deaths-in-post-election-violence. Al Jazeera. 2021. “Biden Signs Bill Urging More Sanctions on Nicaragua After Vote.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/10/biden-signs-bill-urging-more-sanctions-on-nicaragua-after-vote. American Archive of Public Broadcasting. ““Burning with a Deadly Heat”: News Hour Coverage of the Hot Wars of the Cold War.” Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://americanarchive.org/exhibits/newshour-cold-war/Nicaragua. American Experience. “The Iran-Contra Affair.” Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reagan-iran/. Arcia, Valeria Holguib. 2021. “Taiwan and Nicaragua’s Suitable Alliance.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 173-196. Lexington Books. Arnson, Cynthia and David Holiday. 1991. “Fitful peace: human rights and reconciliation in Nicaragua under the Chamorro government.” New York: Americas Watch. Atkinson, Joel. 2014. “Aid in Taiwan’s Foreign Policy: putting Ma Ying-jeou’s aid reforms in historical perspective.” The Pacific Review 27(3): 409-431. Barbieri, Katherine and Omar M. G. Keshk and Brian Pollins. 2016. “Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set Codebook, Version 4.0.” Retrieved April 24, 2024 from https://correlatesofwar.org. Barlow, Barry H. 1993. “The Nicaraguan-Contra Negotiations of 1988: a Test of the Reagan Doctrine.” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 13(35): 67-85. BBC. 2014 “Nicaragua: Ortega allowed to run for third successive term.” Retrieved May 15, 2024 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25937292. BBC. 2022 “Daniel Ortega: From revolutionary leader to opposition hate figure.” Retrieved May 15, 2024 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15544315. Berger, Mark T. 1997. “The Reconquest of Central America: Latin American Studies and the Transition to Democracy, 1979-1990.” Latin American Perspectives 92(24): 7-72. Bilaterals.org. 2006. "Taiwan, Nicaragua Sign Free Trade Agreement." Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.bilaterals.org/?taiwan-nicaragua-sign-free-trade&lang=en. Blitz, Mark. 1990. “Letter from America: President Bush’s Foreign Policy”. Government and Opposition 25(2): 219-230. Bosworth, James. 2011. “Nicaragua's Disputed Election Result.” Americas Quarterly. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://americasquarterly.org/article/nicaraguas-disputed-election-result/. Brinkley, Joel. 2005. “US Envoy Goes to Nicaragua to Back Embattled Leader.” The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/05/world/americas/us-envoy-goes-to-nicaragua-to-back-embattled-leader.html. Britannica. 2024. “Sandinista.” Retrieved April 22, 2024 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sandinista. Britannica. 2024. “Violeta Barrios de Chamorro” Retrieved April 4, 2024 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Violeta-Barrios-de-Chamorro. Brown University. “Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs.” Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/iran-contra-affairs.php. Burbach, Roger. 2009. “Et Tu, Daniel? The Sandinista Revolution Betrayed.” NACLA Report on the Americas 42(2): 33-37. Campbell, Duncan. 2005. “NSA pays US companies for access to their lines.” The Guardian. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/06/usa.duncancampbell. Chan, Gerald. 1997. “Taiwan as an Emerging Aid Donor: Developments, Problems and Prospects.” Pacific Affairs 70(1): 37-56. Chang, Chiung-fang. 2000. “President Chen Travels Abroad.” Taiwan Panorama. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.taiwan-panorama.com.tw/en/Articles/Details?Guid=79c0f6d0-bba8-40fd-8d24-9d05b2f2079c&langId=3&CatId=7&postname=President%20Chen%20Travels%20Abroad. Chen, Ian Tsung-Yen. 2018. “Taiwanese Allies Are for Rent, Not for Sale: The Political Economy of Breaking a Diplomatic Relationship” [只租不賣的台灣友邦：斷交政治經濟學]. 問題與研究 57(3): 139-151. Chen, Ian Tsung-Yen. 2022. “The Crisis of COVID-19 and the Political Economy of China’s Vaccine Diplomacy.” Foreign Policy Analysis 18(3): orac014 Chen, Jinji and Ling-Yu Chen. 2024. “The promise of growth: A “Difference-in-Differences” analysis of the economic impact of switching diplomatic relations between Taiwan and China” In Switching Diplomatic Recognition between Taiwan and China: Economic and Social Impact, edited by Chien-Huei Wu, 70-94. Routledge. Cheng, Tuan Y. 1998. “The ROC’s Pragmatic Diplomacy: Practices and Alternatives” [務實外交的發展與抉擇]. 問題與研究 37(4): 1-20. Chicago Tribune. 1987. “Initial Contra Hearings Put Reagan on Defensive.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/05/17/initial-contra-hearings-put-reagan-on-defensive/. Close, David. 1984. “The Nicaraguan Elections of 1984”. Electoral Studies 4(2): 152-158. Close, David. 2007. “From Guerrillas to Government to Opposition and Back to Government: The Sandinistas since 1979.” In From Revolutionary Movements to Political Parties: Cases from Latin America and Africa edited by Kalowatie Deonandan, David Close and Gary Prevost, 17-42. New York: Palgrave MacMillian. Close, David and Salvador Martí i Puig. 2012. “The Sandinistas and Nicaragua Since 1979. In The Sandinistas and Nicaragua since 1979, edited by David Close, Salvador Martí i Puig and Shelley A. McConnell, 1-20. Lynne Rienner. Confidencial. 2022. “Daniel Ortega's War on Journalism: 54 Media Outlets Shut Down.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://confidencial.digital/english/daniel-ortegas-war-on-journalism-54-media-outlets-shut-down/. Contini, Kerry B. and Eunkyung Kim Shin. 2021. “Biden Administration Signs Law to Increase Sanctions Against Nicaragua.” Baker McKenzie Sanctions News. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://sanctionsnews.bakermckenzie.com/biden-administration-signs-law-to-increase-sanctions-against-nicaragua/. Cui, Shoujun. 2018. “The Chinese-backed Nicaragua Canal: Domestic Rationale, Multiple Risks, and Geopolitical Implications.” In Building Development for a New Era: China’s Infrastructure Projects in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by Enrique Dussel Peters, Ariel C. Armony and Shoujun Cui, 157-163. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. Dosch, Jörn and David S. G. Goodman. 2012. “China and Latin America: Complementarity, Competition, and Globalisation.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 41(1): 3-19. Draper, Theodore. 1991. “A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs.” Hill and Wang. Duiker, William. 1994. U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Easterly, William. 2003. “Can Foreign Aid Buy Growth?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(3): 23-48. Edelman, Marc. 1988. “Soviet-Nicaraguan Relations and the Contra War.” International Journal on World Peace 5(3): 45-67. Edmondson, Catie. 2018. “U.S. Imposes Sanctions on 3 Nicaraguans Over Violent Protests.” The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/05/us/politics/us-nicaragua-sanctions.html. Ellis, R. Evan. 2021. “The PRC Advance in Central America in the Context of COVID-19.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 255-283. Lexington Books. Erikson, Daniel P. and Janice Chen. “China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America.” The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 31(2): 69-89. Everington, Keoni. 2021. “Pro-China Candidate Wins Honduran Election, Relations with Taiwan in Doubt.” Taiwan News November 29. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4359445 Feng, Yi and Qingjie Bob Zeng. 2022. “Economic Relations and the Public Image of China in Latin America: A Cross-Country Time-Series Analysis.” Economic and Political Studies 10(2): 181-207. Freedom House. n.d. “Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, 1973-2024.” Retrieved April 23, 2024 from https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives. Gao, Lang. 1993. 中華民國外交關係之演變, 1950-1972. [The Evolution of ROC Diplomatic Relations, 1950-1972]. Taipei City: Wu-Nan Book Inc. Geldenhuys, Deon. 2009. “Taiwan.” In Contested States in World Politics, 208-233. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Gerring, John. 2006. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gooren, Henri. 2010. “Ortega for President: The Religious Rebirth of Sandinismo in Nicaragua.” European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 89: 47-63. Grimmett, Richard F. 2001. “Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs Since 1970 Involving U.S Military Forces and Overseas Deployments.” CRS Report for Congress Retrieved April 28, 2024 from https://web.archive.org/web/20150216121120/http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RS20775.pdf. Hardt, D. Brent. 1986. “The Reagan Administration’s Battle for Contra Aid.” The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 10(2): 259-295. Harold, Scott W., Lyle J. Morris and Logan Ma. 2019. “Countering China’s Efforts to Isolate Taiwan Diplomatically in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Rand National Security Research Division. Himmer, Michal and Zdenek Rod. 2020. “The Motivation of Diplomatic Switch of Selected States Newly Recognizing China within the China-Taiwan Rivalry.” Czech Journal of International Relations 55(3): 55-68. Hoekstra, Quint. 2021. “Helping the Contras: The Effectiveness of U.S. Support for Foreign Rebels During the Nicaraguan Contra War (1979-1990).” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 44(6): 21-541. Hoo, Boon Tiang and Charles Ardy. 2017. “China and Lilliputians: Small States in a Big Power’s Evolving Foreign Policy.” Asian Security 13(2): 116-131. Hsiang, Antonio C. 2021. “Theorizing Taiwan’s Relations with Latin America.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 21-45. Lexington Books. Hu, Caitlin, Natalie Gallón, and Mia Alberti. 2021. “Nicaragua's Presidential Election Marred by Allegations of Irregularities and Fraud.” CNN. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/07/americas/nicaragua-election-nov-7-intl-latam/index.html. Hu, Caitlin, Natalie Gallón, and Mia Alberti. 2021. “Ortega wins again in Nicaraguan elections panned as ‘parody’ by international observers.” CNN. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/07/americas/nicaragua-election-nov-7-intl-latam/index.html. Hu, Weixing. 2013. ““Diplomatic truce” in cross-Strait relations: limits and prospects” In New Dynamics in Cross-Taiwan Strait Relations, edited by Weixing Hu. Routledge. Human Rights Watch. 2018. "Nicaragua: Protests Leave Deadly Toll." Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/27/nicaragua-protests-leave-deadly-toll. International Trade Administration. 2024. Trade Statistics. Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://cuswebo.trade.gov.tw/FSC3000C?table=FSC3010F. Jarquín, Mateo. 2021. “The Nicaraguan Question: Contadora and the Latin American Response to US Intervention Against the Sandinistas, 1982-86.” The Americas 78(4): 581-608. Jennings, Ralph. 2019. “Taiwan loans Nicaragua $100 million in ongoing bonding between isolation nations.” Los Angeles Times Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-taiwan-nicaragua-20190223-story.html. Jonas, Susanne and Nancy Stein. 1990. “The Construction of Democracy in Nicaragua.” Latin American Perspectives 17(3): 10-37. Jordan, Mary. 2001. “Nicaraguans Head for the Polls.” The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/11/04/nicaraguans-head-for-the-polls/2a2ba98c-a6e1-4087-8e0b-1dfeb0e07dcd/. Jordan, Mary. 2003. “Former President of Nicaragua Is Found Guilty.” The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/12/08/former-president-of-nicaragua-is-found-guilty/011f7710-8909-4877-9ca7-b0612096f30c/. Kagan, Robert. 1996. “Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990.” Free Press. Kao, Lang. 1994. “The Evolution of ROC Foreign Relations, 1972-1992” [從邦交變化看兩岸外交競賽（一九七二～一九九二）]. Taiwanese Journal of Political Science 5: 183-210. Kastner, Scott et al. 2022. “Taiwan and the “One-China Principle” in the Age of COVID-19: Assessing the Determinants and Limits of Chinese Influence.” The China Quarterly 252: 1045-1065. Kinne, Brandon J. 2014. “Dependent Diplomacy: Signaling, Strategy, and Prestige in the Diplomatic Network.” International Studies Quarterly 58: 247-259. Kinzer, Stephen. 1984. Soviet Help to Sandinistas: No Blank Check. The New York Times. March 28. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/28/world/soviet-help-to-sandinistas-no-blank-check.html Kinzer, Stephen. 1985. Nicaragua Plans Ties with Peking. The New York Times. November 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/17/world/nicaragua-plans-ties-with-peking.html Ko, Shu-ling. 2007. Ortega affirms Taiwan-Nicaragua ties. Taipei Times. January 11. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2007/01/11/2003344252. Leiken, Robert S. 1984. “Fantasies and Facts: The Soviet Union and Nicaragua.” Current History 83(495): 314-317, 344-345. Leiken, Robert S. 1989. “The Soviet Union and Nicaragua.” Current History 88(534): 39-40, 57. Larus, Elizabeth F. 2008. “Soft Power versus Dard Cash: Retaining Democratic Allies” In Taiwan and the international community, edited by Steve Tsang, 153-188. Bern: Peter Lang. Lee, Wei-Chin. 1993. “Taiwan’s Foreign Aid Policy.” Asian Affairs: An American Review 20(1): 43-62. Lee, Wei-Chin. 2004. “Field of Dreams: An Overview of the Practice and Study of Taiwan’s Foreign Policy.” Issues & Studies 40(3&4): 137-182. Lemus-Delgado, Daniel and Carlos Cerda Dueñas. 2021. “China or Taiwan? The Tricky Dilemma of Diplomatic Recognition: The Salvadorean Experience.” Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations: An International Journal 7(1): 45-78. Leogrande, William M. 1996. “Making the Economy Scream: US Economic Sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua.” Third World Quarterly 17(2): 329-348. Lin, Hsing-Wei and Wan-Yu Liu. 2023. “How to enhance the food self-sufficiency rate of Taiwan? Applying the theory of planned behavior to decision making for food away from home.” Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 12: 1-8. Lin, Yeh-Chang and Jean Yen-Chun Lin. 2017. “Taiwan’s Foreign Aid in Transition: From ODA to Civil Society Approaches.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 18(4): 469-490. Liu, Xu-dong. 2005. “On the Effects of Ideology on Foreign Policies” [意識形態對外交政策的影響]. Journal of Anhui Normal University 33(6): 683-686. Long, Tom and Francisco Urdinez. 2021. “Status at the Margins: Why Paraguay Recognizes Taiwan and Shuns China.” Foreign Policy Analysis 17(1): 1-22. L.A. Times Archives. 1990. “Stunning Ortega Defeat: Chamorro Elected in Voter Rebuke to Sandinistas: Transfer of Power April 25.” Los Angeles Times, February 26. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-26-mn-1241-story.html. Maggiorelli, Lorenzo. 2019. “Taiwan’s Development Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean and the One China Policy.” Revista Razón Crítica 7: 177-208. Marczak, Jason. 2012. “Nicaraguans Lose $62 Million in Assistance as Ortega Stands Firm in Defending Flawed Elections.” Americas Quarterly. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/nicaraguans-lose-62-million-in-assistance-as-ortega-stands-firm-in-defending-flawed-elections/. Martí i Puig, Salvador. 2020 “The Adaption of the FSLN: Daniel Ortega’s Leadership and Democracy in Nicaragua.” Latin American Politics and Society 52(4): 79-106. Martí i Puig, Salvador, and Macià Serra. 2020. “Nicaragua: De-Democratization and Regime Crisis.” Latin American Politics and Society 62(2): 117-36. McCoy, Jennifer L. 1991. “Nicaragua in Transition.” Current History 90(554): 117-120, 131-132. McVeigh, Karen. 2020. “Over 100,000 Have Fled Nicaragua Since Brutal 2018 Crackdown, Says UN.” The Guardian. Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/11/over-100000-have-fled-nicaragua-since-brutal-2018-crackdown-says-un. Mendoza, Yubelka and Natalie Kitroeff. 2021. “Nicaragua Descends Into Autocratic Rule as Ortega Crushed Dissent.” The New York Times. Retrieved May 13, 2024 from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/07/world/americas/nicaragua-election-ortega.html. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2008. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from file:///Users/meiju/Downloads/97%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%20(1)/97%E6%AD%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%A1%A8(HTM).HTM Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2009. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from file:///Users/meiju/Downloads/98%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%20(2)/%E6%AD%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A8%E9%80%94%E5%88%A5%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%A1%A8(HTM).HTM Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2009. “Partnership for Progress and Sustainable Development White Paper on Foreign Aid Policy.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2010. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjYvOTnlubTluqblpJbkuqTpg6jllq7kvY3poJDnrpcuUERG&n=OTnlubTluqblpJbkuqTpg6jllq7kvY3poJDnrpcuUERG&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2011. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjcvMTAw5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAw5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2012. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjgvMTAx5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAx5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2013. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MjkvMTAy5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAy5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2014. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvNjk5MzAvMTAz5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&n=MTAz5bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLlBERg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2015. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTQ3MTM4LzhkMGE3ODkwLWExM2EtNDVlYi1hMGU4LTkyMjkzOGVlMmM4Ni5wZGY%3d&n=MTA05bm05bqm5rOV5a6a6aCQ566XKHBkZuaqlCkucGRm Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2016. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTU1NzQxLzEwNeW5tOW6puWkluS6pOmDqOWWruS9jemgkOeuly5wZGY%3d&n=MTA15bm05bqm5aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2017. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTYwNTExLzEwNuWkluS6pOmDqOWWruS9jemgkOeuly5wZGY%3d&n=MTA25aSW5Lqk6YOo5Zau5L2N6aCQ566XLnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2018. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTY1MDk1LzJiNDFkOGQyLWRiNGItNDdjYS04Njk5LTRmNGMzNmUxNjNjMy5wZGY%3d&n=MTA35rOV5a6a6aCQ566XLeWWruS9jemgkOeuly5wZGY%3d Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2018. “The ROC Government has Terminated Diplomatic Relations with the Dominican Republic with Immediate Effect to Uphold National Dignity.” Retrieved May 29, 2023, from https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1328&s=33982 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2019. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTY5MzA3L2U0MTllZDcwLWYzOTItNDFjNC1hMGE5LWQ0MTgzMjljMDA3Ni5wZGY%3d&n=MTA45Zau5L2N6aCQ566XKOazleWumueJiCkucGRm Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2020. “Ministry of Foreign Affairs Unit Budget” [外交部單位預算]. Retrieved May, 14, 2023, from https://ws.mofa.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9SZWxGaWxlLzIxNjEvMTcxMTU3L2U0ZmQ3YjljLTYzZDQtNDFjYy05MGI5LTM4Y2JmOWRkODg0ZS5wZGY%3d&n=MTA55Zau5L2N6aCQ566XKOazleWumueJiCkucGRm Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2022. “Foreign Policy Guidelines.” Retrieved May 29, 2023, from https://en.mofa.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=1302 Ministry of Justice. 1980. “Business Agreement between the Government of Republic of China and the Government of Nicaragua” [中華民國政府與尼加拉瓜共和國國家重建政府商務協定]. Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Y0070029 Ministry of Justice. Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://law.moj.gov.tw/Law/LawSearchResult.aspx?cur=Cn&ty=ONEBAR&set=LNNDATE%7cASC&psize=20&kw=%e5%b0%bc%e5%8a%a0%e6%8b%89%e7%93%9c. Mohammed, Arshad. 2018. “U.S. Suspends Security Aid to Nicaragua Over Human Rights Concerns.” Reuters. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1NW2A7/. Moreno, Dario. 1888. “Peace and the Nicaraguan Revolution.” Current History 87(533): 405-408, 431-432. Moyo, Dambisa. 2009. “Why Foreign Aid is Hurting Africa?” The Wall Street Journal 21(1-2): 1-5. National Development Council. 1984. Taiwan Statistical Data book. Taipei County: National Development Council, R.O.C. National Development Council. 1990. Taiwan Statistical Data book. Taipei County: National Development Council, R.O.C. Navarrete, Julian. 2018. “Taiwán: ¿aliado o rehén del regimen de Daniel Ortega?” La Prensa. Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.laprensani.com/2018/12/16/suplemento/la-prensa-domingo/2505763-taiwan-aliado-o-rehen-de-nicaragua. Newnham, Randall E. 2000. “Embassies for Sales: The Purchase of Diplomatic Recognition by West Germany, Taiwan and South Korea.” International Politics 37: 259-284. Nicaraguan Central Bank. 2022. “Informe de Cooperación Oficial Externa.” Accessed May 22, 2024. https://www.bcn.gob.ni/publicaciones/cooperacion_oficial?field_fecha_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=2022 Office of the Historian. “Central America, 1981-1983.” Retrieved May 18, 2023 from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1981-1988/central-america. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 1997. “President Lee and Nicaraguan President Aleman Sign Joint Communique.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1075. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 2001. “Nicaraguan President and Mrs. Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo Host a Dinner in Honor of President and Mrs. Chen.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/786. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 2003. “President Chen Meets with Nicaraguan President Enrique Bolanos.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/102. Office of the President of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 2005. “President Chen Meets with Nicaraguan Vice-President José Rizo Castellón.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.president.gov.tw/NEWS/9707. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2017. “Official development assistance – definition and coverage”. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm Pach, Chester. “The Iran-Contra Affair.” Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-iran-contra-affair. Pach, Chester. 2006. “The Reagan Doctrine: Principle, Pragmatism, and Policy.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36(1): 75-88. Pear, Robert. Turnover in Nicaragua; Washington set to End Embargo And Aid Chamorro Government. The New York Times. February 27. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/27/world/turnover-in-nicaragua-washington-set-to-end-embargo-and-aid-chamorro-government.html People’s Republic of China. 2000. “PRC White Paper, “The One China Principle and the Taiwan issue”. Perla, Jr, Héctor. 2017. “History of U.S.–Nicaragua Relations.” In Sandinista Nicaragua’s Resistance to US Coercion: Revolutionary Deterrence in Asymmetric Conflict, Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. chapter, 18-39. Persaud, Randolph B. 2008. “China and Taiwan in the Caribbean and Central America: The Strategic Competition over Sovereignty.” Tamkang Journal of International Affairs 12(2): 119-146. Ponniah, Kevin. 2017. “Taiwan: How China is Poaching the Islands’ Diplomatic Allies” BBC News, June 14. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40263581. Popma, Marissa and Carel Roessingh. 2010. “The Overseas Taiwanese in Belze: An Exploration of a South-South Development Project in a Belizean Context.” Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 4(2): 120-141. Portada III, Robert A., Steve B. Lem and Uttam Paudel. 2020. “The Final Frontier: China, Taiwan, and the United States in Strategic Competition for Central America.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 25: 551-573. Prevost, Gary and Harry E. Vanden. 1993. “Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua.” Government and International Affairs Faculty Publications 37. Purcell, Richard. 2021. “Backgrounder: 2021 Nicaraguan Elections.” Geopolitical Monitor. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/backgrounder-2021-nicaraguan-elections/. Ratliff, William. 1987. “Sandinista Ideology and U.S.-Nicaraguan Relations.” Saint Louis University Public Law Review 6(1): 63-76. Reuters. 2018. “Nicaraguan President Ortega's Approval Rating Falls to 36 Percent: Gallup.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1JK12I/. Reuters. 2021. “U.S. Blacklists Four Nicaraguans, Including Ortega's Daughter.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-blacklists-four-nicaraguans-including-ortegas-daughter-2021-06-09/. Rich, Timothy S. 2009. “Status for Sales: Taiwan and the Competition for Diplomatic Recognition.” Issues & Studies 45(4): 159-188. Rich, Timothy S., Andi Dahmer. 2018. “Explaining Taiwan’s Diplomatic Success in Central America” [解析臺灣於中美洲的外交成果]. 全球政治評論 63: 121-136. Rich, Timothy S. and Andi Dahmer. 2022. “Should I Stay or Should I Go? Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan, 1950-2016.” International Journal of Taiwan Studies 5 (4): 353-374. Riz, Liliana De. 2015. “caudillismo”. Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved May 11, 2024 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/caudillismo. Rod, Zdenĕk, Michal Himmer. 2021. “The Great Powers in Central America: US Responses to Chinese Activities in the Region.” Latin American Policy 12(2): 236-249. Rogers, Tim. 2011. “Nicaragua Rewind: US Cuts Aid to Its Poor Old Foe.” Pulitzer Center. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/nicaragua-rewind-us-cuts-aid-its-poor-old-foe. Rohter, Larry. 1987. Sandinistas and Contras Resume Peace Talks. The New York Times. December 22. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library. 1985. “State of the Union.” Retrieved March 2, 2024 from https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/reagan-quotes-speeches/state-of-the-union-3/ Seelke, Clare Ribando. 2008. “Nicaragua: Political Situation and U.S. Relations.” CRS Report for Congress. March 17. Shabad, Theodore. 1985. Nicaragua Said to Triple Imports from Soviet. The New York Times. May 12. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/12/world/nicaragua-said-to-triple-imports-from-soviet.html. Shearman, Peter. 1987. “The Soviet Challenge in Central America.” Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 36(4): 211-222. Sobel, Richard. 1995. “Contra Aid Fundamentals: Exploring the Intricacies and the Issus.” Political Science Quarterly 110(2): 287-306. Sony, Maria. 2023. “China's Engagements with Central America and Its Implications for Taiwan.” ORCASIA. Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://orcasia.org/article/458/chinas-engagements-with-central-america-and-its-implications-for-taiwan. Stargardter, Gabriel. 2014. “Nicaragua announces start of China-backed canal to rival Panama.” Reuters. Retrieved May 18, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0K01T8/. Su, Yen-Pin. 2024. “The impact of diplomatic ties on economic development: Taiwan and China in Latin America and the Caribbean” In Switching Diplomatic Recognition between Taiwan and China: Economic and Social Impact, edited by Chien-Huei Wu, 95-113. Routledge. Sun, Hongbo. 2017. “China’s Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean Region.” In China’s Foreign aid, edited by Hong Zhou and Hou Xiong, 281-324. Social Science Academic Press and Springer Science+Business Media. Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative (TAIPEI) Act of 2019, S. 1678, 116th Cong. (2019). Telias, Diego and Francisco Urdinez. 2022. “China’s Foreign Aid Political Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of Mask Diplomacy in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 51(1): 108-136. Teng, Chung-Chian. 2021. “Republic of China on Taiwan’s Relations with Latin America: The Role of Development Assistance.” In Taiwan’s relations with Latin America: a strategic rivalry between the United States, China, and Taiwan, edited by He Li and Antonio C. Hsiang, 69-89. Lexington Books. Teng, Chung-Chian. 2022. “Taiwan and its Latin American Allies: An Uphill Diplomatic Campaign.” In External Powers in Latin America: Geopolitics between neo-extractivism and South-South Cooperation, edited by Gian Luca Gardini, 186-202. Routledge. Thaler, Kai M. 2017. “Nicaragua: A Return to Caudillismo.” Journal of Democracy 28(2): 157-169. Thaler Kai M. and Eric Mosinger. 2022. “Nicaragua: Doubling Down on Dictatorship.” Journal of Democracy 33(2): 133-146. The Dialogue. 2016. “The Economy vs. Democracy in Ortega's Nicaragua.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.thedialogue.org/blogs/2016/06/the-economy-vs-democracy-in-ortegas-nicaragua/. The Guardian. 2006. “Nicaragua Elects Ortega as President.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/nov/08/1. Tubilewicz, Czeslaw. 2016. “State Transformation and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Aid in Taiwan.” The Pacific Review 29(1): 45-66. Tubilewicz, Czeslaw and Alain Guilloux. 2011. “Does Size Matter? Foreign Aid in Taiwan’s Diplomatic Strategy, 2000-8.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 65(3): 322-339. United Nations. 1999. “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistics Use.” Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ United Nations. 2018. “Secretary-General Condemns Loss of Life, Calls for Restraint, Dialogue in Nicaragua.” Accessed May 22, 2024. https://press.un.org/en/2018/sgsm19005.doc.htm. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 2018. “Human Rights Violations and Abuses in the Context of Protests in Nicaragua.” Retrieved April 14, 2024 from https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/NI/HumanRightsViolationsNicaraguaApr_Aug2018_EN.pdf. UN Trade & Development. Free Trade Agreement between Taiwan (Province of China) and Nicaragua. Retrieved May 18, 2024, from https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/treaties-with-investment-provisions/3379/nicaragua---taiwan-province-of-china-fta-2006-. U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua. 2019. “The United States Takes Action Against the Ortega Regime in Nicaragua.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://ni.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-takes-action-against-the-ortega-regime-in-nicaragua/. U.S. Department of State. 2001. “Central America, 1981-1993.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/176992.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2011. “Response to Elections in Nicaragua” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/11/176992.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2012. “Response to Municipal Elections in Nicaragua” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/11/200169.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2016. “Concerns Regarding Nicaraguan Democracy and Elections” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/08/260724.htm. U.S. Department of State. 2021. “Announcing Sanctions on the Ortega Regime in Response to Arbitrary Detentions and Other Undemocratic Moves.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.state.gov/announcing-sanctions-on-the-ortega-regime-in-response-to-arbitrary-detentions-and-other-undemocratic-moves/. U.S. Department of State and Department of Defense. 1985. “The Soviet-Cuban Connection in Central America and the Caribbean.” Retrieved May 12, 2024 from https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88B00745R000100140026-6.pdf. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2020. “Treasury Targets Corrupt Ortega Regime Officials.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm930. Voice of America News. 2019. “Loan of $100 Million from Taiwan Gives Lifeline to Nicaragua's Ortega.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.voanews.com/a/loan-of-100-million-from-taiwan-gives-lifeline-to-nicaragua-s-ortega/4795597.html. Voice of America News. 2019. “US Sanctions 3 Nicaraguan Officials.” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://www.voanews.com/a/americas_us-sanctions-3-nicaraguan-officials/6178990.html. Waisová, Šárka. 2020. “China’s Strategy vis-à-vis Taiwan’s Diplomatic Friends: Is Beijing Using Dollar Diplomacy?” Journal of Comparative Politics 13(1): 76-101. Wang, HongYing and Yeh-Chung Lu. 2008. “The Conception of Soft Power and its Policy Implications: A Comparative Study of China and Taiwan.” Journal of Contemporary China 17(56): 425-447. Wang, Yun-Tung. 2016. Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches and Applications [社會研究方法：量化與質性取向及其應用]. 3rd edition. New Taipei City: Yang-Chih Book Co., Ltd. Weinraub, Bernard. 1989. “Bush and Congress Sign Policy Accord on Aid to Contras. The New York Times. March 25. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/world/bush-and-congress-sign-policy-accord-on-aid-to-contras.html World Bank. n.d. “Nicaragua Export Partner Share by country in percentage 1993-2021” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/NIC/StartYear/1993/EndYear/2021/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/BY-COUNTRY/Indicator/XPRT-PRTNR-SHR#. World Bank. n.d. “Nicaragua GDP per capita, in current US$ 2014-2018” Retrieved May 22, 2024 from https://wits.worldbank.org/countryprofile/en/country/NIC/startyear/2014/endyear/2018/indicator/NY-GDP-PCAP-CD. World Bank. n.d. “Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Nicaragua.” Retrieved May 3, 2024 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=NI. Wu, Yi-Chen and Shiuh-Shen Chien. 2022. “Taiwan’s Foreign Aid Policy in Transition Since the late 2000s: Beyond Aid for Diplomacy to Aid for Development” [2000年代末以來臺灣援外轉型：從「建交」導向延伸「發展」導向]. Issue and Studies 61(3): 51-93. Xiang, Chen and Qiang Xin. 2023. “Small States as Helpless Pawns? Panama’s Diplomatic Strategy over the Taiwan Strait.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 1-19. Yu, Jess Macy and Ben Blanchard. 2012. “Taiwan Says China Dangles $3 Billion to Grab Ally Dominican Republic.” REUTERS Retrieved May 1, 2024 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-dominicanrepublic-taiwan/taiwan-condemns-chinas-deal-to-establish-ties-with-dominican-republic-idUSKBN1I22LN?utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_content=5ae80bc704d301455203f7b9&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter. zh_TW
