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題名 雇主間針對勞動市場所為之禁止僱用協議——以美國競爭法為中心
Non-hiring agreements between employers in the labor market —From the perspective of U.S. antitrust law作者 陳俞靜
Chen, Yu-Ching貢獻者 王立達
Wang, Li-Dar
陳俞靜
Chen,Yu-Ching關鍵詞 互不挖角協議
禁止招攬協議
禁止僱用條款
操縱薪資協議
買方獨占
勞動市場
相關市場界定
敏感資訊交換
美國競爭法
Non-solicitation agreements
No poaching agreements
No hiring agreements
Price fixing agreements
Monopsony
relevant market
exchange of sensitive information
U.S. Competition Law
labor market日期 2024 上傳時間 4-Sep-2024 14:31:00 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文聚焦在過往鮮少被重視的法規範模糊地帶——發生於競爭雇主間(尤其是於該產業之勞動市場中具買方獨占力量(monopsony power)之「明星」企業)針對勞工薪資及待遇、自由流動等所達成之不競爭協議(noncompetition covenants),通過借鑑目前發展相對領先之美國經驗,整理、剖析相關文獻資料以其執法經驗,試圖歸納出能適用於我國競爭法之最適解,提供予我國競爭主管機關、法院、事業(於勞動市場中具競爭人才關係之雇主)。 此類僅由競爭雇主所達成之「默契」,在2010年發生著名的矽谷高科技案(In re High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation)後逐漸受到重視,而美國競爭執法機關更在2016年頒布《人力資源專業人員之反托拉斯指引》,明確表示「赤裸的(naked)」操縱薪資協議、禁止僱用協議視同操縱價格協議、瓜分市場協議落入當然違法原則之射程範圍,並於2023年撤回原本設有敏感資訊交換行為安全區之1996年《醫療照護領域之反托拉斯政策執法聲明》,更於最新版的2023年《結合處理原則》第10條首次明確提及買方獨占(monopsony)且明文將勞動市場競爭亦納入結合案審查因素,以展現其嚴格打擊此類協議之決心。惟,現階段尚欠缺明文之法規範且對於涉及競爭法之勞動領域案件不甚熟悉,當今美國法院仍傾向較保守之立場。 將目光移回我國,2021年台灣花旗密約案乃我國首例涉及禁止僱用條款協議之案件,曾有立委提出增訂民法第489-1條、第489-2條草案,希冀杜絕此類協議之私法上效力以為嚇阻;而於競爭法部分,有論者主張應逕移植美國競爭主管機關嚴格之執法立場於我國,惟本文認為,此作法似過於速斷且不一定能與我國現行法制相容。此外,現行競爭法分析工具多為針對產品市場之特性所建構而成,縱然美國2023年《結合處理原則》第10條簡略提及可以將分析產品市場工具套用於相似之勞動市場,然勞動市場具有高度屬人性(重視勞資雙方匹配度、搜索摩擦、較高轉換成本等),相對於產品市場更為複雜且較難以統一之標準進行客觀評估,而就現今尚處於發展階段之勞動市場,本文認為,以「通勤區」(CZs)與「職業」為界定相關市場之工具,更能貼合真實之勞動市場,而Christopher S. Fowler教授提供之參數數據庫以及2023年《結合處理原則》或可成為我國未來勞動領域競爭法案件處理之重要借鏡。
This article focuses on the ambiguity of antitrust law that has rarely been taken seriously in the past - - the non-competition agreements between competing employers (especially so-called "star companies" with monopsony power in the labor market of their respective industries) regarding labor’s wages, benefits, mobility and the freedom of change their employment. By referencing the relatively advanced development of US antitrust law, this article compiles and analyzes relevant literature and enforcement experiences to derive the optimal solution applicable to Taiwan's competition law, providing guidance for our competition authorities, courts, and businesses (employers competing for talent in the labor market). After the most famous case Silicon Valley High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation case (2010) happened, this legal problem gradually attracted public’s attention. In 2016, the U.S. DOJ & FTC promulgated "Antitrust Guidance for Human Resource Professionals", explicitly stating that "naked" wage-fixing agreements and no-poaching agreements fall within the scope of per se illegality, equivalent to price-fixing and market allocation agreements. In 2023, the agency revoked three antitrust enforcement policy statement, which had previously established a safe harbor for the exchange of sensitive information. Furthermore, the latest 2023 "Horizontal Merger Guidelines" explicitly mentioned monopsony for the first time in Section 10, and expressly included labor market competition as a factor in merger case reviews. Simply, those demonstrated the strict attitude of antitrust enforcement agencies to actively combat these types of anti-competitive conducts. However, in the absence of clear legal regulations and with limited experience in labor-related competition law cases, US courts still tend to adopt a more conservative stance. Turning our attention back to Taiwan, in 2021, Citibank case was the first case involving no hiring clause. Some legislators once proposed to add draft the Article 489-1, 489-2 of the Civil Code in the hope of making those unfair restraints void the validity. Turn to the competition law side, some argue that Taiwan should directly adopt the strict enforcement stance of US antitrust authorities. However, this article believes that such an approach is too hasty and may not be compatible with Taiwan's current legal system. Moreover, existing competition law analysis tools are primarily designed for the characteristics of product markets. Even though U.S. Merger Guidelines (2023) § 10 briefly mentions that the analysis tools of product market could apply in labor markets, however, in my opinion, most of the current competition analysis tools are constructed based on the characteristics of the product market, without considering labor market is more complex and difficult to unify certain standards for evaluation because of its personalized (which emphasis on the matching between employees and employers, search frictions, highly switching costs, etc.). In general speaking, the selection of suitable analysis tools for the labor market is still in the development phase, this article suggests that using "commuting zones" (CZs) and "occupations" to define relevant markets might be more suitable for the real labor market.參考文獻 參考文獻 1. 中文文獻 1.1 專書 公平交易委員會,認識公平交易法,增訂第18版,2019年8月。 行政院勞工委員會勞資關係處,簽訂競業禁止參考手冊,勞動部, 2003年4月。 胡祖舜,競爭法之經濟分析,2019年3月。 廖義男,公平交易法,元照出版公司,二版,2024年3月。 湯明輝,公平交易法研析,五南圖書出版公司,初版,1992年。 Andrew B. Abel, Ben S. 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Bresnahan, Empirical Methods of Identifying and Measuring Market Power, 61 (1) ANTITRUST LAW JOURNAL 3 (1992). Bakir, Erdogan, Megan Hays & Janet Knoedler, Rising Corporate Power and Declining Labor Share in the Era of Chicago School Antitrust, 55 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES 397 (2021). Benartzi, Shlomo, Thaler, Richard H., Myopic Loss-Aversion and the Equity Premium Puzzle, 110 (1) THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 73 (1995). Borger, Bruno D., & Fosgerau, Bruno, The trade-off between money and travel time: A test of the theory of reference-dependent preferences, 64 JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS 101, 101-115 (2008). Burdett, Kenneth & Dale Mortensen, Wage differentials, employer size, and unemployment. 39 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW 257 (1998). Card, David & Alan B. Krueger, Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 90 (5) AMER. ECON. REV.1397 (2000). Card, David, Ana Rute Cardoso, Joerg Heining & Patrick Kline, Firms and Labor Market Inequality: Evidence and Some Theory, 36 (S1) JOURNAL OF LABOR ECONOMICS 13 (2018). Dauth, Wolfgang, Peter Haller, Is there loss aversion in the trade-off between wages and commuting distances, 83 (103527) REGIONAL SCIENCE AND URBAN ECONOMICS 1 (2020). Easterbrook, Frank H., Limits of Antitrust, 63 (1) TEXAS LAW REVIEW 1 (1984). Easterbrook, Frank H., Workable Antitrust Policy, 84 MICHIGAN LAW REV. 1696 (1986). Hovenkamp, Herbert, Competition Policy for Labour Markets, No. 19-29 U OF PENN, INST FOR LAW & ECON RESEARCH PAPER 1 (2019). Hovenkamp, Herbert, Is Antitrust’s Consumer Welfare Principle Implied?, 45 JOURNAL OF CORPORATION LAW 101 (2019). Hovenkamp, Herbert, Whatever did happen to the antitrust movement?, 94 NOTRE DAME LAW REVIEW 583 (2019). Khan, Lina M. Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox, 126 YALE L.J. 710, 710-805 (2017) Krueger, A.P., The Political Economy of a Rent Seeking Society, 64 AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 291 (1974). Manning, Alan, Monopsony in Labor Markets: A Review, 74 (1) ILR REVIEW 3, (2021). Marinescu, Ioana & Roland Rathelot, Mismatch Unemployment and the Geography of Job Search, 10 (3) AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL: MACROECONOMICS 42 (2018). Melitz, Marc J., The Impact of Trade on Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity, 71 ECONOMETRICA 1695 (2003). Melitz, Marc J., & Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano, Market Size, Trade, and Productivity, 75 REV. ECON. STUDIES 295 (2008). Murray, Michael, Antitrust Enforcement in Labor Markets: The Department of Justice’s Efforts, 59 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 561 (2020). Polden, Donald J., Restraints on Workers’ Wages and Mobility: No-Poach Agreements and the Antitrust Laws, 59 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 576 (2020). Posner, Eric A. & Cass R. Sunstein, Antitrust and Inequality, 2 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW AND EQUALITY 190, 190-207 (2022). Salop, Steven C., Question: What Is the Real and Proper Antitrust Welfare Standard? Answer: The True Consumer Welfare Standard, 22 (3) LOYOLA CONSUMER LAW REV. 336 (2010). Shapiro, Carl, Protecting Competition in the American Economy: Merger Control, Tech Titans, Labor Markets, 33 (3) JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 69 (2019). Stutzer, Alois, Bruno S. Frey, Stress that Doesn't Pay: The Commuting Paradox, 110 (2) THE SCAND. J. OF ECONOMICS 339 (2008). Tversky, Amos, Daniel Kahneman, Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model, 106 (4) THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 1039 (1991). 2.5 未正式發表論文(working paper) Autor, David, David Dorn, Lawrence Katz, Christina Patterson & John Van Reenen, The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms, NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES No. 23396 (May. 2017), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23396. Azar, José, Steven Berry & Ioana Marinescu, Estimating Labor Market Power, NBER WORKING PAPER NO. 30365 (Aug. 2022), available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3456277. Grullon, Gustavo, Yelena Larkin & Roni Michaely, Are U.S. Industries Becoming More Concentrated?, SWISS FINANCE INSTITUTE RESEARCH PAPER NO. 19-41 (Oct. 2018), available at https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=022074007112127072114068017066067096052038021023029087122003065125112018077028007099058031037055107005101000082116079003077025010070031064016121118027021089096068067062019090001009027084117080124105102006121085007031119085018113103002089124104092003&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE. Guerriero, Marta, The Labor Share of Income around the World: Evidence from a Panel Dataset Publication, ADBI WORKING PAPER SERIES No. 920 (2019), available at https://www.adb.org/publications/labor-share-income-around-world-evidence-panel-dataset. Gutiérrez, Germán, Thomas Philippon, Declining Competition and Investment in the U.S., NBER WORKING PAPER No. 23583 (July. 2017), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w23583. Krueger, Alan, Orley Ashenfelter, Theory and Evidence on Employer Collusion in the Franchise Sector, NBER WORKING PAPER No. 24831 (2018), available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w24831. 2.6 網路資料 Council of Economic Advisers, Benefits of Competition and Indicators of Market Power, COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS ISSUE BRIEF (April, 2016), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160414_cea_competition_issue_brief.pdf. Dayen, David, The Rehabilitation of Antitrust, AM. PROSPECT (Dec. 22, 2017), http://pro spect.org/article/rehabilitation-antitrust. Democratic Platform Comm., 2016 Democratic Party Platform (2016), https://democrats.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2016_DNC_Platform.pdf Federal Trade Commission, Antitrust Red Flags for Employment Practices, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/992623/ftc-doj_hr_red_flags.pdf. (last visited April. 25, 2024). Federal Trade Commission, FYI: FTC Approves Consent Agreement with The Council of Fashion Designers of America and 7th on Sixth, Inc., (Oct. 20, 1995), https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/1995/10/fyi-ftc-approves-consent-agreement-council-fashion-designers-america-7th-sixth-inc. Federal Trade Commission, The Council of Fashion Designers of America, et al.; Prohibited Trade Practices, and Affirmative Corrective Actions, (April. 17, 1996), https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/federal-register-notices/council-fashion-designers-america-et-al-prohibited-trade-practices-affirmative-corrective-actions. Federal Trade Commission, Guidance from the Bureau of Competition on Requesting and Obtaining an Advisory Opinion, https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/competition-advisory-opinions/advisoryopinionguidance-bctextjune2011_update_links_oct_2015.pdf (last visited May. 2, 2024). Fowler, Christopher S., New Commuting Zone delineation for the U.S. based on 2020 data (Jan. 29, 2024), https://osf.io/8vsh2. Gordon, Jason, FTC Regulatory Enforcement Procedures-Explained: How does the FTC enforce Regulations?, THE BUSINESS PROFESSOR (April. 19, 2024), https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/consumer-law/ftc-regulatory-enforcement-procedures. J. Mark Gidley et.al., U.S. Antitrust Agencies Propose Sweeping Changes to Merger Guidelines – 5 Key Things You Need to Know (July 20,2023), https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/us-antitrust-agencies-propose-sweeping-changes-merger-guidelines-5-key-things-you. Koenig, Bryan, DOJ Gives Fast-Food Chains Ammo Against No-Poach Suits, LAW 360 (Jan. 29, 2019), https://www.law360.com/articles/1123203/doj-gives-fast-food-chains-ammo-against-no-poach-suits. Mayer Brown, No-Poach and Non-Solicitation Agreements: Naked Antitrust Violations or Legitimate Business Arrange, (2021), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLsTsA4c1L0. OECD, Labour compensation per hour worked, https://data.oecd.org/lprdty/labour-compensation-per-hour-worked.htm (last visited May. 2, 2024). Statement of Commissioner Alvaro M. Bedoya, joined by Chair Lina M. Khan and Commissioner Rebecca Kelly Slaughter Regarding the Proposed Merger Guidelines Issued by the Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice, at 3 (July 19, 2023), See https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/p234000_merger_guidelines_statement_bedoya_final.pdf. Statement of Makan Delrahim Before the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform, Commercial and Antitrust Law Committee on the Judiciary U.S. House of Representatives (Dec. 12, 2018), See https://judiciary.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/republicans-judiciary.house.gov/files/legacy_files/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Delrahim-Testimony.pdf. Streitfeld, David, Tech Giants Settle Antitrust Hiring Suit, THE NEW YORK TIMES (April. 24, 2014), https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/technology/settlement-silicon-valley-antitrust-case.html. Tolbert, Charles M., Sizer, Molly, U.S. Commuting Zones and Labor Market Areas: A 1990 Update, AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD POLICY LABOR AND HUMAN CAPITAL (Seb, 1990), https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/278812?v=pdf. U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary- Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition and Consumer Rights, The Consumer Welfare Standard in Antitrust: Outdated or a Harbor in a Sea of Doubt? (Dec. 17, 2017), https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/the-consumer-welfare-standard-in-antitrust-outdated-or-a-harbor-in-a-sea-of-doubt. U.S. Department of Justice, Adobe Systems, Inc., et al., Competitive Impact Statement, https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/competitive-impact-statement-0 (last visited April. 25, 2024). U.S. Department of Justice, Former Owner of Health Care Staffing Company Indicted for Wage Fixing (December 10, 2020), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-owner-health-care-staffing-company-indicted-wage-fixing. U.S. Department of Justice, Introduction to Antitrust Division Business Review, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/11/03/276833.pdf (last visited May. 2, 2024). U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Department Requires Six High Tech Companies to Stop Entering Into Anticompetitive Employee Solicitation Agreements, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-requires-six-high-tech-companies-stop-entering-anticompetitive-employee (last visited Apr. 25, 2024). U.S. Department of Justice, Justice Department Withdraws Outdated Enforcement Policy Statements (Feb. 3, 2023), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-withdraws-outdated-enforcement-policy-statements. U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., et al.; Proposed Final Judgment and Competitive Impact Statement (Oct. 1, 2010), FEDERAL REGISTER, https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/5914ae25add7b04934746417 U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division, U.S. v. Utah Society for Healthcare Human Resources Administration, et al., https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-v-utah-society-healthcare-human-resources-administration-et-al (last visited: May 7, 2024.) Wikipedia, Core-based statistical area, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-based_statistical_area (last visited May 29, 2024). Wikipedia, Statute of Labourers 1351, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Labourers_1351#:~:text=The%20Statute%20of%20Labourers%20was%20a%20law%20created,and%20limiting%20movement%20in%20search%20of%20better%20conditions (last visited May 2, 2024). Wikipedia, Marginal product, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_product (last visited May. 2, 2024). Reviving Competition, Part 4 :21st Century Antitrust Reforms and the American Worker, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-117hhrg48614/html/CHRG-117hhrg48614.htm (last visited May 2, 2024). 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
法律學系
109651012資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109651012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 王立達 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Li-Dar en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳俞靜 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen,Yu-Ching en_US dc.creator (作者) 陳俞靜 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chen, Yu-Ching en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2024 14:31:00 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Sep-2024 14:31:00 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2024 14:31:00 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109651012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153267 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109651012 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文聚焦在過往鮮少被重視的法規範模糊地帶——發生於競爭雇主間(尤其是於該產業之勞動市場中具買方獨占力量(monopsony power)之「明星」企業)針對勞工薪資及待遇、自由流動等所達成之不競爭協議(noncompetition covenants),通過借鑑目前發展相對領先之美國經驗,整理、剖析相關文獻資料以其執法經驗,試圖歸納出能適用於我國競爭法之最適解,提供予我國競爭主管機關、法院、事業(於勞動市場中具競爭人才關係之雇主)。 此類僅由競爭雇主所達成之「默契」,在2010年發生著名的矽谷高科技案(In re High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation)後逐漸受到重視,而美國競爭執法機關更在2016年頒布《人力資源專業人員之反托拉斯指引》,明確表示「赤裸的(naked)」操縱薪資協議、禁止僱用協議視同操縱價格協議、瓜分市場協議落入當然違法原則之射程範圍,並於2023年撤回原本設有敏感資訊交換行為安全區之1996年《醫療照護領域之反托拉斯政策執法聲明》,更於最新版的2023年《結合處理原則》第10條首次明確提及買方獨占(monopsony)且明文將勞動市場競爭亦納入結合案審查因素,以展現其嚴格打擊此類協議之決心。惟,現階段尚欠缺明文之法規範且對於涉及競爭法之勞動領域案件不甚熟悉,當今美國法院仍傾向較保守之立場。 將目光移回我國,2021年台灣花旗密約案乃我國首例涉及禁止僱用條款協議之案件,曾有立委提出增訂民法第489-1條、第489-2條草案,希冀杜絕此類協議之私法上效力以為嚇阻;而於競爭法部分,有論者主張應逕移植美國競爭主管機關嚴格之執法立場於我國,惟本文認為,此作法似過於速斷且不一定能與我國現行法制相容。此外,現行競爭法分析工具多為針對產品市場之特性所建構而成,縱然美國2023年《結合處理原則》第10條簡略提及可以將分析產品市場工具套用於相似之勞動市場,然勞動市場具有高度屬人性(重視勞資雙方匹配度、搜索摩擦、較高轉換成本等),相對於產品市場更為複雜且較難以統一之標準進行客觀評估,而就現今尚處於發展階段之勞動市場,本文認為,以「通勤區」(CZs)與「職業」為界定相關市場之工具,更能貼合真實之勞動市場,而Christopher S. Fowler教授提供之參數數據庫以及2023年《結合處理原則》或可成為我國未來勞動領域競爭法案件處理之重要借鏡。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This article focuses on the ambiguity of antitrust law that has rarely been taken seriously in the past - - the non-competition agreements between competing employers (especially so-called "star companies" with monopsony power in the labor market of their respective industries) regarding labor’s wages, benefits, mobility and the freedom of change their employment. By referencing the relatively advanced development of US antitrust law, this article compiles and analyzes relevant literature and enforcement experiences to derive the optimal solution applicable to Taiwan's competition law, providing guidance for our competition authorities, courts, and businesses (employers competing for talent in the labor market). After the most famous case Silicon Valley High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation case (2010) happened, this legal problem gradually attracted public’s attention. In 2016, the U.S. DOJ & FTC promulgated "Antitrust Guidance for Human Resource Professionals", explicitly stating that "naked" wage-fixing agreements and no-poaching agreements fall within the scope of per se illegality, equivalent to price-fixing and market allocation agreements. In 2023, the agency revoked three antitrust enforcement policy statement, which had previously established a safe harbor for the exchange of sensitive information. Furthermore, the latest 2023 "Horizontal Merger Guidelines" explicitly mentioned monopsony for the first time in Section 10, and expressly included labor market competition as a factor in merger case reviews. Simply, those demonstrated the strict attitude of antitrust enforcement agencies to actively combat these types of anti-competitive conducts. However, in the absence of clear legal regulations and with limited experience in labor-related competition law cases, US courts still tend to adopt a more conservative stance. Turning our attention back to Taiwan, in 2021, Citibank case was the first case involving no hiring clause. Some legislators once proposed to add draft the Article 489-1, 489-2 of the Civil Code in the hope of making those unfair restraints void the validity. Turn to the competition law side, some argue that Taiwan should directly adopt the strict enforcement stance of US antitrust authorities. However, this article believes that such an approach is too hasty and may not be compatible with Taiwan's current legal system. Moreover, existing competition law analysis tools are primarily designed for the characteristics of product markets. Even though U.S. Merger Guidelines (2023) § 10 briefly mentions that the analysis tools of product market could apply in labor markets, however, in my opinion, most of the current competition analysis tools are constructed based on the characteristics of the product market, without considering labor market is more complex and difficult to unify certain standards for evaluation because of its personalized (which emphasis on the matching between employees and employers, search frictions, highly switching costs, etc.). In general speaking, the selection of suitable analysis tools for the labor market is still in the development phase, this article suggests that using "commuting zones" (CZs) and "occupations" to define relevant markets might be more suitable for the real labor market. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第一項 研究動機 1 第二項 研究目的 3 第二節 研究方法、範圍與限制 5 第一項 研究方法 5 第二項 研究範圍與限制 6 第二章 勞動力市場特徵與限制競爭行為 9 第一節 勞動力市場之特徵:買方獨占與市場高度集中 9 第二節 勞動力市場與產品市場 12 第一項 傳統產品市場之市場力量來源分析 12 第二項 勞動力市場之市場力量來源分析 13 第三項 小結:殊途同歸? 14 第三節 資方之聯合行為 16 第一項 操縱(設定)薪資合意(Wage-fixing agreement) 16 第二項 禁止僱用條款(No hiring agreement) 18 第三項 敏感資訊交換(Sensitive information exchange) 22 第四項 雇主間「默契」與競業禁止條款之相異? 25 第三章 經濟學理論與實證研究 28 第一節 經濟學理論 28 第二節 市場力量 30 第一項 商品服務市場力量之分析:利潤 31 第二項 勞動市場力量之分析:剩餘勞動供給彈性(Residual labor supply elasticity) 32 第三節 實證研究之結果與經濟學推論似有所出入 34 第一項 相較於商品售價,勞工就業率對於薪資不敏感 34 第二項 地域黏著性—通勤區(Commuting zones,縮寫為CZs) 36 第三項 市場集中度之影響 44 第四項 勞動經濟學理論之修正 48 第四章 美國競爭法對雇主限制競爭行為之基本規範立場 49 第一節 緣起 49 第一項 早期法院多以合理原則處理私人間之訴訟 49 第二項 競爭主管機關開始積極執法之重要轉折點 51 第二節 是否應以反托拉斯法介入?(必要性) 55 第一項 反托拉斯與不平等(Inequality) 55 第二項 重塑《休曼法》第一條之解釋——立法目的之擴張 58 第三項 被忽略的獨占者—生產要素市場之買方獨占 65 第三節 應如何監管?(監管可能性) 68 第一項 該當《休曼法》第一條之構成要件 68 第二項 當然違法原則(Per se illegal)與合理原則(Rule of reason) 69 第三項 除赤裸(Naked)互不挖角協議或操縱薪資協議適用當然違法原則,其餘雇主間針對勞工所為之聯合行為仍適用合理原則 73 第五章 近期美國主管機關之管制態度與司法實務 75 第一節 競爭主管機關執法立場 75 第一項 1996年《醫療照護領域之反托拉斯執法政策聲明》 75 第二項 歐巴馬執政:2016年《人力資源專業人員之反托拉斯指引》 77 第三項 拜登執政:以重振競爭為目標 85 第四項、競爭執法機關提供事前諮詢管道防堵潛在可能之犯罪 90 第二節 2016年後涉及勞動領域之案件 92 第一項 赤裸之禁止僱用協議:首例民事執法訴訟(U.S. v. Knorr-Bremse AG and Westinghouse Air Brake Technologies Corp.) 92 第二項 首宗針對操縱薪資合意之刑事追訴案(United States v. Jindal, et al.) 94 第三項 困境:陪審團不熟悉和法院欠缺依法審判之依據 96 第三節 小結 99 第六章 我國公平交易法應如何處理勞動市場中限制競爭之爭議 103 第一節 勞動領域爭議是否有我國公平法介入之空間 103 第一項 公平交易法是否應介入勞動市場? 103 第二項 公平交易法應如何介入勞動市場? 104 第二節 花旗銀行消金出售部門密約案 107 第一項本案簡述 107 第二項 是否違反公平交易法第15條? 112 第三項 是否違反公平交易法第20條第1項第1款? 119 第四項 是否違反民法第72條公序良俗無效? 135 第五項 立委提出增訂民法第489-1條、第489-2條草案 135 第三節 我國就勞動市場限制競爭行為可能面臨之問題與挑戰 137 第一項 應明辨不同態樣之禁止僱用協議 137 第二項 是否移植美國執法機關對於勞動市場限制競爭之立場? 146 第三項 如何劃定勞動市場?應選擇何種工具? 149 第七章 結論 150 參考文獻 154 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4264839 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109651012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 互不挖角協議 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禁止招攬協議 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 禁止僱用條款 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 操縱薪資協議 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 買方獨占 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 勞動市場 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 相關市場界定 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 敏感資訊交換 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國競爭法 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Non-solicitation agreements en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) No poaching agreements en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) No hiring agreements en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Price fixing agreements en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Monopsony en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) relevant market en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) exchange of sensitive information en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) U.S. Competition Law en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) labor market en_US dc.title (題名) 雇主間針對勞動市場所為之禁止僱用協議——以美國競爭法為中心 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Non-hiring agreements between employers in the labor market —From the perspective of U.S. antitrust law en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻 1. 中文文獻 1.1 專書 公平交易委員會,認識公平交易法,增訂第18版,2019年8月。 行政院勞工委員會勞資關係處,簽訂競業禁止參考手冊,勞動部, 2003年4月。 胡祖舜,競爭法之經濟分析,2019年3月。 廖義男,公平交易法,元照出版公司,二版,2024年3月。 湯明輝,公平交易法研析,五南圖書出版公司,初版,1992年。 Andrew B. 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