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題名 超低生育率下臺灣女性非婚生育的經驗啟示
Implications from the experiences of Taiwanese women giving birth outside marriage while Taiwan faces ultra-low fertility rate作者 洪慈庸
Hung, Tzu-Yung貢獻者 鄭力軒
Cheng, Li-Hsuan
洪慈庸
Hung, Tzu-Yung關鍵詞 人口
女性
婚育
非婚生育
婚育脫鉤
population
women
marriage and childbearing
non-marital childbearing
decoupling of marriage and childbearing日期 2024 上傳時間 2-Jan-2025 11:35:04 (UTC+8) 摘要 晚近研究顯示臺灣生育率屢創新低主因為臺灣女性未婚率持續上升,婚育包裹的傳統規範使生育率問題愈加嚴重。根據OECD家庭數據資料庫(The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2024),2020年非婚生子女比例高於50%的國家,其總生育率普遍高於1.5人,雖然已開發國家都面臨生育率低於人口替代水準問題,但在女性生育自主性越高的國家,其總生育率尚能維持在適度生育率或低生育率。本文主張結婚生育、非婚生育都是促進生育的方案,並非單一路徑;但無法否認臺灣社會當下仍將婚姻視為生育的前提、人口政策也全然建立於家庭政策之上。有鑑於過往非婚生育研究相當有限,本研究針對17位非婚生育女性進行質性深度訪談,透過她們的人生歷程與反饋,探討女性選擇非婚生育的原因及決策模式,並描繪其非婚生育行為所帶來的社會後果。最後,綜整非婚生育女性之政策需求與建議,共同思考如何建構更友善多元的生養環境。 本研究顯示多數女性沒有排斥婚姻也不屈就婚姻,關係和生育可以自然成為兩件事;臺灣婚育包裹的觀念應與時俱進,臺灣社會從未開啟婚姻關係與育兒間不必然的正式討論,沒有令人期待的婚姻關係還是可以生養孩子,人生的體驗不會因為沒有合適的對象而被阻卻;要達成2030年回穩1.4人的生育率目標,我們必須軟硬兼施地在性別平等和國家政策支持上雙軌並進,建置一個友善所有選擇的生養環境,最後,筆者認為女性絕對擁有關係和生育間的選擇權利,任何選擇也應得到充分的尊重、同理與支持。
The fertility rate in Taiwan has hit record lows, and recent studies show that it is mainly because the unmarried rate of Taiwanese women continues to climb, and the traditional norms of marriage and childbearing have also made the problem of fertility rate more serious. To promote fertility rate, this paper suggests that there should not be only one path to achieve the goal, and both marital and non-marital childbearing can be seen as approaches. In view of the limited research on non-marital childbearing from the past, this study conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 17 women who had non-marital childbirth. With their life stories and experiences, this paper explores the reasons for women to decide on non-marital childbearing, depicts the social consequences of such decision-making, and further puts forward the suggestions and policies conducive to women who give birth outside of marriage. This study shows that most of the women interviewed neither reject nor yield to marriage. For them, relationship and childbearing are naturally seen as two different things, and the traditional norm of marriage and childbearing should keep pace with the times. Yet, in Taiwan, there has never been any formal discussions on seeing marriage and childbearing as two separate things. That is, women can still have children even if they do not have a promising marriage, and not having a suitable partner should not be a hurdle for a woman to have a child. To that end, the government must take measures to improve both gender equality and government policy, building an environment that is friendly to all choices on childbearing. The author, after all, believes that women absolutely own the right to decide the relation between marriage and childbearing, and all choices should be fully supported with respect and empathy.參考文獻 中央研究院人文社會科學中心調查研究專題中心(2022)。想婚或不婚?「家庭動態調查」中的未婚者圖像,2023年12月08日,取自: https://survey.sinica.edu.tw/?p=12058&lang=zh。 王德睦、張國偉(2010)。臺灣女性初婚率的量與步調。臺灣社會福利學刊,8(2),29-66。 王德睦、董宜禎(2014)。年輪生育率分佈改變對時期生育率的影響。人口學刊,48,1-41。 袁詠蓁、孔祥明(2022)。結婚不結婚:臺灣適婚年齡者進入婚姻與否的考量因素。人口學刊,64,1-49。 高莉、賴怡穎、劉亭均(2022)。政府推動我國少子女化對策計畫執行情形之審計。政府審計季刊,42(2),45-56。 張榮富、唐曉霞、彭于庭(2019)。臺灣未婚男女單身化:2025年男女年齡層擇偶機會估計。國家與社會,21,1-50。 許碧純(2020)。東亞已開發國家的性別平等、家庭政策對生育之影響:對臺灣的啟示。臺灣公共衛生雜誌,39(2),129-142。 郭祐誠、林佳慧(2012)。勞動市場條件對結婚率下降之影響。人口學刊,44,87-124。 陳玉華、陳信木(2012)。初婚年齡的變動趨勢:出生世代、教育程度與省及背景之間的差異。載於伊慶春、章英華(編),臺灣的社會變遷1985~2005:家庭與婚姻,臺灣社會變遷基本調查系列三之1(229-275頁)。台北,中央研究院社會學研究所。 陳信木、陳雅琪(2007年4月)。教育對於結婚的影響:教育程度別女性初婚年齡分佈模式。2007臺灣人口學會年會暨學術研討會,台北。 楊靜利(2004)。同居的生育意涵與臺灣同居人數估計。臺灣社會學刊,32,189-213。 楊靜利、李大正、陳寬政(2006)。臺灣傳統婚配空間的變化與婚姻行為之變遷。人口學刊,33,1-32。 葉明叡、劉豐佾(2020)。婚姻、家庭與生育倫理。人口學刊,61,141-149。 趙淑珠(2003)。未婚單身女性生活經驗之研究:婚姻意義的反思。教育心理學報,34(2),221-246。 劉一龍、王德睦(2005)。臺灣地區總生育率的分析:完成生育率與生育步調之變化。人口學刊,30,97-123。 劉一龍、李大正、王德睦(2008)。調整生育步調對臺灣總生育率的影響。臺灣社會福利學刊,6(2),25-60。 劉芝吟(2022)。為何孩子越生越少?人口學家鄭雁馨談少子化困境,2023年10月12日,取自:https://research.sinica.edu.tw/low-fertility-rate-raise-children/。 鄭雁馨(2022)。臺灣低生育率的現象、成因與對策。政府審計季刊,42(2),3-17。 駱明慶(2007)。臺灣總生育率下降的表象與實際。研究臺灣,3,37-60。 鍾秉融、謝宏仁、鍾金原(2017)。我還不想結婚:七位女性對於婚姻的共同想像。國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報,13(3),191-217。 韓采燕(2023)。高等教育就學與學位取得的性別差異:五十年來臺灣大專校院在學生與畢業生之性別比率變化趨勢。人社東華,38。取自:https://journal.ndhu.edu.tw/%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%b0%b1%e5%ad%b8%e8%88%87%e5%ad%b8%e4%bd%8d%e5%8f%96%e5%be%97%e7%9a%84%e6%80%a7%e5%88%a5%e5%b7%ae%e7%95%b0%ef%bc%9a%e4%ba%94%e5%8d%81%e5%b9%b4%e4%be%86%e8%87%ba/。 Axinn, W. G., & Barber, J. S. (2001). Mass education and fertility transition. American Sociological Review, 66(4), 481-505. Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.). Sage Publications. (Original work published 1986) Becker, G. S. (1981). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard university press. Bumpass, L. L., Rindfuss, R. R., Choe, M. K., & Tsuya, N. O. (2009). The institutional context of low fertility: The case of Japan. Asian Population Studies, 5(3), 215-235. Central Intelligence Agency(2024).Total fertility rate. Retrieved June 25, 2024, from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison/ Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford University Press. Jones, G. W. (2007). Delayed marriage and very low fertility in Pacific Asia. Population and Development Review, 33(3), 453-478. Kan, M.-Y., & Hertog, E. (2017). Domestic division of labour and fertility preference in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Demographic Research, 36, 557-588. Lareau, A. (2021). Listening to people: A practical guide to interviewing, participant observation, data analysis, and writing it all up. University of Chicago Press. Lesthaeghe, R., & Van de Kaa, D. J. (1986). Twee demografische transities? In D. J. Van de Kaa & R. Lesthaeghe (Eds.), Bevolking: Groei en krimp (pp. 9-24). Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus. Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211-251. McDonald, P. (2013). Societal foundations for explaining low fertility: Gender equity. Demographic research, 28, 981-994. Morgan, S. P. (2003). Is low fertility a twenty-first-century demographic crisis? Demography, 40(4), 589-603. Nadelson, C. C., & Notman, M. T. (1981). To marry or not to marry: A choice. The American Journal Psychiatry, 138(10), 1352-1356. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2024). The OECD Family Database, Retrieved June 25, 2024, from https://web-archive.oecd.org/fr/temp/2024-06-21/69263-basededonnees.htm。 Raymo, J. M., Park, H., Xie, Y., & Yeung, W.-j. J. (2015). Marriage and family in East Asia: Continuity and change. Annual review of sociology, 41, 471-492. Toulemon, L. (2011). Should governments in Europe be more aggressive in pushing for gender equality to raise fertility? The first “YES”. Demographic Research, 24, 179-200. Van de Kaa, D. J. (1987). Europe's second demographic transition. Popul Bull, 42(1), 1-59. Van de Kaa, D. J. (2002). The Idea of a Second Demographic Transition in Industrialized Countries. Sixth Welfare Policy Seminar of the National Institute of Population and Social Security, Tokyo. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
行政管理碩士學程
111921018資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111921018 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 鄭力軒 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Cheng, Li-Hsuan en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 洪慈庸 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hung, Tzu-Yung en_US dc.creator (作者) 洪慈庸 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hung, Tzu-Yung en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jan-2025 11:35:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jan-2025 11:35:04 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jan-2025 11:35:04 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111921018 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/154971 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 行政管理碩士學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 111921018 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 晚近研究顯示臺灣生育率屢創新低主因為臺灣女性未婚率持續上升,婚育包裹的傳統規範使生育率問題愈加嚴重。根據OECD家庭數據資料庫(The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2024),2020年非婚生子女比例高於50%的國家,其總生育率普遍高於1.5人,雖然已開發國家都面臨生育率低於人口替代水準問題,但在女性生育自主性越高的國家,其總生育率尚能維持在適度生育率或低生育率。本文主張結婚生育、非婚生育都是促進生育的方案,並非單一路徑;但無法否認臺灣社會當下仍將婚姻視為生育的前提、人口政策也全然建立於家庭政策之上。有鑑於過往非婚生育研究相當有限,本研究針對17位非婚生育女性進行質性深度訪談,透過她們的人生歷程與反饋,探討女性選擇非婚生育的原因及決策模式,並描繪其非婚生育行為所帶來的社會後果。最後,綜整非婚生育女性之政策需求與建議,共同思考如何建構更友善多元的生養環境。 本研究顯示多數女性沒有排斥婚姻也不屈就婚姻,關係和生育可以自然成為兩件事;臺灣婚育包裹的觀念應與時俱進,臺灣社會從未開啟婚姻關係與育兒間不必然的正式討論,沒有令人期待的婚姻關係還是可以生養孩子,人生的體驗不會因為沒有合適的對象而被阻卻;要達成2030年回穩1.4人的生育率目標,我們必須軟硬兼施地在性別平等和國家政策支持上雙軌並進,建置一個友善所有選擇的生養環境,最後,筆者認為女性絕對擁有關係和生育間的選擇權利,任何選擇也應得到充分的尊重、同理與支持。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The fertility rate in Taiwan has hit record lows, and recent studies show that it is mainly because the unmarried rate of Taiwanese women continues to climb, and the traditional norms of marriage and childbearing have also made the problem of fertility rate more serious. To promote fertility rate, this paper suggests that there should not be only one path to achieve the goal, and both marital and non-marital childbearing can be seen as approaches. In view of the limited research on non-marital childbearing from the past, this study conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 17 women who had non-marital childbirth. With their life stories and experiences, this paper explores the reasons for women to decide on non-marital childbearing, depicts the social consequences of such decision-making, and further puts forward the suggestions and policies conducive to women who give birth outside of marriage. This study shows that most of the women interviewed neither reject nor yield to marriage. For them, relationship and childbearing are naturally seen as two different things, and the traditional norm of marriage and childbearing should keep pace with the times. Yet, in Taiwan, there has never been any formal discussions on seeing marriage and childbearing as two separate things. That is, women can still have children even if they do not have a promising marriage, and not having a suitable partner should not be a hurdle for a woman to have a child. To that end, the government must take measures to improve both gender equality and government policy, building an environment that is friendly to all choices on childbearing. The author, after all, believes that women absolutely own the right to decide the relation between marriage and childbearing, and all choices should be fully supported with respect and empathy. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 i Abstract ii 圖次 v 表次 vi 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機與目的 4 第三節 研究範圍與流程 6 第二章 文獻回顧 8 第一節 臺灣低生育率的真實面貌 8 第二節 臺灣女性晚婚未婚與生育步調對生育率之影響 15 第三節 臺灣女性為何不結婚 19 第四節 西方與東亞國家婚育間的差異 22 第五節 東亞國家婚育困境與臺灣非婚生育的可能 28 第三章 研究方法與實施 32 第一節 研究架構 32 第二節 研究方法 33 第三節 研究設計 34 第四節 研究倫理 42 第四章 臺灣女性非婚生育的決定與後果 43 第一節 孩子與婚姻,不必然 44 第二節 誰走,不同的路 71 第三節 後果,好不好? 87 第五章 非婚生育的現在與未來 108 第一節 想生,先想清楚 108 第二節 非婚生育女性的需要 119 第三節 媽媽與孩子 137 第六章 結論與建議 148 第一節 研究發現與結論 148 第二節 研究建議 160 第三節 研究限制與反思 164 參考文獻 169 附錄一、訪談邀請函 173 附錄二、個別訪談知情同意書 174 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3167383 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111921018 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人口 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 女性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 婚育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非婚生育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 婚育脫鉤 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) population en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) women en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) marriage and childbearing en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) non-marital childbearing en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) decoupling of marriage and childbearing en_US dc.title (題名) 超低生育率下臺灣女性非婚生育的經驗啟示 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Implications from the experiences of Taiwanese women giving birth outside marriage while Taiwan faces ultra-low fertility rate en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中央研究院人文社會科學中心調查研究專題中心(2022)。想婚或不婚?「家庭動態調查」中的未婚者圖像,2023年12月08日,取自: https://survey.sinica.edu.tw/?p=12058&lang=zh。 王德睦、張國偉(2010)。臺灣女性初婚率的量與步調。臺灣社會福利學刊,8(2),29-66。 王德睦、董宜禎(2014)。年輪生育率分佈改變對時期生育率的影響。人口學刊,48,1-41。 袁詠蓁、孔祥明(2022)。結婚不結婚:臺灣適婚年齡者進入婚姻與否的考量因素。人口學刊,64,1-49。 高莉、賴怡穎、劉亭均(2022)。政府推動我國少子女化對策計畫執行情形之審計。政府審計季刊,42(2),45-56。 張榮富、唐曉霞、彭于庭(2019)。臺灣未婚男女單身化:2025年男女年齡層擇偶機會估計。國家與社會,21,1-50。 許碧純(2020)。東亞已開發國家的性別平等、家庭政策對生育之影響:對臺灣的啟示。臺灣公共衛生雜誌,39(2),129-142。 郭祐誠、林佳慧(2012)。勞動市場條件對結婚率下降之影響。人口學刊,44,87-124。 陳玉華、陳信木(2012)。初婚年齡的變動趨勢:出生世代、教育程度與省及背景之間的差異。載於伊慶春、章英華(編),臺灣的社會變遷1985~2005:家庭與婚姻,臺灣社會變遷基本調查系列三之1(229-275頁)。台北,中央研究院社會學研究所。 陳信木、陳雅琪(2007年4月)。教育對於結婚的影響:教育程度別女性初婚年齡分佈模式。2007臺灣人口學會年會暨學術研討會,台北。 楊靜利(2004)。同居的生育意涵與臺灣同居人數估計。臺灣社會學刊,32,189-213。 楊靜利、李大正、陳寬政(2006)。臺灣傳統婚配空間的變化與婚姻行為之變遷。人口學刊,33,1-32。 葉明叡、劉豐佾(2020)。婚姻、家庭與生育倫理。人口學刊,61,141-149。 趙淑珠(2003)。未婚單身女性生活經驗之研究:婚姻意義的反思。教育心理學報,34(2),221-246。 劉一龍、王德睦(2005)。臺灣地區總生育率的分析:完成生育率與生育步調之變化。人口學刊,30,97-123。 劉一龍、李大正、王德睦(2008)。調整生育步調對臺灣總生育率的影響。臺灣社會福利學刊,6(2),25-60。 劉芝吟(2022)。為何孩子越生越少?人口學家鄭雁馨談少子化困境,2023年10月12日,取自:https://research.sinica.edu.tw/low-fertility-rate-raise-children/。 鄭雁馨(2022)。臺灣低生育率的現象、成因與對策。政府審計季刊,42(2),3-17。 駱明慶(2007)。臺灣總生育率下降的表象與實際。研究臺灣,3,37-60。 鍾秉融、謝宏仁、鍾金原(2017)。我還不想結婚:七位女性對於婚姻的共同想像。國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報,13(3),191-217。 韓采燕(2023)。高等教育就學與學位取得的性別差異:五十年來臺灣大專校院在學生與畢業生之性別比率變化趨勢。人社東華,38。取自:https://journal.ndhu.edu.tw/%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%99%e8%82%b2%e5%b0%b1%e5%ad%b8%e8%88%87%e5%ad%b8%e4%bd%8d%e5%8f%96%e5%be%97%e7%9a%84%e6%80%a7%e5%88%a5%e5%b7%ae%e7%95%b0%ef%bc%9a%e4%ba%94%e5%8d%81%e5%b9%b4%e4%be%86%e8%87%ba/。 Axinn, W. 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