學術產出-學位論文
文章檢視/開啟
書目匯出
-
題名 韓國離散民族主義的形成及變遷: 以在日朝鮮民族主義為例
The Formation of Korea’s Diasporic Nationalism and its Changes: the case of Zainichi Korean Nationalism in Japan作者 李智恩
Lee, Jieun貢獻者 Deasy Simandjuntak
李智恩
Jieun Lee關鍵詞 在日韓國人
離散
離散民族主義
韓國
日本
Zainichi Koreans
Diasporas
Diasporic Nationalism
Diaspora Nationalism
Korea
Japan日期 2024 上傳時間 4-九月-2024 15:19:50 (UTC+8) 摘要 作為一個離散群體,「在日韓國人」指的是那些其血統可追朔到歷史上因各種原因遷居至日本的朝鮮族居民,特別是那些自1910年日本殖民時期開始和第二次世界大戰期間遷徙的朝鮮族人。「在日」這個措詞,區分了這些長期居住在日本的韓國居民與近年來的韓國移民。幾十年來,在日韓國人形成了獨特的身份認同,在日本生活時他們經常面臨融合與歧視的挑戰,但同時保留了自已的文化遺產。 本論文探討了影響年輕世代在日韓國人離散民族主義的因素。離散民族主義不同於一般概念上的民族主義,體現於人民與國家領土關係的性質上。根據 Gellner的民族主義理論,他認為政治單位應當與民族相一致,而「離散」民族主義則不認為國家邊界限制了國族成員的資格。因此,國家的人民不一定要生活在國家邊界之內,並且可以持有其他國家的國籍,這在一定程度上打破了國家人民與其故土之間的關係。離散民族主義最終橫跨了各種議題,包含殖民與支配、公民身份與流離失所、排斥與包容、與故土的聯繫和「回歸精神」、實際距離和時間距離以及生存策略等問題。 本論文不僅探討了在日韓國人定居日本的歷史,還致力於深入了解第三代和第四代在日韓國人的身份認同和生活選擇。根據對十二名年輕在日韓國人的訪談,本論文聚焦於兩個主要主題的探討:公民身份的選擇和國家認同的表達。訪談強調了年輕在日韓國人如何管理他們的混合身份及作為離散社區成員所面對的生活挑戰,展示了實用主義如何以「自我」而不是「國家」成為身份認同的主要領域。本論文通過突顯個人選擇、社會環境和對未來的期望之間的複雜關係,為關於更廣泛的離散民族主義討論貢獻了新的視角。
As a diaspora community, the “Zainichi Koreans” refers to the people that trace their lineage to the ethnic Korean settlers that have migrated to Japan for various reasons throughout history, yet particularly during Japanese colonization which began in 1910 and the onset of the World War II. The term "Zainichi" distinguishes these long-term Korean residents from more recent Korean migrants. Over the decades, the Zainichi Koreans have developed a distinct identity, often facing challenges related to integration and discrimination, while maintaining their cultural heritage while living in Japan. This thesis explores the factors influencing the diasporic nationalism of young generations of Zainichi Koreans. Diaspora nationalism is different from the general notion of nationalism in terms of the nature of the relationship between the people of the nation and the national territory. While Gellner’s nationalism holds that the political unit should be congruent with the nation, a “diasporic” nationalism does not consider national borders as limiting the membership to the nation. The people of the nation may thus not live within the national boundaries and can hold citizenship in other nations, which to certain extent abrogates the relationship between people of the nation and their homeland. A diasporic nationalism ultimately straddles the issues of colonial and domination, citizenship and displacement, exclusion and inclusion, the link to the homeland and the “spirit of return”, physical and temporal distance, and survival strategies. The thesis does not only explore the history of the Zainichi Korean settlement in Japan, yet also contributes to a deeper understanding of the identity and life choices of the third and fourth generations of Zainichi Koreans. Based on the interviews with twelve young Zainichi Koreans, the thesis focuses on two primary themes: citizenship choices and the expression of national identity. The interviews highlight how young Zainichi Koreans manage their mixed identities and navigate life challenges as members of a diasporic community, showing how pragmatism connotes an individual conception of the “self,” instead of the “nation,” as the primary site of identity. The thesis thus contributes to the broader discourse on diasporic nationalism by highlighting the complex relations between personal choices, social circumstances, and aspirations for the future.參考文獻 Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Arents, T., & Tsuneishi, N. (2015). The Uneven Recruitment of Korean Miners in Japan in the 1910s and 1920s: Employment Strategies of the Miike and Chikuhō Coalmining Companies. IRSH 60, Special Issue, pp. 121–143. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859015000437. Ayca, A. (2021). LONG-DISTANCE POLITICS AND DIASPORA YOUTH: Analyzing Turkey’s Diaspora Engagement Policies Aimed at Post-Migrant Generations. Routledge International Handbook of Diaspora Diplomacy. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vuw/detail.action?docID=6840785. Bae, Y. (2013). Analyzing the Two Different Nationalisms in the Two Koreas. Brandeis University. Barabantseva, E. (2011). Diaspora and Citizenship. Durham Research Online, https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1530789/10528.pdf. BBCNewsKorea. (2023). 5·18 민주화운동 진상조사, 헌법 개헌 논의 새로운 전환점 될까? BBCNewsKorea. https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-65630546. Burton, A. (1994). Japanese Language Planning in Korea 1905-1945. Simon Fraser University. Campbell, E. (2016). South Korea’s New Nationalism: The End of One Korea? First Forum Press. Capener, S. (2021). The Cultural Anatomy of Korean Nationalism: From imperative to anachronism. INContext: Studies in Translation and Interculturalism, Vol.1, No.1. https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v1i1.6. Cho, Y. (2016). Koreans in Japan : a Struggle for Acceptance. Law School International Immersion Program Papers, No.2. Chun, K. (2022). North Korean Defectors as Cultural Other in South Korea: Perception and Construction of Cultural Differences. Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol.10, No.1, 185-213, https://doi.org/10.18588/202203.00a22. Chung, J. (2024). [정진명의 우리 어원 나들이] 단일민족이라는 환상: 정진명 시인, 우리말 어원 고찰 연재 '1-단일민족이라는 환상’. GMCC, https://www.goodmorningcc.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=304671. Cohen, R. (2008). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Routledge. Connor, W. (1987). Ethnonationalism, in Myron Weiner and Samuel P. Huntington (eds), Understanding Political Development, 196-220. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Dieckhoff, A. (2017). The Jewish diaspora and Israel: belonging at distance? Nations and Nationalism, Vol.23, Issue 2, 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12295. Dong-A Ilbo. (2010). Remembering the April 19 Revolution. Dong-A Ilbo, https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20100417/264838/1/Remembering-the-April-19-Revolution. Draudt, D. (2016). South Korea's National Identity Crisis in the Face of Emerging Multiculturalism. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol.17, No.1, 12-19, https://doi.org/10.1353/gia.2016.0003. Dufoix, S. (2008). Diaspora and Nationalism. A Global Historical Overview, Vol.4, 1364-1378. ABC-Clio. Ember et al. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer. eToday Online News Team. (2014). 김희로 사건 새삼 화제 "평생 항일 운동 매진…어떤 인물인가 보니". eToday. https://www.etoday.co.kr/news/view/892800. Fukuoka, Y. (2000). Lives of Young Koreans in Japan. Trans Pacific Press. Garner, R. (2022). Nationalism. Oxford University press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.2039. Gellner, E. (2008). Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press. Hamel, W. (2014). The Future of Zainichi Korean Socio-Political Organizations in Japan. The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer honors College. https://honors.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/2214. Han, C. (2024). Kwangju Uprising. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kwangju-Uprising. Hatano, A. (2018). The Internalization of International Human Rights Law: the Case of Hate Speech in Japan. New York University journal of international law & politics. New York University. International Law Society 50(2):637-654. Heo, Y. (2005). “내 국적은 남·북 아닌 조선”…내한 日 ‘조선인 3세’ 김향청씨. Kookmin Il-bo. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/005/0000209672?sid=102. Hong, M. (2020). Exploring Factors on Identity of Korean Diaspora in the CIS Countries: Perspectives of Millennial Generation. KDI School. Huh, D. (2010). "일본어만 쓰고 말하라"... 일제의 한국어 말살정책 본격화. JoongAng Ilbo. https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/4063980#home. Humphrey, H. (1955). Liberalism. The American Scholar, Vol.24, No.4, 419-133. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41208022. Im, H. (1999). 김희로 사건의 전말-체포에서 석방까지. Yonhap News. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004465492?sid=103. Ipperciel, D. (2007). Constitutional democracy and civic nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, Vol.13, Issue 3, 395-416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00293.x. Iwabuchi, K. (2008). East Asian Pop Culture: Analysing the Korean Wave. Hong Kong University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xwb6n. Iwabuchi, K. (n.d.). When the Korean Wave Meets Resident Koreans in Japan: Intersections of the Transnational, the Postcolonial and the Multicultural, in in Beng Huat Chua, and Koichi Iwabuchi (eds), East Asian Pop Culture: Analysing the Korean Wave. Hong Kong Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789622098923.003.0013. Jager, S. (2003). Narratives of Nation-Building in Korea: A Genealogy of Patriotism. Routledge. Jeon, J. (2019). 한국의 반일(反日) 민족주의 연구: 담론의 변화와 특징. 한국과 국제정치, Vol.35, No.2, 113-147. Korea Open Access Journals. https://doi.org/10.17331/kwp.2019.35.2.004. Jeong, G. (2024). 세계의 한인-동포들의 역사: 우리 국민들의 해외 이주는 19세기 중엽부터 시작. Break News. https://www.breaknews.com/1009388. Jeong, J. (2012). ‘재일동포’ 호칭의 역사성과 현재성. 일본비평, Vol.7, pp. 258-287. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/92034. Kaufmann, E. (2012). Primordialists and constructionists: a typology of theories of religion. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 2(2), 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2012.680025. KBS WORLD Radio. (2020). 'Juche(Self-Reliance)' Ideology. KBS WORLD Radio. Korean Peninsula A to Z. https://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/archives/supreme_leader/ideology.htm?lang=e. Kim, B. (2019). Are North Korean Compatriots "Korean"? The Trifurcation of Ethnic Nationalism in South Korea during the Syngman Rhee Era (1948–60). Journal of Korean Studies, Vol.24, No.1, 149-171. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/720150. Kim, H. C. (2005). 나는 '한반도' 국적을 갖고 싶다. OhmyNews. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/047/0000062985?sid=102. Kim, H. K. (n.d.). 무장투쟁 전개한 행동파 독립운동가 신채호, 민족개조론편 친일 개화론자 이광수. ShinDongA. https://shindonga.donga.com/people/article/all/13/110509/1. Kim, H. S. (2009). 국적과 재일 코리안의 정체성. Economy and Society, No.83, p.313-341. Kim, J. (2023). 'Boycott Japan' becomes thing of past. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2024/03/129_350765.html. Kim, K. D. (1995). Zainichi Korian no Aidentiti to Hōteki Chii. Tokyo, Akashi Shoten. Kim, S. (2017). 일본을 금(禁)하다: 금제와 욕망의 한국 대중문화사 1945-2004. 글항아리. Kim, T. (2024). 국립 공주대, 재외동포 국내교육과정(K-HED) 겨울과정 통합수료식 가져. ChungCheng Daily News. https://www.ccdn.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=956334. Kim, V. (2019). Japan escalates trade war with South Korea, deepening rift and rising security concerns. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-02/japan-escalates-trade-war-with-south-korea-deepening-rift-and-raising-security-concerns. Kohn, H. (1944). The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background. Macmillan Publisher. Korean Cultural Center New York. (no date). Korea Information - Culture and the Arts: Unesco Heritage in Korea. Korean Cultural Center New York. https://www.koreanculture.org/korea-information-culture-and-the-arts. Kozhakhmetova, D. (2012). Soft Power of Korean Popular Culture in Japan: K-Pop Avid Fandom in Tokyo. Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University. Kwon, B., & Cheon, J. (2012). 1960년을 묻다: 박정희 시대의 문화정치와 지성. 천년의 상상. Kwon, T. E. (2008). 1910년대의 일제의 조선 동화론과 동화정책. Korean Culture, Vol.44, 99-125. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/66933. Kwon, T. H. (1997). International Migration of Koreans and the Korean Community in China. Korea Journal of Population and Development, Vol.26, No.1, 1-18. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/85280. Kwon, T. H. (2020). "한국인 단일민족 아니다... 수만 년간 다양한 인족 혼혈로 진화". SBS News, https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1005818593. Lankov, A. (2011). Japanese policy and assimilation. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/01/137_82414.html. Lee , H. K. (2010). 한국 이민정책사. IOM Migration Research % Training Center Working Paper, No.2010-7. Lee, H. R. (2023). Korea's foreign population reaches record-high of 2.26 million. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/01/113_362821.html. Lee, H. S. (2016). The Reality of Multicultural Policies of Korea. In: Stüwe, K., Hermannseder, E. (eds) Migration und Integration als transnationale Herausforderung. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11645-3_3. Lee, J. (2010). [한·일 100년 대기획]<14>억압·멸시 이겨낸 재일동포의 삶 - 민단세대 고난과 과제. Seoul Shinmun. https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/plan/korea_japan/2010/04/21/20100421006005. Lee, S. H. (2024). 너도나도 카톡 프사에 '이 나라' 이유 있었네... 지난달 日 방문객 1위는 한국. Maeil Business News Korea. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/world/10969160. Lee, S. J. (2023). 일본군 위안부 피해자 별세... 남은 생존자 9명. MBN News. https://www.mbn.co.kr/news/society/4926011. Lew, Y. (2000). Brief History of Korea. The Korea Society. https://www.koreasociety.org/images/pdf/KoreanStudies/Monographs_GeneralReading/BRIEF%20HISTORY%20OF%20KOREA.pdf. Lie, J. (2008). Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity. University of California Press. Lyan, I. (2019). “Welcome to Korea Day: From Diasporic to Hallyu Fan-Nationalism.”. International Journal of Communication 13: 3764–3780. . Lyan, I. (2021). Between Two Homelands: Diasporic Nationalism and Academic Pilgrimage of the Korean Christian Community in Jerusalem. S/N Korean Humanities, Vol. 7, Issue 1. Ma, S. (1990). Ethnonationalism, ethnic nationalism, and mini‐nationalism: A comparison of Connor, Smith and Snyder. Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol.13, No.4, 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1990.9993688. McLELLAN, G. (2012). A brief history of the lives of Koreans living in Japan. Journal of Human Environmental Studies 1. Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. (n.d.). Independence Movement. KOREA.net. https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/Independence-Movement#none. Missabach, A. (2012). Separatist Confict in Indonesia: The Long-Distance Politics of the Acehnese Diaspora. London: Routeldge. Mizuno, N. (2004). [왜?] 조선총독부는 왜 '창씨개명'을 실시했을까? 내일을 여는 역사, Vol.15, 182-193. Moon, R. (2010). Koreans in Japan. Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/koreans_in_japan. National Archives of Korea. (no date). 일본의 재일한인. National Archives of Korea. https://theme.archives.go.kr/next/immigration/underJapaneseimperialism.do. National Institute for International Education. (n.d.). Korean Homeland Education (K-HED). National Institute for International Education. http://niied.go.kr/user/nd64534.do. Neff, R. (2016). 1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2023/10/317_213147.html. Newton, L. (2023). Japan ordered to compensate wartime 'comfort women'. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67512578. Niwa, M. (2003). Mainoritei to Taminzoku Shakai: Kokusai Jinken Jidai no Nihon wo Tou. Tokyo, Kaihou Shuppansha. Nomura, S. (1996). コリアン世界の旅. Tokyo: Kodan-sha. Oda, S. (1967). The Normalization of Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 61, No. 1, 35-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2196830. Oh, C. (2006). Diaspora Nationalism: The Case of Ethnic Korean Minority in Kazakhstan and its Lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey. Nationalities Papers. Vol.34, Issue 2, pp.111-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905990600617623. Oh, J., Kim, D., & Lee, S. (2023). 4월혁명(4.19혁명). Historical Dictionary of Democracy Movement. https://dict.kdemo.or.kr/entry/88/#detail-writing. Park, E. (2015). Hanguk minjokjuuiui du eolgul: Gukgaroui tonghapgwa minjogui tongil [The two faces of nationalism: The unification of the people and the unification of the country]. The Review of Korean and Asian Political Thoughts, 14(1), pp.1-26. Park, H., & Yoon, S. (2022). Korea to turn multicultural by 2040 given rise in foreign population. KOREA.net. https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=213350. Park, L. (2019). Understanding the March First Independence Movement. KOREA.net. https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/HonoraryReporters/view?articleId=168718. Reckel, J., & Schatz, M. (2020). Korean Diaspora - Central Asia, Siberia and Beyond. Siberia and Beyond. https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2020-1307. Rice, R. (1990). Japanese Labor in World War II. International Labor and Working-Class History , Fall, 1990, No. 38, The Working Class in World War II (Fall, 1990), pp. 29-45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27671889. Ryang, S. (2003). The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Noted on Japan's Modern National Sovereignty. Anthropological Quarterly, Vol.76, No.4, 731-748. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3318287. Ryang, S. (2014). Space and Time: The Experience Of The "Zainichi", The Ethnic Korean Population of Japan. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development , WINTER 2014, Vol. 43, No. 4, SPECIAL ISSUE: Emigration and Immigration: The Case of South Korea (WINTER 2014), pp. 519-550. Rydgren, J. (2004). The Populist Challenge: Political Protest and Ethno-Nationalist Mobilization in France. Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.3167/9781571816436. Ryu, T. (1999). The Humanities and National Identity: The Case of Korea. Kokugakuin University. https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/cimac/ryu.html. Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1991.0004. Schiller, N. (2005). Long-Distance Nationalism. In: Ember, M., Ember, C.R., Skoggard, I. (eds) Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_59. Shin, G. (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics and Legacy. Stanford University Press. Shin, G., & Chang, P. (2004). The Politics of Nationalism in U.S.-Korean Relations. Asian Perspective 28(4), 119-145. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2004.0006. Shin, S., & Balistreri, E. (2022). The other trade war: Quantifying the Korea–Japan trade dispute. Journal of Asian Economics, Vol.79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101442. Skrbis, Z. (1999). Long-distance Nationalism: Diasporas, Homelands and Identities. Routledge. Smith, A. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Basil Blackwell. Smith, A. (1991). National Identity. Penguin books. Smith, A. (1996). Culture, Community and Territory: The Politics of Ethnicity and Nationalism. International Affairs, Vol.72, Issue 3, 445–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2625550. Smith, A. (1998). Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. Routledge. Smith, A. (2009). Ethno-Symbolism and Nationalism: A cultural approach. Routledge. Sobral, J. (2018). Long-distance nationalism, boundaries and the experience of racism among Santomean migrants in portugal. Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa. https://doi.org/10.31447/ics9789726715030.02. Son, S. (2016). Identity, Security and the Nation: Understanding the South Korean Response to North Korean Defectors. Asian Ethnicity, 17(2), pp.171–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2016.1151236. Strausz, M. (2006). Minorities and Protest in Japan: The Politics of the Fingerprinting Refusal Movement. Pacific Affairs , Winter, 2006/2007, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Winter, 2006/2007), pp. 641-656. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40023775. Suzuki, K. (2003). The State and Racialization: the Case of Koreans in Japan. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. https://ccis.ucsd.edu/_files/wp69.pdf. The Academy of Korean Studies. (n.d.). 대한민국과 일본 간에 체결한 일본에 거주하는 대한민국 국민의 법적지위 및 대우에 관한 협정. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0049038. The Global Nonviolent Action Database. (n.d.). South Korean students force dictator to resign, new elections, 1960. The Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-korean-students-force-dictator-resign-new-elections-1960. The History Museum of J-Koreans. (no date). The History Museum of J-Koreans, http://www.j-koreans.org/index.html. Tokunaga, T. (2022). Man admits setting fire in ethnic Korean community. The Asahi Shimbun. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14622390. Triandafyllidou, A. (1998). National Identity and the "Other". Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol.21, No.4, 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798329784. Tsutsui, K. (2018). Zainichi (Korean Residents in Japan): From Citizenship Rights to Universal Human Rights. Rights Make Might: Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan, 82-149. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853105.003.0003. Wells, K. (1990). New God, New Nation: Protestants and Self-Reconstruction Nationalism in Korea, 1896-1937. University of Hawaii Press. Wetherall, W. (2023). Soshi kaimei myths: Confusion then, misunderstanding now. William Wetherall. http://yoshabunko.com/empires/Soshi_kaimei_myths.html. Wickstrum, Y. (2016). The Post-War Social and Legal Contexts of Zainichi Koreans. . Okayama University. https://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/files/public/5/55367/20170921103422542414/biess_1_43.pdf. Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Korean nationalism. in Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_nationalism&oldid=1216573616. Wimmer, A., & Feinstein, Y. (2010). The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001. American Sociological Association. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410382639. Wolf, K. (1986). Ethnic nationalism: an analysis and a defense. Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, Vol.13, No.1. Yamawaki, K. (1994). 近代日本と外国人労働者. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten. Yasuaki, O. (1992). Interplay between Human Rights Activities and Legal Standards of Human Rights: A Case Study on the Korean Minority in Japan. Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 25: Iss. 3, Article 2. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol25/iss3/2. Yim, J. (2020). '재일 조선인 차별' 나이키 광고 화제... 日누리꾼 "불평은 부모에게" 비아냥. CookiNews. https://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk202012020013. Yim, K. (2021). [영상] 재일교포 작가 유미리가 일본에서 겪은 차별과 한마디 "후쿠시마 한번 와바! 올림픽은 무슨?". topstarnews. https://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=863459. Yoo, S. (2019). [3.1 운동에 대한 당사열강들의 반응-중국/미국/영국]. 한국역사문화신문. https://www.ns-times.com/news/view.php?bIdx=1925. Yook, E., Yum, Y., & Kim, S. (2014). The Effects of Hallyu (Korean Wave) on Korean Transnationals in the U.S. Asian Communication Research, Vol.11, 5-21. Yoon, I. (2006). Understanding the Korean Diaspora from Comparative Perspectives. Asia Culture Forum 2006, Transformation & Prospect toward Multiethnic, Multiracial & Multicultural Society: Enhancing Intercultural Communication Session 2 "Diaspora 1". Yoon, I. (2012). Migration and the Korean Diaspora: A Comparative Description of Five Cases. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol.38, No.3, 413-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.658545. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
110926041資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926041 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor Deasy Simandjuntak en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 李智恩 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Jieun Lee en_US dc.creator (作者) 李智恩 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Lee, Jieun en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-九月-2024 15:19:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-九月-2024 15:19:50 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-九月-2024 15:19:50 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0110926041 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153465 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110926041 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 作為一個離散群體,「在日韓國人」指的是那些其血統可追朔到歷史上因各種原因遷居至日本的朝鮮族居民,特別是那些自1910年日本殖民時期開始和第二次世界大戰期間遷徙的朝鮮族人。「在日」這個措詞,區分了這些長期居住在日本的韓國居民與近年來的韓國移民。幾十年來,在日韓國人形成了獨特的身份認同,在日本生活時他們經常面臨融合與歧視的挑戰,但同時保留了自已的文化遺產。 本論文探討了影響年輕世代在日韓國人離散民族主義的因素。離散民族主義不同於一般概念上的民族主義,體現於人民與國家領土關係的性質上。根據 Gellner的民族主義理論,他認為政治單位應當與民族相一致,而「離散」民族主義則不認為國家邊界限制了國族成員的資格。因此,國家的人民不一定要生活在國家邊界之內,並且可以持有其他國家的國籍,這在一定程度上打破了國家人民與其故土之間的關係。離散民族主義最終橫跨了各種議題,包含殖民與支配、公民身份與流離失所、排斥與包容、與故土的聯繫和「回歸精神」、實際距離和時間距離以及生存策略等問題。 本論文不僅探討了在日韓國人定居日本的歷史,還致力於深入了解第三代和第四代在日韓國人的身份認同和生活選擇。根據對十二名年輕在日韓國人的訪談,本論文聚焦於兩個主要主題的探討:公民身份的選擇和國家認同的表達。訪談強調了年輕在日韓國人如何管理他們的混合身份及作為離散社區成員所面對的生活挑戰,展示了實用主義如何以「自我」而不是「國家」成為身份認同的主要領域。本論文通過突顯個人選擇、社會環境和對未來的期望之間的複雜關係,為關於更廣泛的離散民族主義討論貢獻了新的視角。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) As a diaspora community, the “Zainichi Koreans” refers to the people that trace their lineage to the ethnic Korean settlers that have migrated to Japan for various reasons throughout history, yet particularly during Japanese colonization which began in 1910 and the onset of the World War II. The term "Zainichi" distinguishes these long-term Korean residents from more recent Korean migrants. Over the decades, the Zainichi Koreans have developed a distinct identity, often facing challenges related to integration and discrimination, while maintaining their cultural heritage while living in Japan. This thesis explores the factors influencing the diasporic nationalism of young generations of Zainichi Koreans. Diaspora nationalism is different from the general notion of nationalism in terms of the nature of the relationship between the people of the nation and the national territory. While Gellner’s nationalism holds that the political unit should be congruent with the nation, a “diasporic” nationalism does not consider national borders as limiting the membership to the nation. The people of the nation may thus not live within the national boundaries and can hold citizenship in other nations, which to certain extent abrogates the relationship between people of the nation and their homeland. A diasporic nationalism ultimately straddles the issues of colonial and domination, citizenship and displacement, exclusion and inclusion, the link to the homeland and the “spirit of return”, physical and temporal distance, and survival strategies. The thesis does not only explore the history of the Zainichi Korean settlement in Japan, yet also contributes to a deeper understanding of the identity and life choices of the third and fourth generations of Zainichi Koreans. Based on the interviews with twelve young Zainichi Koreans, the thesis focuses on two primary themes: citizenship choices and the expression of national identity. The interviews highlight how young Zainichi Koreans manage their mixed identities and navigate life challenges as members of a diasporic community, showing how pragmatism connotes an individual conception of the “self,” instead of the “nation,” as the primary site of identity. The thesis thus contributes to the broader discourse on diasporic nationalism by highlighting the complex relations between personal choices, social circumstances, and aspirations for the future. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Research Background 3 1.2 Research Motivation and Purpose 8 1.3 Research Questions 10 1.4 Theoretical Consideration 11 1.4.1 Diaspora Nationalism 11 1.4.2 Ethnic Nationalism 15 1.5 Literature Review 18 1.5.1 Ethnic Nationalism and its Korean Context 18 1.5.2 The Korean "Anti-Colonial" Nationalism 21 1.5.3 Historical Background of Zainichi Koreans 26 1.5.4 Liberal Nationalism and the Korean Nationalist Movements 29 1.5.5 South Korea's Multicultural Nationalism 32 1.6 Research Method 34 1.7 Organization of the Thesis 35 Chapter 2: The History of Zainichi Koreans 36 2.1 Early 1900s to Japanese Colonial Rule (1900-1945) 36 2.2 The End of World War Ⅱ to the Treaty on Basic Relations Between South Korea and Japan (1945-1965) 38 2.3 The Treaty on Basic Relations Between South Korea and Japan to 1990s 40 2.4 1990s to Current 42 Chapter 3: An Overview of the Interviews 45 3.1 Semi-Structured Interviews 45 3.2 Interviewee Information 47 Chapter 4: Identity and Nationalism from the Perspective of young Zainichi Koreans 56 4.1 Citizenship 56 4.2 Lifestyle as Zainichi Koreans 61 4.3 Individual Understanding of 'Nationalism' 69 Chapter 5: Conclusion 76 References 80 Appendix 89 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3080507 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110926041 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 在日韓國人 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 離散 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 離散民族主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 韓國 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 日本 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Zainichi Koreans en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diasporas en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diasporic Nationalism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Diaspora Nationalism en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Korea en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Japan en_US dc.title (題名) 韓國離散民族主義的形成及變遷: 以在日朝鮮民族主義為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Formation of Korea’s Diasporic Nationalism and its Changes: the case of Zainichi Korean Nationalism in Japan en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Arents, T., & Tsuneishi, N. (2015). The Uneven Recruitment of Korean Miners in Japan in the 1910s and 1920s: Employment Strategies of the Miike and Chikuhō Coalmining Companies. IRSH 60, Special Issue, pp. 121–143. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859015000437. Ayca, A. (2021). LONG-DISTANCE POLITICS AND DIASPORA YOUTH: Analyzing Turkey’s Diaspora Engagement Policies Aimed at Post-Migrant Generations. Routledge International Handbook of Diaspora Diplomacy. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vuw/detail.action?docID=6840785. Bae, Y. (2013). Analyzing the Two Different Nationalisms in the Two Koreas. Brandeis University. Barabantseva, E. (2011). Diaspora and Citizenship. Durham Research Online, https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1530789/10528.pdf. BBCNewsKorea. (2023). 5·18 민주화운동 진상조사, 헌법 개헌 논의 새로운 전환점 될까? BBCNewsKorea. https://www.bbc.com/korean/news-65630546. Burton, A. (1994). Japanese Language Planning in Korea 1905-1945. Simon Fraser University. Campbell, E. (2016). South Korea’s New Nationalism: The End of One Korea? First Forum Press. Capener, S. (2021). The Cultural Anatomy of Korean Nationalism: From imperative to anachronism. INContext: Studies in Translation and Interculturalism, Vol.1, No.1. https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v1i1.6. Cho, Y. (2016). Koreans in Japan : a Struggle for Acceptance. Law School International Immersion Program Papers, No.2. Chun, K. (2022). North Korean Defectors as Cultural Other in South Korea: Perception and Construction of Cultural Differences. Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol.10, No.1, 185-213, https://doi.org/10.18588/202203.00a22. Chung, J. (2024). [정진명의 우리 어원 나들이] 단일민족이라는 환상: 정진명 시인, 우리말 어원 고찰 연재 '1-단일민족이라는 환상’. GMCC, https://www.goodmorningcc.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=304671. Cohen, R. (2008). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Routledge. Connor, W. (1987). Ethnonationalism, in Myron Weiner and Samuel P. Huntington (eds), Understanding Political Development, 196-220. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Dieckhoff, A. (2017). The Jewish diaspora and Israel: belonging at distance? Nations and Nationalism, Vol.23, Issue 2, 271-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12295. Dong-A Ilbo. (2010). Remembering the April 19 Revolution. Dong-A Ilbo, https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20100417/264838/1/Remembering-the-April-19-Revolution. Draudt, D. (2016). South Korea's National Identity Crisis in the Face of Emerging Multiculturalism. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, Vol.17, No.1, 12-19, https://doi.org/10.1353/gia.2016.0003. Dufoix, S. (2008). Diaspora and Nationalism. A Global Historical Overview, Vol.4, 1364-1378. ABC-Clio. Ember et al. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer. eToday Online News Team. (2014). 김희로 사건 새삼 화제 "평생 항일 운동 매진…어떤 인물인가 보니". eToday. https://www.etoday.co.kr/news/view/892800. Fukuoka, Y. (2000). Lives of Young Koreans in Japan. Trans Pacific Press. Garner, R. (2022). Nationalism. Oxford University press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.2039. Gellner, E. (2008). Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press. Hamel, W. (2014). The Future of Zainichi Korean Socio-Political Organizations in Japan. The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer honors College. https://honors.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/2214. Han, C. (2024). Kwangju Uprising. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Kwangju-Uprising. Hatano, A. (2018). The Internalization of International Human Rights Law: the Case of Hate Speech in Japan. New York University journal of international law & politics. New York University. International Law Society 50(2):637-654. Heo, Y. (2005). “내 국적은 남·북 아닌 조선”…내한 日 ‘조선인 3세’ 김향청씨. Kookmin Il-bo. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/005/0000209672?sid=102. Hong, M. (2020). Exploring Factors on Identity of Korean Diaspora in the CIS Countries: Perspectives of Millennial Generation. KDI School. Huh, D. (2010). "일본어만 쓰고 말하라"... 일제의 한국어 말살정책 본격화. JoongAng Ilbo. https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/4063980#home. Humphrey, H. (1955). Liberalism. The American Scholar, Vol.24, No.4, 419-133. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41208022. Im, H. (1999). 김희로 사건의 전말-체포에서 석방까지. Yonhap News. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004465492?sid=103. Ipperciel, D. (2007). Constitutional democracy and civic nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, Vol.13, Issue 3, 395-416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00293.x. Iwabuchi, K. (2008). East Asian Pop Culture: Analysing the Korean Wave. Hong Kong University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xwb6n. Iwabuchi, K. (n.d.). When the Korean Wave Meets Resident Koreans in Japan: Intersections of the Transnational, the Postcolonial and the Multicultural, in in Beng Huat Chua, and Koichi Iwabuchi (eds), East Asian Pop Culture: Analysing the Korean Wave. Hong Kong Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789622098923.003.0013. Jager, S. (2003). Narratives of Nation-Building in Korea: A Genealogy of Patriotism. Routledge. Jeon, J. (2019). 한국의 반일(反日) 민족주의 연구: 담론의 변화와 특징. 한국과 국제정치, Vol.35, No.2, 113-147. Korea Open Access Journals. https://doi.org/10.17331/kwp.2019.35.2.004. Jeong, G. (2024). 세계의 한인-동포들의 역사: 우리 국민들의 해외 이주는 19세기 중엽부터 시작. Break News. https://www.breaknews.com/1009388. Jeong, J. (2012). ‘재일동포’ 호칭의 역사성과 현재성. 일본비평, Vol.7, pp. 258-287. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/92034. Kaufmann, E. (2012). Primordialists and constructionists: a typology of theories of religion. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 2(2), 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2012.680025. KBS WORLD Radio. (2020). 'Juche(Self-Reliance)' Ideology. KBS WORLD Radio. Korean Peninsula A to Z. https://world.kbs.co.kr/special/northkorea/contents/archives/supreme_leader/ideology.htm?lang=e. Kim, B. (2019). Are North Korean Compatriots "Korean"? The Trifurcation of Ethnic Nationalism in South Korea during the Syngman Rhee Era (1948–60). Journal of Korean Studies, Vol.24, No.1, 149-171. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/720150. Kim, H. C. (2005). 나는 '한반도' 국적을 갖고 싶다. OhmyNews. https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/047/0000062985?sid=102. Kim, H. K. (n.d.). 무장투쟁 전개한 행동파 독립운동가 신채호, 민족개조론편 친일 개화론자 이광수. ShinDongA. https://shindonga.donga.com/people/article/all/13/110509/1. Kim, H. S. (2009). 국적과 재일 코리안의 정체성. Economy and Society, No.83, p.313-341. Kim, J. (2023). 'Boycott Japan' becomes thing of past. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2024/03/129_350765.html. Kim, K. D. (1995). Zainichi Korian no Aidentiti to Hōteki Chii. Tokyo, Akashi Shoten. Kim, S. (2017). 일본을 금(禁)하다: 금제와 욕망의 한국 대중문화사 1945-2004. 글항아리. Kim, T. (2024). 국립 공주대, 재외동포 국내교육과정(K-HED) 겨울과정 통합수료식 가져. ChungCheng Daily News. https://www.ccdn.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=956334. Kim, V. (2019). Japan escalates trade war with South Korea, deepening rift and rising security concerns. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-02/japan-escalates-trade-war-with-south-korea-deepening-rift-and-raising-security-concerns. Kohn, H. (1944). The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background. Macmillan Publisher. Korean Cultural Center New York. (no date). Korea Information - Culture and the Arts: Unesco Heritage in Korea. Korean Cultural Center New York. https://www.koreanculture.org/korea-information-culture-and-the-arts. Kozhakhmetova, D. (2012). Soft Power of Korean Popular Culture in Japan: K-Pop Avid Fandom in Tokyo. Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies, Lund University. Kwon, B., & Cheon, J. (2012). 1960년을 묻다: 박정희 시대의 문화정치와 지성. 천년의 상상. Kwon, T. E. (2008). 1910년대의 일제의 조선 동화론과 동화정책. Korean Culture, Vol.44, 99-125. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/66933. Kwon, T. H. (1997). International Migration of Koreans and the Korean Community in China. Korea Journal of Population and Development, Vol.26, No.1, 1-18. https://hdl.handle.net/10371/85280. Kwon, T. H. (2020). "한국인 단일민족 아니다... 수만 년간 다양한 인족 혼혈로 진화". SBS News, https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1005818593. Lankov, A. (2011). Japanese policy and assimilation. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/01/137_82414.html. Lee , H. K. (2010). 한국 이민정책사. IOM Migration Research % Training Center Working Paper, No.2010-7. Lee, H. R. (2023). Korea's foreign population reaches record-high of 2.26 million. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/01/113_362821.html. Lee, H. S. (2016). The Reality of Multicultural Policies of Korea. In: Stüwe, K., Hermannseder, E. (eds) Migration und Integration als transnationale Herausforderung. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11645-3_3. Lee, J. (2010). [한·일 100년 대기획]<14>억압·멸시 이겨낸 재일동포의 삶 - 민단세대 고난과 과제. Seoul Shinmun. https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/plan/korea_japan/2010/04/21/20100421006005. Lee, S. H. (2024). 너도나도 카톡 프사에 '이 나라' 이유 있었네... 지난달 日 방문객 1위는 한국. Maeil Business News Korea. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/world/10969160. Lee, S. J. (2023). 일본군 위안부 피해자 별세... 남은 생존자 9명. MBN News. https://www.mbn.co.kr/news/society/4926011. Lew, Y. (2000). Brief History of Korea. The Korea Society. https://www.koreasociety.org/images/pdf/KoreanStudies/Monographs_GeneralReading/BRIEF%20HISTORY%20OF%20KOREA.pdf. Lie, J. (2008). Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity. University of California Press. Lyan, I. (2019). “Welcome to Korea Day: From Diasporic to Hallyu Fan-Nationalism.”. International Journal of Communication 13: 3764–3780. . Lyan, I. (2021). Between Two Homelands: Diasporic Nationalism and Academic Pilgrimage of the Korean Christian Community in Jerusalem. S/N Korean Humanities, Vol. 7, Issue 1. Ma, S. (1990). Ethnonationalism, ethnic nationalism, and mini‐nationalism: A comparison of Connor, Smith and Snyder. Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol.13, No.4, 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1990.9993688. McLELLAN, G. (2012). A brief history of the lives of Koreans living in Japan. Journal of Human Environmental Studies 1. Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. (n.d.). Independence Movement. KOREA.net. https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/Independence-Movement#none. Missabach, A. (2012). Separatist Confict in Indonesia: The Long-Distance Politics of the Acehnese Diaspora. London: Routeldge. Mizuno, N. (2004). [왜?] 조선총독부는 왜 '창씨개명'을 실시했을까? 내일을 여는 역사, Vol.15, 182-193. Moon, R. (2010). Koreans in Japan. Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/koreans_in_japan. National Archives of Korea. (no date). 일본의 재일한인. National Archives of Korea. https://theme.archives.go.kr/next/immigration/underJapaneseimperialism.do. National Institute for International Education. (n.d.). Korean Homeland Education (K-HED). National Institute for International Education. http://niied.go.kr/user/nd64534.do. Neff, R. (2016). 1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints. The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2023/10/317_213147.html. Newton, L. (2023). Japan ordered to compensate wartime 'comfort women'. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67512578. Niwa, M. (2003). Mainoritei to Taminzoku Shakai: Kokusai Jinken Jidai no Nihon wo Tou. Tokyo, Kaihou Shuppansha. Nomura, S. (1996). コリアン世界の旅. Tokyo: Kodan-sha. Oda, S. (1967). The Normalization of Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 61, No. 1, 35-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2196830. Oh, C. (2006). Diaspora Nationalism: The Case of Ethnic Korean Minority in Kazakhstan and its Lessons from the Crimean Tatars in Turkey. Nationalities Papers. Vol.34, Issue 2, pp.111-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905990600617623. Oh, J., Kim, D., & Lee, S. (2023). 4월혁명(4.19혁명). Historical Dictionary of Democracy Movement. https://dict.kdemo.or.kr/entry/88/#detail-writing. Park, E. (2015). Hanguk minjokjuuiui du eolgul: Gukgaroui tonghapgwa minjogui tongil [The two faces of nationalism: The unification of the people and the unification of the country]. The Review of Korean and Asian Political Thoughts, 14(1), pp.1-26. Park, H., & Yoon, S. (2022). Korea to turn multicultural by 2040 given rise in foreign population. KOREA.net. https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=213350. Park, L. (2019). Understanding the March First Independence Movement. KOREA.net. https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/HonoraryReporters/view?articleId=168718. Reckel, J., & Schatz, M. (2020). Korean Diaspora - Central Asia, Siberia and Beyond. Siberia and Beyond. https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2020-1307. Rice, R. (1990). Japanese Labor in World War II. International Labor and Working-Class History , Fall, 1990, No. 38, The Working Class in World War II (Fall, 1990), pp. 29-45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27671889. Ryang, S. (2003). The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Massacre of Koreans in 1923: Noted on Japan's Modern National Sovereignty. Anthropological Quarterly, Vol.76, No.4, 731-748. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3318287. Ryang, S. (2014). Space and Time: The Experience Of The "Zainichi", The Ethnic Korean Population of Japan. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development , WINTER 2014, Vol. 43, No. 4, SPECIAL ISSUE: Emigration and Immigration: The Case of South Korea (WINTER 2014), pp. 519-550. Rydgren, J. (2004). The Populist Challenge: Political Protest and Ethno-Nationalist Mobilization in France. Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.3167/9781571816436. Ryu, T. (1999). The Humanities and National Identity: The Case of Korea. Kokugakuin University. https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/cimac/ryu.html. Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1353/dsp.1991.0004. Schiller, N. (2005). Long-Distance Nationalism. In: Ember, M., Ember, C.R., Skoggard, I. (eds) Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_59. Shin, G. (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics and Legacy. Stanford University Press. Shin, G., & Chang, P. (2004). The Politics of Nationalism in U.S.-Korean Relations. Asian Perspective 28(4), 119-145. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2004.0006. Shin, S., & Balistreri, E. (2022). The other trade war: Quantifying the Korea–Japan trade dispute. Journal of Asian Economics, Vol.79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101442. Skrbis, Z. (1999). Long-distance Nationalism: Diasporas, Homelands and Identities. Routledge. Smith, A. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Basil Blackwell. Smith, A. (1991). National Identity. Penguin books. Smith, A. (1996). Culture, Community and Territory: The Politics of Ethnicity and Nationalism. International Affairs, Vol.72, Issue 3, 445–458. https://doi.org/10.2307/2625550. Smith, A. (1998). Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. Routledge. Smith, A. (2009). Ethno-Symbolism and Nationalism: A cultural approach. Routledge. Sobral, J. (2018). Long-distance nationalism, boundaries and the experience of racism among Santomean migrants in portugal. Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa. https://doi.org/10.31447/ics9789726715030.02. Son, S. (2016). Identity, Security and the Nation: Understanding the South Korean Response to North Korean Defectors. Asian Ethnicity, 17(2), pp.171–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2016.1151236. Strausz, M. (2006). Minorities and Protest in Japan: The Politics of the Fingerprinting Refusal Movement. Pacific Affairs , Winter, 2006/2007, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Winter, 2006/2007), pp. 641-656. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40023775. Suzuki, K. (2003). The State and Racialization: the Case of Koreans in Japan. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. https://ccis.ucsd.edu/_files/wp69.pdf. The Academy of Korean Studies. (n.d.). 대한민국과 일본 간에 체결한 일본에 거주하는 대한민국 국민의 법적지위 및 대우에 관한 협정. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0049038. The Global Nonviolent Action Database. (n.d.). South Korean students force dictator to resign, new elections, 1960. The Global Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/south-korean-students-force-dictator-resign-new-elections-1960. The History Museum of J-Koreans. (no date). The History Museum of J-Koreans, http://www.j-koreans.org/index.html. Tokunaga, T. (2022). Man admits setting fire in ethnic Korean community. The Asahi Shimbun. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14622390. Triandafyllidou, A. (1998). National Identity and the "Other". Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol.21, No.4, 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198798329784. Tsutsui, K. (2018). Zainichi (Korean Residents in Japan): From Citizenship Rights to Universal Human Rights. Rights Make Might: Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan, 82-149. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190853105.003.0003. Wells, K. (1990). New God, New Nation: Protestants and Self-Reconstruction Nationalism in Korea, 1896-1937. University of Hawaii Press. Wetherall, W. (2023). Soshi kaimei myths: Confusion then, misunderstanding now. William Wetherall. http://yoshabunko.com/empires/Soshi_kaimei_myths.html. Wickstrum, Y. (2016). The Post-War Social and Legal Contexts of Zainichi Koreans. . Okayama University. https://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/files/public/5/55367/20170921103422542414/biess_1_43.pdf. Wikipedia Contributors. (2024). Korean nationalism. in Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_nationalism&oldid=1216573616. Wimmer, A., & Feinstein, Y. (2010). The Rise of the Nation-State across the World, 1816 to 2001. American Sociological Association. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410382639. Wolf, K. (1986). Ethnic nationalism: an analysis and a defense. Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, Vol.13, No.1. Yamawaki, K. (1994). 近代日本と外国人労働者. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten. Yasuaki, O. (1992). Interplay between Human Rights Activities and Legal Standards of Human Rights: A Case Study on the Korean Minority in Japan. Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 25: Iss. 3, Article 2. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol25/iss3/2. Yim, J. (2020). '재일 조선인 차별' 나이키 광고 화제... 日누리꾼 "불평은 부모에게" 비아냥. CookiNews. https://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk202012020013. Yim, K. (2021). [영상] 재일교포 작가 유미리가 일본에서 겪은 차별과 한마디 "후쿠시마 한번 와바! 올림픽은 무슨?". topstarnews. https://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=863459. Yoo, S. (2019). [3.1 운동에 대한 당사열강들의 반응-중국/미국/영국]. 한국역사문화신문. https://www.ns-times.com/news/view.php?bIdx=1925. Yook, E., Yum, Y., & Kim, S. (2014). The Effects of Hallyu (Korean Wave) on Korean Transnationals in the U.S. Asian Communication Research, Vol.11, 5-21. Yoon, I. (2006). Understanding the Korean Diaspora from Comparative Perspectives. Asia Culture Forum 2006, Transformation & Prospect toward Multiethnic, Multiracial & Multicultural Society: Enhancing Intercultural Communication Session 2 "Diaspora 1". Yoon, I. (2012). Migration and the Korean Diaspora: A Comparative Description of Five Cases. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol.38, No.3, 413-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.658545. zh_TW