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題名 再探數位時代下的全球媒體系統：媒體自由與極化
Revisit Global Media Systems in the Digital Age: Media Freedom and Polarization
作者 李晁安
Lee, Chao-An
貢獻者 韓義興
Han, Yi-Hsing
李晁安
Lee, Chao-An
關鍵詞 媒體自由
媒體系統
數位化
新聞學
全球比較
Media freedom
Media systems
Digitalization
Journalism
Global comparison
日期 2024
上傳時間 1-Nov-2024 11:29:59 (UTC+8)
摘要 全球各國的媒體自由自從進入數位時代以來一直呈下降趨勢（UNESCO，2022；Maniou，2022；Repucci，2019）。然而，數位化的影響可能對不同媒體系統中媒體自由的不同組成部分和外在因素產生不同的影響。以往的研究提出了西方國家的四種媒體系統模型（Hallin & Mancini，2004；Maniou，2022），但這些模型因未考慮媒體自由、媒體環境的變化以及非西方國家的情況而備受爭議（Norris，2009；Huang，2003；Hardy，2008，2012；Curran，2011）。 因此，本研究重新審視了Hallin和Mancini的理論，並將媒體系統的面向與媒體自由的五個組成部分和一個因素相結合，採用量化方法呈現「政府干預」、「立法權力」、「媒體專業化」、「媒體多元化」、「記者騷擾」五個媒體自由的組成部分以及「極化」因素在數位時代的趨勢。通過採用來自V-dem Project資料庫的二次數據分析，本研究檢驗現有媒體系統模型在全球範圍內的適用性，並加以探討各組成部分與極化之間的關係。 研究結果顯示，原有的媒體系統理論在全球範圍內不適用且出現新的媒體系統模型，同時證明了媒體多元化和記者騷擾對極化的顯著正向影響，以及立法權力（隨時間減弱）和媒體專業化（隨時間增強）對極化的顯著負向影響。
Media freedom in countries around the world has been on a downward trend since media entered the digital age (UNESCO, 2022; Maniou, 2022; Repucci, 2019). The influence of digitalization, however, may have varied toward different components and factors of media freedom in different media systems around the world. Previous research presented four media system models of Western countries (Hallin & Mancini, 2004; Maniou, 2022), while these models have been controversial for lacking the consideration of media freedom, the change in the media environment, and countries outside of the Western world. (Norris, 2009; Huang, 2003; Hardy, 2008, 2012; Curran, 2011). Thus, this research revisited Hallin and Mancini’s theory and connected the dimensions of media systems with the five components and one factor of media freedom and employed quantitative approaches to present the trend of components such as government intervention, legislative power, professionalization, media pluralism, harassment of journalists, and the factor such as polarization in the digital age. By adopting a secondary data analysis with data from the V-dem project, this study examined the applicability of the current media system models on the scale of global countries and also explored the relationship between each component and polarization. The findings presented the inapplicability of the original theory of media system on the global scale with the newly appeared models while proving the significantly positive effect each from media pluralism and harassment of journalists to polarization and the negative effect each from legislative power (weakened through time) and professionalization (stronger through time) to polarization.
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Journalism as an Anglo-American invention: A comparison of the development of French and Anglo-American journalism. European Journal of Communication, 11(83), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323196011003002 Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Cornell, A., Fish, M. S., Gastaldi, L., Gjerløw, H., Glynn, A., Grahn, S., Hicken, A., Kinzelbach, K., Marquardt, K. L., McMann, K., Mechkova, V., Neundorf, A., Paxton, P., Pemstein, D., Rydén, O., von Römer, J., Seim, B., Sigman, R., Skaaning, S.-E., Staton, J., Sundström, A., Tzelgov, E., Uberti, L., Wang, Y.-t., Wig, T., & Ziblatt, D. (2023). V-Dem Codebook v13. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Curran, J. (2011). Questioning a new orthodoxy. In J. Curran (Ed.), Communication and society: Media and democracy (pp. 28-46). Routledge. Curran, J., Iyengar, S., Brink Lund, A., & Salovaara-Moring, I. (2009). Media system, public knowledge and democracy: A comparative study. European Journal of Communication, 24(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323108098943 David, K., & Berndt, H. (2018). 6G vision and requirements: Is there any need for beyond 5G? IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 13(3), 72–80. Dawes, S. (2014). Press Freedom, Privacy and the Public Sphere. Journalism Studies, 15(1), 17-32. Dennis, E. E., & Merrill, J. C. (1991). Media Debates: Issues in Mass Communication. Addison-Wesley Longman. Dobek-Ostrowska, B. (2015). 25 Years After Communism: Four Models of Media and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. In B. Dobek-Ostrowska & M. Glowaski (Eds.), Democracy and Media in Central and Eastern Europe 25 Years On (pp. 11-44). Peter Lang. Fadnes, I., Krøvel, R., & Larsen, A. G. (2020). Conclusion. Researching self-censorship caused by inadequate safety of journalists. Causes, solutions and future research. In A. G. Larsen, I. Fadnes, & R. Krøvel (Eds.), Journalist safety and self-censorship (pp. 197–203). 1st ed. Massachusetts: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367810139 Githii, G. (1971). Press Freedom in Kenya. In O. Stokke (Ed.), Reporting Africa (pp. 57-65). The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Gross, P. (2002). Entangled Evolutions: Media and Democratization in Eastern Europe. John Hopkins University Press. Grundy, A. (2022, June 7). Internet Crushes Traditional Media: From Print to Digital. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2024, from https://www.census.gov/america-counts/stories/internet-crushes-traditional-media-from-print-to-digital Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge University Press. Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2012). Comparing media systems: A response to critics. In F. Esser & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), Handbook of comparative communication research (pp. 207–220). London, England: Routledge. Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2013). Comparing Media Systems Between Eastern and Western Europe. In P. Gross & K. Jakubowicz (Eds.), Media Transformations in the Post-Communist World: Eastern Europe’s Tortured Path to Change (pp. 15-32). Lexington Books. Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2017). Ten years after comparing media systems: What have we learned? Political Communication, 34(2), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1233158 Hardy, J. (2008). Western media systems. Routledge. Hardy, J. (2012). Comparing Media Systems. In F. Esser & T. Hanitzch (Eds.), Handbook of Comparative Communication Research (pp. 185-206). Routledge. Hauben, R. (2004). The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision. The Amateur Computerist, 12(2). Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551–575. https://doi.org/10.1086/227049 Holton, A. E., Bélair-Gagnon, V., Bossio, D., & Molyneux, L. (2021). Not their fault, but their problem: Organizational responses to the online harassment of journalists. Journalism Practice, 17(4), 859–874. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417 Huang, C. (2003) Transitional media vs. normative theories: Schramm, Altschull, and China. Journal of Communication, 53(3), 444–459 Humphreys, P. (2012). A political scientist’s contribution to the comparative study of media systems in Europe: A response to Hallin and Mancini. In N. Just & M. Puppis (Eds.), Trends in communication policy research: New theories, methods and subjects (pp. 141-158). Intellect. Humprecht, E., Herrero, L., Blassnig, S., Brüggemann, M., & Engesser, S. (2022). Media Systems in the Digital Age: An Empirical Comparison of 30 Countries. Journal of Communication, 72. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqab054 Jung, J. Y. (2016). Social media, global communications, and the Arab Spring: Cross-level and cross-media story flows. In A. Douai & M. Ben Moussa (Eds.), Mediated identities and new journalism in the Arab world. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58141-9_2 Kantola, A., & Harju, A. A. (2021). Tackling the emotional toll together: How journalists address harassment with connective practices. Journalism, 24(3), 494–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211055293 Kapoor, K. K., Tamilmani, K., & Rana, N. P. (2018). Advances in social media research: Past, present and future. Information Systems Frontiers, 20, 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-017-9810-y Karppinen, K. (2020). Aspects and scope of media pluralism. In Rethinking media pluralism (pp. 83–102). Fordham University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823245154-006 Keen, A. (2008). The cult of the amateur: How blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and the rest of today’s user-generated media are destroying our economy, our culture, and our values. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Kemp, S. (2017) Digital 2017: Global Overview Report. In Meltwater & We Are Social. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2017-global-digital-overview Kemp, S. (2020) Digital 2020: Global Overview Report. In Meltwater & We Are Social. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-global-digital-overview Kemp, S. (2021) Digital 2021: Global Overview Report. In Meltwater & We Are Social. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-global-overview-report Kemp, S. (2024). Digital 2024: Global Overview Report. In Meltwater & We Are Social. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report Kim, C., & Shin, W. (2022). Harassment of journalists and its aftermath: Anti-press violence, psychological suffering, and an internal chilling effect. Digital Journalism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2034027 Klimkiewicz, B. (2008). Media pluralism in European media policy: Theoretical reflections and empirical evidence. In B. Klimkiewicz (Ed.), Media freedom and pluralism: Media policy challenges in the enlarged Europe (pp. 43-74). Central European University Press. Kubin, E., & von Sikorski, C. (2023). The complex relationship between media and political polarization: Understanding how the media can affectively (de)polarize citizens. International Journal of Communication, 17, 5207–5222. Levendusky, M., & Malhotra, N. (2016). Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes? Political Communication, 33(2), 283-301. Liedke, J., & Wang, L. (2023, November 15). News Platform Fact Sheet. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org Lowenstein, R. (1970). Press Freedom as a Political Indicator. In H. D. Fischer & J. C. Merrill (Eds.), International Communication, Media, Channels, Functions (pp. 129-142). Hastings House. Mancini, P. (2020). Comparing Media Systems and the Digital Age. International Journal of Communication, 14, 5761-5774 Manganelli, A., & Nicita, A. (2022). Regulating digital markets : the European approach. Springer. Maniou, T. A. (2022). The Dynamics of Influence on Press Freedom in Different Media Systems: A Comparative Study. Journalism Practice, 17(9), 1937–1961. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2030246 McCaffrey, R. (2019). Stoicism and courage as journalistic values: What early journalism textbooks taught about newsroom ethos. American Journalism, 36(2), 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2019.1602443 McQuail, D. (2000a) Some reflections on the Western Bias of media theory. Asian Journal of Communication, 10(2), 1–13. McQuail, D. (2000b). Mass Communication Theory. Sage. Menke, M., & Seeger, C. (2024). Different media, different audiences, different harassment? How the journalist-audience relationship shapes experiences of harassment. Digital Journalism, 12(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2024.2351524 Merrill, J. C. (1990). The Imperative of Freedom: A Philosophy of Journalistic Autonomy. University Press of America. Miller, K. C. (2021a). Hostility toward the press: A synthesis of terms, research, and future directions in examining harassment of journalists. Digital Journalism, 11(7), 1230–1249. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1991824 Miller, K. C. (2021b). Harassment’s toll on democracy: The effects of harassment towards US journalists. Journalism Practice, 17(8), 1607–1626. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.2008809 Norris, P. (2009). Comparative Political Communications: Common Frameworks or Babelian Confusion? Government and Opposition, 44(3), 321-340. Pemstein, D., Marquardt, K., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y.-T., Medzihorsky, J., Krusell, J., & von Romer, J. (2020). The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-national and Cross-temporal Expert-coded Data. V-Dem Working Paper No. 21 (5th ed.). Varieties of Democracy Institute, University of Gothenburg. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1–6. 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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
111461009
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111461009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 韓義興zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Han, Yi-Hsingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李晁安zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Chao-Anen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李晁安zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Chao-Anen_US
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Nov-2024 11:29:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Nov-2024 11:29:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Nov-2024 11:29:59 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111461009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/154218-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 111461009zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 全球各國的媒體自由自從進入數位時代以來一直呈下降趨勢（UNESCO，2022；Maniou，2022；Repucci，2019）。然而，數位化的影響可能對不同媒體系統中媒體自由的不同組成部分和外在因素產生不同的影響。以往的研究提出了西方國家的四種媒體系統模型（Hallin & Mancini，2004；Maniou，2022），但這些模型因未考慮媒體自由、媒體環境的變化以及非西方國家的情況而備受爭議（Norris，2009；Huang，2003；Hardy，2008，2012；Curran，2011）。 因此，本研究重新審視了Hallin和Mancini的理論，並將媒體系統的面向與媒體自由的五個組成部分和一個因素相結合，採用量化方法呈現「政府干預」、「立法權力」、「媒體專業化」、「媒體多元化」、「記者騷擾」五個媒體自由的組成部分以及「極化」因素在數位時代的趨勢。通過採用來自V-dem Project資料庫的二次數據分析，本研究檢驗現有媒體系統模型在全球範圍內的適用性，並加以探討各組成部分與極化之間的關係。 研究結果顯示，原有的媒體系統理論在全球範圍內不適用且出現新的媒體系統模型，同時證明了媒體多元化和記者騷擾對極化的顯著正向影響，以及立法權力（隨時間減弱）和媒體專業化（隨時間增強）對極化的顯著負向影響。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Media freedom in countries around the world has been on a downward trend since media entered the digital age (UNESCO, 2022; Maniou, 2022; Repucci, 2019). The influence of digitalization, however, may have varied toward different components and factors of media freedom in different media systems around the world. Previous research presented four media system models of Western countries (Hallin & Mancini, 2004; Maniou, 2022), while these models have been controversial for lacking the consideration of media freedom, the change in the media environment, and countries outside of the Western world. (Norris, 2009; Huang, 2003; Hardy, 2008, 2012; Curran, 2011). Thus, this research revisited Hallin and Mancini’s theory and connected the dimensions of media systems with the five components and one factor of media freedom and employed quantitative approaches to present the trend of components such as government intervention, legislative power, professionalization, media pluralism, harassment of journalists, and the factor such as polarization in the digital age. By adopting a secondary data analysis with data from the V-dem project, this study examined the applicability of the current media system models on the scale of global countries and also explored the relationship between each component and polarization. The findings presented the inapplicability of the original theory of media system on the global scale with the newly appeared models while proving the significantly positive effect each from media pluralism and harassment of journalists to polarization and the negative effect each from legislative power (weakened through time) and professionalization (stronger through time) to polarization.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv Table of Contents vi List of Tables and Figures ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.1 After 2000: The Digital Age of Media 1 1.1.2 The Current Downward Trend of Global Media Freedom 2 1.1.3 Differences in Media Freedom under Different Media Systems 4 1.2 Problem Statement 5 1.3 Research Purpose 6 1.4 Research Contribution 8 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Media Freedom 10 2.1.1 Government Intervention and Legislative Power 12 2.1.2 Professionalization 13 2.1.3 Media Pluralism 14 2.1.4 Harassment of Journalists 14 2.2 Media System 15 2.3 Connections of Media Systems and Media Freedom 18 2.3.1 Role of The State and Government Intervention/Legislative Power 18 2.3.2 Professionalization and Harassment of Journalists 19 2.3.3 Political Parallelism and Media Pluralism 21 2.4 Polarization 22 2.5 Media Industry Structure 23 2.6 Characteristics of the Models 24 2.7 Research Questions 26 3. Method 29 3.1 Data: The V-dem Project 29 3.2 Measures 30 3.2.1 Government Intervention 31 3.2.2 Legislative Power 37 3.2.3 Professionalization 39 3.2.4 Media Pluralism 40 3.2.5 Harassment of Journalists 42 3.2.6 Polarization 42 4. Results 44 4.1 Descriptive Statistics – Global Trends of Media Freedom Components 44 4.1.1 Government Intervention 44 4.1.2 Legislative Power 47 4.1.3 Professionalization 47 4.1.4 Media Pluralism 52 4.1.5 Harassment of Journalists 55 4.1.6 The Three Phases of The Trends of Media Freedom Components 58 4.2 Cluster Analysis 60 4.2.1 Phase 1: Incubation Phase (2000-2007) 60 4.2.2 Phase 2: Transformation Phase (2008-2017) 64 4.2.3 Phase 3: Adjustment Phase (2018-2021) 67 4.2.4 Media System Models - Components 71 4.3 Polarization 73 4.3.1 Trend of Polarization 73 4.3.2 Media System Models – Polarization 76 4.3.3 Relationship between Components and Polarization 78 4.3.4 Additional Regression Model – The Moderation Effect of Phases 80 5. Discussion and Conclusion 82 5.1 The Global Context of Phase Division 82 5.1.1 From The Developing to The Turning 82 5.1.2 The Turning – Years 2011 and 2012 83 5.1.3 From The Turning to The Recession 84 5.2 The Media System Models in The Digital Era and The Cases 85 5.2.1 The Core Model: United Kingdom 86 5.2.2 The Sub-Core Model: Mexico 88 5.2.3 The Sub-Periphery Model: Russia 89 5.2.4 The Periphery Model: China 91 5.2.5 Shifting Case: India (From Semi-core to Transition) 92 5.3 Regression between components and polarization 93 5.4 Contribution 95 5.5 Limitation 96 5.6 Conclusion 97 References 100 Appendix A: Country Units 109zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3054493 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111461009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體自由zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 媒體系統zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 數位化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 新聞學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 全球比較zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media freedomen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Media systemsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Digitalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Journalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Global comparisonen_US
dc.title (題名) 再探數位時代下的全球媒體系統：媒體自由與極化zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Revisit Global Media Systems in the Digital Age: Media Freedom and Polarizationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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