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題名 孤狼恐怖主義研究：比較我國重大人為危安事件與國外個案
A study of lone wolf terrorism：Comparing significant security incidents in Taiwan and foreign lone wolf terrorist attacks cases作者 黃名疆
Huang, Ming-Jiang貢獻者 李佳怡
Lee, Chia-yi
黃名疆
Huang, Ming-Jiang關鍵詞 孤狼恐怖主義
自我激進化
重大人為危安事件
本土（極右翼）恐怖主義
伊斯蘭恐怖主義
網路恐怖主義
Lone wolf terrorism
Self-radicalization
Significant security incidents
Domestic (far-right) terrorism
Islamic terrorism
Cyberterrorism日期 2024 上傳時間 4-Sep-2024 15:16:32 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文以探討學者對於孤狼恐怖主義之定義及類型為出發點，並分析2020年以來歐盟、英國及美國的恐怖主義趨勢及現況，同時評估歐盟、英國及美國的反恐政策分析及成效，藉此檢視當前孤狼恐怖主義的趨勢對於歐盟、英國及美國所造成的影響。在後伊斯蘭國時代，伊斯蘭恐怖主義仍是全球關注的焦點，然而根據歐盟執法合作署、經濟與和平研究所及美國國務院的官方報告指出，政治（極右翼）意識型態的恐怖主義已在歐美等地形成燎原之勢，而過去歐盟的難民政策與其所帶來的治安動盪，更是加速的整個歐盟地區的右傾趨勢，而美國則因為經濟衰退、失業率增加所帶來的社會不安造成了種族與族群間的對立。 本論文以歐盟、英國及美國近年的孤狼恐怖攻擊案例分析這三起案件各自的攻擊手法、動機目的與事後對社會所造成的影響，來作為後續對比我國重大人為危安事件的基準。本論文發現，雖然當前我國仍未對恐怖主義有任何的官方定義，但綜觀過去發生過的重大人為危安事件，無論是在「攻擊動機與目的」、「攻擊地點與目標」及「事後對社會之影響」等三個層面來看，皆以外國之孤狼恐怖主義攻擊有其相似之處；此外，在研究案例如何激進化部分，發現孤狼恐怖份子大都使用過網路或社群媒體發表極端主義相關的文章或訊息，並且在網路上與其他孤狼恐怖份子進行交流及分享心得，這也反映出現今各國政府對於網路資訊管理的漏洞及缺失，使網路形成極端主義培養壯大的溫床。
This thesis explores scholars' definitions and typologies of lone wolf terrorism and analyzes the trends and current state of terrorism in the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) since 2020. It also evaluates the counter-terrorism policies and their effectiveness in these regions to examine the impact of current lone wolf terrorism trends on the EU, UK, and US. In the post-ISIS era, Islamic terrorism remains a global focus. However, according to official reports from Europol, the Institute for Economics and Peace, and the US Department of State, politically motivated (far-right) terrorism has surged across Europe and America. The EU's past refugee policies and the resulting social instability have accelerated a rightward shift across the region, while in the US, economic recession and rising unemployment have led to social unrest and racial and ethnic tensions. This thesis analyzes recent lone wolf terrorist attack cases in the EU, UK, and US, examining each case's methods, motivations, and societal impact to establish a baseline for comparing significant security incidents in Taiwan. The study finds that although Taiwan has yet to officially define terrorism, past major security incidents in Taiwan show similarities to foreign lone wolf terrorist attacks in terms of "attack motivations and objectives," "attack locations and targets," and "post-attack social impact." Additionally, in examining the radicalization of these cases, it is found that most lone wolf terrorists have used the internet or social media to post extremist-related articles or messages and have interacted with other lone wolf terrorists online, sharing insights and experiences. This reflects the current shortcomings in governments' management of online information, making the internet a breeding ground for the growth of extremism.參考文獻 參考文獻 壹、中文文獻 王丹娜（2020）。網路恐怖主義與網路反恐。清華大學。 自由時報（2014，9月1日），「男大生創鄭捷粉絲團 緩起訴處分」，https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1095581。 行政院（2021）。國土安全緊急通報作業規定。 行政院（2024）。重要性別統計資料庫。 https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=lJvq!GDSYHCFfHU73DDedA%40%40 行政院（2024）。國情簡介。 https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/99B2E89521FC31E1/835a4dc2-2c2d-4ee0-9a36-a0629a5de9f0 宋磊（2019，7月16日）。台灣要慎防孤狼恐攻。上報。https://web.archive.org/web/20190717092557/https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=67268 汪毓瑋（2016）。恐怖主義威脅及反恐政策與作為（上）。元照。 林泰和（2015）。恐怖主義研究：概念與理論。五南。 周明、曾向紅（2019）。恐怖主義的最新演變及其理論解釋。中國社會科學。 法院判決： 最高法院 105 年度台上字第 270 號刑事判決。 法院判決： 最高法院 95 年度台上字第 5462 號判決。 法院判決： 最高法院105年台上字第984號刑事判決。 法院判決： 臺灣高等法院94年度矚上訴字第7號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣高等法院94年度矚上訴字第7號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院 102 年度矚訴字第 2 號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院 102 年度矚訴字第 2 號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院刑事判決103年度矚重訴字第1號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院刑事判決103年度矚重訴字第1號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣臺北地方法院94年度重訴字第3號判決。 法院判決：臺灣律師懲戒委員會決議書105年度律懲字第8號。 邱俊福（2014，9月1日）。男大生創鄭捷粉絲團 緩起訴處分。自由時報。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1095581 洪銘德、張凱銘（2016）。臺灣孤狼恐怖主義之研究。國會月刊。 郭靜晃（2007）。社會行為研究法。洪葉。 傅小強（2020）。2018國際恐怖主義與反恐怖鬥爭年鑑。時事。 楊隽、梅建明（2013）。恐怖主義概論。法律。 劉瑩（2016）。「聖戰」恐怖主義陰霾下的法國反恐問題研究。群眾。 盤冠員、章德彪（2016）。網路反恐大策略-如何應對網路恐怖主義。時事。 聯合報社論（2014，5月13日）。危險心靈：從仇恨幻想到反社會暴行。https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/PID0004/259029/web/#3L-4821798L 關保英（2019）。比較反恐法概論。法律。 Rapoport, D.、Crenshaw, M.、Sheehan, M.、Pillar, P. R.、Clutterbuck, L.、Hoyt, T. D.、Lord, C.、Roberts, A.、Cronin, P. M.、Goure, D.（2015）。反恐大戰略：美國如何打擊恐怖主義［胡溦、李莎、耿凌楠譯］。新華。（原著出版年：2004） BBC News中文. （2024，6月28日）. 英國大選：脫歐後的英國為何外來移民人數反而大增？. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world-69151867 貳、英文文獻 AP News. (2022, May 17). Authorities: Hate against Taiwanese led to church attack. https://apnews.com/article/religion-shootings-california-1be9931f502664693afbdaa3f1cf6c57. Bates, R. A. (2012). Dancing with wolves: Today's lone wolf terrorists. The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology, 4(1), Article 1. BBC News. (2017, April 7). Westminster attack: What happened. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39355108 BBC News. (2022, March 11). IS confirms leader Qurayshi's death and names successor. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-60691511 Cameron, R. (2024, June 6). Slovak PM blames shooting on opposition's 'hatred'. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c899yq888jeo Community Security Trust. (n.d.). (2023). 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Lone actor attacks Recent developments. https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/lone_actor_attacks_-_recent_developments_0.pdf European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2021). Changes in Modus Operandi of Islamic State(IS) revisited. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/changes-in-modus-operandi-of-islamic-state-revisited. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2021a). European Union Terrorism Situation & Trend Report 2019. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2019-te-sat European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2021b). European Union Terrorism Situation & Trend Report 2020. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2020 European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2022a). European Union Terrorism Situation & Trend Report 2021. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publication-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2021-te-sat European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2022b). European Union Terrorism Situation & Trend Report 2022. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publication-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2022-te-sat European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2023). European Union Terrorism Situation & Trend Report 2023. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publication-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2023-te-sat Hamm, M. S., & Spaaij, R. (2017). The age of lone wolf terrorism. Columbia University Press. Hamm, M., & Spaaj, R. (2015). Lone Wolf Terrorism in America: Using Knowledge of Radicalization Pathways to Forge Prevention Strategies (2012-ZA-BX-0001). I. S. 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J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35, 69–93. Levine, A. (2011, August 16). Obama: Biggest Terror Fear is the Lone Wolf. CNN. http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/16/obama-biggest-terror-fear-is-the-lone-wolf/ McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Toward a profile of lone wolf terrorists: What moves an individual from radical opinion to radical action. In Lone Wolf and Autonomous Cell Terrorism (pp. 79–95). Routledge. Méryl, D., & Pierre, C. (2024, July 02). Tuning into Hate: Uncovering Risks Associated with Far Right Music Festivals in France. https://www.icct.nl/publication/tuning-hate-uncovering-risks-associated-far-right-music-festivals-france Newton, L. (2024, February 23). France expels 'radical' Tunisian imam Mahjoub Mahjoubi over flag comments. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68378736 Schuurman, B., Lindekilde, L., Malthaner, S., O'Connor, F., Gill, P., & Bouhana, N. (2019). End of the lone wolf: The typology that should not have been. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 42(8), 771–778. Security Service, MI5.(2024).Terrorism: Threat Levels. https://www.mi5.gov.uk/threats-and-advice/terrorism-threat-levels. Simon, D. J.(2013), Lone Wolf Terrorism Understanding The Growing Threat. Prometheus Books, Inc. Spaaij, R. (2012). Understanding lone wolf terrorism: Global patterns, motivations and prevention. Springer Science & Business Media. Spaaij, R., & Hamm, M. S. (2015). Key issues and research agendas in lone wolf terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(3), 167–178. The Council of the EU and the European Council. (2024). The EU's response to terrorism. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/#prevention%20of%20radicalisation The Guardian. (2024, April 25). Man convicted of murdering stranger in Hartlepool and trying to kill housemate. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/apr/25/man-convicted-of-murdering-stranger-in-hartlepool-and-trying-to-kill-housemate Thirty Mile Zone. (2022, May 14). Buffalo Mass Shooting 10 Dead, Investigated as Hate Crime. https://www.tmz.com/2022/05/14/buffalo-shooting-leaving-10-dead-investigated-as-hate-crime-livestreamed/ United Kingdom Home Office. (2023). Counter-terrorism strategy (CONTEST) 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/counter-terrorism-strategy-contest-2023. United Nations Security Council. (2013). Resolutions adopted by the Security Council in 2013(S/RES/2129(2013)). https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/624/37/pdf/n1362437.pdf?token=fQEwrJaqenWUwYX0sk&fe=true. United States Department of State. (2020). Country Reports on Terrorism 2020. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Country_Reports_on_Terrorism_2020.pdf. United States Department of State. (2021). Country Reports on Terrorism 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Country_Reports_2021_Complete_MASTER.no_maps-011323-Accessible.pdf. United States Department of State. (2022). Country Reports on Terrorism 2022. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Country_Reports_on_Terrorism_2022-v3.pdf. United States THE WHITE HOUSE. (2021). National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/National-Strategy-for-Countering-Domestic-Terrorism.pdf. Yankow, C. T., & McEvoy, R. (2020). Predicting the Random: Understanding Islamist Lone Wolf Terrorism Naval Postgraduate School]. Zogno, D. (2020). Lone wolf terrorism: How the European Union can fight it. International Book Market Service, Inc. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班
109981026資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109981026 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 李佳怡 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lee, Chia-yi en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 黃名疆 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Huang, Ming-Jiang en_US dc.creator (作者) 黃名疆 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Huang, Ming-Jiang en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Sep-2024 15:16:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Sep-2024 15:16:32 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Sep-2024 15:16:32 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109981026 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153447 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 109981026 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文以探討學者對於孤狼恐怖主義之定義及類型為出發點，並分析2020年以來歐盟、英國及美國的恐怖主義趨勢及現況，同時評估歐盟、英國及美國的反恐政策分析及成效，藉此檢視當前孤狼恐怖主義的趨勢對於歐盟、英國及美國所造成的影響。在後伊斯蘭國時代，伊斯蘭恐怖主義仍是全球關注的焦點，然而根據歐盟執法合作署、經濟與和平研究所及美國國務院的官方報告指出，政治（極右翼）意識型態的恐怖主義已在歐美等地形成燎原之勢，而過去歐盟的難民政策與其所帶來的治安動盪，更是加速的整個歐盟地區的右傾趨勢，而美國則因為經濟衰退、失業率增加所帶來的社會不安造成了種族與族群間的對立。 本論文以歐盟、英國及美國近年的孤狼恐怖攻擊案例分析這三起案件各自的攻擊手法、動機目的與事後對社會所造成的影響，來作為後續對比我國重大人為危安事件的基準。本論文發現，雖然當前我國仍未對恐怖主義有任何的官方定義，但綜觀過去發生過的重大人為危安事件，無論是在「攻擊動機與目的」、「攻擊地點與目標」及「事後對社會之影響」等三個層面來看，皆以外國之孤狼恐怖主義攻擊有其相似之處；此外，在研究案例如何激進化部分，發現孤狼恐怖份子大都使用過網路或社群媒體發表極端主義相關的文章或訊息，並且在網路上與其他孤狼恐怖份子進行交流及分享心得，這也反映出現今各國政府對於網路資訊管理的漏洞及缺失，使網路形成極端主義培養壯大的溫床。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis explores scholars' definitions and typologies of lone wolf terrorism and analyzes the trends and current state of terrorism in the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) since 2020. It also evaluates the counter-terrorism policies and their effectiveness in these regions to examine the impact of current lone wolf terrorism trends on the EU, UK, and US. In the post-ISIS era, Islamic terrorism remains a global focus. However, according to official reports from Europol, the Institute for Economics and Peace, and the US Department of State, politically motivated (far-right) terrorism has surged across Europe and America. The EU's past refugee policies and the resulting social instability have accelerated a rightward shift across the region, while in the US, economic recession and rising unemployment have led to social unrest and racial and ethnic tensions. This thesis analyzes recent lone wolf terrorist attack cases in the EU, UK, and US, examining each case's methods, motivations, and societal impact to establish a baseline for comparing significant security incidents in Taiwan. The study finds that although Taiwan has yet to officially define terrorism, past major security incidents in Taiwan show similarities to foreign lone wolf terrorist attacks in terms of "attack motivations and objectives," "attack locations and targets," and "post-attack social impact." Additionally, in examining the radicalization of these cases, it is found that most lone wolf terrorists have used the internet or social media to post extremist-related articles or messages and have interacted with other lone wolf terrorists online, sharing insights and experiences. This reflects the current shortcomings in governments' management of online information, making the internet a breeding ground for the growth of extremism. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 目次 謝辭 i 摘要 ii Abstractiii 目次 iv 表次 vi 圖次 vii 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 文獻評述 4 第三節 研究問題與研究方法 8 第四節 研究範圍與限制 11 第五節 研究架構與章節安排 12 第二章 孤狼恐怖主義與重大人為危安事件之概念界定 14 第一節 孤狼恐怖主義與重大人為危安事件之定義 15 第二節 孤狼恐怖主義的類型分析 17 第三節 恐怖主義的趨勢與現況 20 第四節 小結 22 第三章 外國孤狼恐怖攻擊個案分析 23 第一節 2023年10月15日英國哈特普爾伊斯蘭孤狼恐怖攻擊案 24 第二節 2022年10月12日斯洛伐克右翼孤狼恐怖攻擊案 27 第三節 2022年5月14日美國紐約水牛城右翼孤狼恐怖攻擊案 32 第四節 小節 37 第四章 我國重大人為危安事件與外國孤狼恐怖攻擊事件之對比 39 第一節 2014年5月21日臺北捷運隨機殺人事件 40 第二節 2003年11月13日白米炸彈客案 41 第三節 2013年4月12日高鐵炸彈案 43 第四節 小結 45 第五章 結論 48 第一節 研究發現 48 第二節 未來研究方向 51 參考文獻 55 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1407802 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109981026 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 孤狼恐怖主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自我激進化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 重大人為危安事件 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 本土（極右翼）恐怖主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 伊斯蘭恐怖主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 網路恐怖主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Lone wolf terrorism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Self-radicalization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Significant security incidents en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Domestic (far-right) terrorism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Islamic terrorism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cyberterrorism en_US dc.title (題名) 孤狼恐怖主義研究：比較我國重大人為危安事件與國外個案 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A study of lone wolf terrorism：Comparing significant security incidents in Taiwan and foreign lone wolf terrorist attacks cases en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考文獻 壹、中文文獻 王丹娜（2020）。網路恐怖主義與網路反恐。清華大學。 自由時報（2014，9月1日），「男大生創鄭捷粉絲團 緩起訴處分」，https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1095581。 行政院（2021）。國土安全緊急通報作業規定。 行政院（2024）。重要性別統計資料庫。 https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=lJvq!GDSYHCFfHU73DDedA%40%40 行政院（2024）。國情簡介。 https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/99B2E89521FC31E1/835a4dc2-2c2d-4ee0-9a36-a0629a5de9f0 宋磊（2019，7月16日）。台灣要慎防孤狼恐攻。上報。https://web.archive.org/web/20190717092557/https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=67268 汪毓瑋（2016）。恐怖主義威脅及反恐政策與作為（上）。元照。 林泰和（2015）。恐怖主義研究：概念與理論。五南。 周明、曾向紅（2019）。恐怖主義的最新演變及其理論解釋。中國社會科學。 法院判決： 最高法院 105 年度台上字第 270 號刑事判決。 法院判決： 最高法院 95 年度台上字第 5462 號判決。 法院判決： 最高法院105年台上字第984號刑事判決。 法院判決： 臺灣高等法院94年度矚上訴字第7號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣高等法院94年度矚上訴字第7號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院 102 年度矚訴字第 2 號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院 102 年度矚訴字第 2 號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院刑事判決103年度矚重訴字第1號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣新北地方法院刑事判決103年度矚重訴字第1號判決。 法院判決： 臺灣臺北地方法院94年度重訴字第3號判決。 法院判決：臺灣律師懲戒委員會決議書105年度律懲字第8號。 邱俊福（2014，9月1日）。男大生創鄭捷粉絲團 緩起訴處分。自由時報。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1095581 洪銘德、張凱銘（2016）。臺灣孤狼恐怖主義之研究。國會月刊。 郭靜晃（2007）。社會行為研究法。洪葉。 傅小強（2020）。2018國際恐怖主義與反恐怖鬥爭年鑑。時事。 楊隽、梅建明（2013）。恐怖主義概論。法律。 劉瑩（2016）。「聖戰」恐怖主義陰霾下的法國反恐問題研究。群眾。 盤冠員、章德彪（2016）。網路反恐大策略-如何應對網路恐怖主義。時事。 聯合報社論（2014，5月13日）。危險心靈：從仇恨幻想到反社會暴行。https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/PID0004/259029/web/#3L-4821798L 關保英（2019）。比較反恐法概論。法律。 Rapoport, D.、Crenshaw, M.、Sheehan, M.、Pillar, P. 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