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題名 零工經濟浪潮下平台勞動者保障之研究
A Study on the Protection of Platform Workers under the Wave of the Gig Economy作者 辛昀浩
Hsin, Yun-Hao貢獻者 許政賢<br>吳姿慧
辛昀浩
Hsin, Yun-Hao關鍵詞 零工經濟
平台勞動者
中間類型勞動者
從屬性
經濟依賴性
Gig Economy
Platform Workers
Intermediate Category of Workers
Subordination
Economic Dependence日期 2024 上傳時間 2-Jan-2025 11:40:49 (UTC+8) 摘要 近年來零工經濟在全球蔚為風潮，根據勞動部出版之研究報告顯示，我國已有相當高比例之外送員多依賴平台之收入維生。零工經濟於國內發展初期，外送員之勞動身分與勞動權益未獲重視，直至職業災害、平台業者不斷片面調整報酬計算方式，以及外送員遭平台業者停權等爭議肆起，外送員之勞動權益保障問題逐漸受到各界關注。 誠然在契約自由原則下，平台業者與外送員有契約形式選擇自由，從而雙方當可自由約定契約關係，惟若放寬從屬性之認定，似又未能全然否定外送員存在從屬性之可能性。外送員縱未必得被認定為勞工，惟不可否認，渠等之職業風險甚高，且特質明顯亦與一般認知之承攬勞動者有所差別。惟有鑑於我國勞動法令有其界限，外送員於現行法下難以獲得周延之保障，若不對此加以重視，將可能演變為社會問題。 本論文採比較法研究，先行探討國際組織之倡議後，進一步爬梳德國、義大利、西班牙與美國之法制發展、特色及實施經驗，期能借鏡他國法制，建構得以妥適保障此等平台勞動者之法制。
In recent years, the gig economy has flourished around the world. According to a research report published by the Ministry of Labor, a high proportion of delivery workers in Taiwan rely heavily on income from the platforms to survive. In the early days of the development of the gig economy in Taiwan, people have yet to take the employment status and labor rights of delivery workers seriously. However, the issue regarding protection for delivery workers' labor rights has captured attention from all walks of life since disputes such as occupational disasters, platform operators' continuous and unilateral adjustments to compensation calculation methods, and delivery workers' suspension by platform operators arose. Under the principle of freedom of contract, the platform operator and the delivery worker can choose the type of contract, and both parties can freely agree on the contractual relationship. However, subordination or dependence cannot be excluded entirely if a lenient standard is applied to examine the contractual relationship between the delivery workers and the platform operator. Even though delivery workers may not necessarily be recognized as employees, it is undeniable that their occupational risks are very high, and their characteristics are different from those of generally recognized contract workers. Since the scope of labor law in Taiwan is quite limited, the labor rights of delivery workers cannot be appropriately protected. If the abovementioned issue is not taken seriously, it may become a social problem. This thesis adopts a comparative approach. After exploring the initiatives of international organizations, it further combs through the development, characteristics and implementation experience of the legal system in Germany, Italy, Spain and the United States. 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勞動部，職業安全衛生設施規則第二百八十六條之三、第三百二十四條之七、第三百二十五條之一修正條文對照表，勞動法令查詢系統，https://laws.mol.gov.tw/FLAW/FLAWDAT07.aspx?id=FL015021（最後瀏覽日期：2023年11月5日）。 43. 勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所，策略規劃，勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所，https://www.ilosh.gov.tw/90734/90735/90753/91093/（最後瀏覽日期：2023年5月15日）。 44. 勞動部職業安全衛生署，外送員與平台業者如經確認屬勞雇關係者，其勞健保及勞退金等權益，即應依相關法規辦理，勞動部職業安全衛生署，https://www.osha.gov.tw/48110/48417/48421/52869/（最後瀏覽日期：2023年1月3日）。 45. 程法彰、陳思豪、王以均，平臺經濟的勞動關係與第三人侵權行為責任，月旦法學知識庫，頁1-11，https://www-lawdata-com-tw.proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw:8443/anglekmc/lawkm?@19^597183076^107^^^77^1@@743507772 （最後瀏覽日期：2023年1月13日）。 46. 新北市政府，市政新聞：新北外送平台條例三讀通過 需揭露每單報酬 未投保意外險最高罰10萬，新北市政府， https://www.ntpc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=e8ca970cde5c00e1&dataserno=7669b65fe33a3d85ae5aa5d05849af42（最後瀏覽日期：2022年12月16日）。 47. 新北市政府勞工局，工會名錄：職業工會名錄，新北勞動雲，https://ilabor.ntpc.gov.tw/ckeditor/showFile/889253486?serverName=0840271f-0455-4c47-86a4-672c4bf7d2b9（最後瀏覽日期：2023年3月11日）。 48. 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國立政治大學
法律學系
108651504資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651504 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 許政賢<br>吳姿慧 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 辛昀浩 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsin, Yun-Hao en_US dc.creator (作者) 辛昀浩 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hsin, Yun-Hao en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jan-2025 11:40:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jan-2025 11:40:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jan-2025 11:40:49 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108651504 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/154981 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 法律學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 108651504 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年來零工經濟在全球蔚為風潮，根據勞動部出版之研究報告顯示，我國已有相當高比例之外送員多依賴平台之收入維生。零工經濟於國內發展初期，外送員之勞動身分與勞動權益未獲重視，直至職業災害、平台業者不斷片面調整報酬計算方式，以及外送員遭平台業者停權等爭議肆起，外送員之勞動權益保障問題逐漸受到各界關注。 誠然在契約自由原則下，平台業者與外送員有契約形式選擇自由，從而雙方當可自由約定契約關係，惟若放寬從屬性之認定，似又未能全然否定外送員存在從屬性之可能性。外送員縱未必得被認定為勞工，惟不可否認，渠等之職業風險甚高，且特質明顯亦與一般認知之承攬勞動者有所差別。惟有鑑於我國勞動法令有其界限，外送員於現行法下難以獲得周延之保障，若不對此加以重視，將可能演變為社會問題。 本論文採比較法研究，先行探討國際組織之倡議後，進一步爬梳德國、義大利、西班牙與美國之法制發展、特色及實施經驗，期能借鏡他國法制，建構得以妥適保障此等平台勞動者之法制。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In recent years, the gig economy has flourished around the world. According to a research report published by the Ministry of Labor, a high proportion of delivery workers in Taiwan rely heavily on income from the platforms to survive. In the early days of the development of the gig economy in Taiwan, people have yet to take the employment status and labor rights of delivery workers seriously. However, the issue regarding protection for delivery workers' labor rights has captured attention from all walks of life since disputes such as occupational disasters, platform operators' continuous and unilateral adjustments to compensation calculation methods, and delivery workers' suspension by platform operators arose. Under the principle of freedom of contract, the platform operator and the delivery worker can choose the type of contract, and both parties can freely agree on the contractual relationship. However, subordination or dependence cannot be excluded entirely if a lenient standard is applied to examine the contractual relationship between the delivery workers and the platform operator. Even though delivery workers may not necessarily be recognized as employees, it is undeniable that their occupational risks are very high, and their characteristics are different from those of generally recognized contract workers. Since the scope of labor law in Taiwan is quite limited, the labor rights of delivery workers cannot be appropriately protected. If the abovementioned issue is not taken seriously, it may become a social problem. This thesis adopts a comparative approach. After exploring the initiatives of international organizations, it further combs through the development, characteristics and implementation experience of the legal system in Germany, Italy, Spain and the United States. It is hoped that we can learn from the legal systems of other countries to construct a system that can adequately protect these platform workers. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的 4 第三節 文獻回顧 5 第四節 研究方法 11 第一項 文獻分析法 11 第二項 案例分析法 11 第五節 研究範圍與限制 11 第一項 章節架構 11 第二項 研究範圍與限制 15 第六節 名詞解釋 16 第一項 勞動者 16 第二項 零工經濟 18 第三項 平台勞動者 20 第二章 契約自由與勞動者保護之憲法基礎 23 第一節 契約自由對工作型態發展之影響 23 第一項 契約自由於憲法上之基礎 23 第二項 契約自由下之工作型態發展 26 第三項 契約自由之限制 28 第二節 工作權作為勞動保護之基礎 30 第一項 蘊含保護弱勢者意義之工作權 31 第二項 工作權作為勞動保護範圍擴張之基礎 37 第三項 從工作權之功能推導勞動保護立法之依據 45 第三節 勞動保護之憲法誡命 51 第一項 基本國策之規範 51 第二項 基本國策之落實 53 第四節 勞動者應予保護之必要性 62 第一項 協商實力不平等 62 第二項 共同風險 65 第三項 勞動保護範圍之擴張 67 第五節 小結 74 第三章 工作型態轉變與零工經濟興起所衍生之法律問題 77 第一節 典型勞動與非典型勞動概念之演變及對勞動者之影響 77 第一項 典型與非典型勞動之意涵 77 第二項 技術變革對勞動者就業之影響 80 第三項 傳統僱傭關係面臨之挑戰 84 第二節 科技浪潮下之工作型態發展 86 第一項 電傳勞動 86 第二項 零工經濟工作之態樣 88 第三節 平台工作之特性 92 第一項 勞務自主性高 92 第二項 就業門檻低 93 第三項 工作所需時程短 94 第四節 平台工作產生之法律問題 95 第一項 身分認定之困難 95 第二項 個別勞動條件保障不足 98 第三項 社會保障之侷限性 105 第四項 集體勞動權保障之困境 107 第五節 平台工作造成之挑戰 109 第四章 零工經濟下各國之規範模式與具體規範 117 第一節 各國勞動保護之規範模式 117 第一項 採勞動者身分之推定 117 第二項 建立「中間類型勞動者」身分 118 第三項 直接規範平台業者義務 121 第四項 小結 123 第二節 國際組織之倡議與因應 124 第一項 國際勞工組織 124 第二項 歐洲聯盟 125 第三節 歐盟國家相關法制 133 第一項 德國 133 第二項 義大利 149 第三項 西班牙 163 第四節 美國相關法制 180 第一項 立法背景與沿革 180 第二項 相關規範 182 第三項 案例分析 192 第五節 各國法制之綜合分析 195 第一項 訂定專法或散布各法之立法差異 195 第二項 適用範圍廣狹之差異 196 第三項 權利保障內容之不同 206 第五章 外國法制與我國法制之比較與省思 227 第一節 外國各類模式之特色與缺失 227 第一項 勞動者身分推定規範之特色與缺失 227 第二項 中間類型勞動者法制之特色與缺失 230 第三項 直接規範平台業者義務模式之法制特色與缺失 237 第二節 我國相關規範發展現況與立法動向 240 第一項 我國平台工作之規範現況 240 第二項 各政黨關於外送平台所提出之草案 254 第三項 交通部關於汽車運輸業運價修法草案 258 第三節 我國法制未來應有之發展 262 第一項 制定專法規範外送平台業者 262 第二項 專法對平台外送員應有之保障 269 第四節 制定平台外送員權益保障專法之建議 280 第一項 制定以平台外送員作為保障對象之專法 282 第二項 關於本專法適用範圍之界定 283 第三項 課予外送平台業者提供安全教育訓練義務 285 第四項 明定平台外送員得中斷工作之權利 286 第五項 規範每筆訂單最低報酬基準與提供明細義務 287 第六項 明定外送平台業者終止契約之法定事由 289 第七項 規範外送平台業者停權之正當事由 290 第八項 提供平台外送員申訴管道並課予業者限期回復義務 290 第九項 保障平台外送員集體協商權 292 第六章 結論 309 參考文獻 315 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3485406 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108651504 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 零工經濟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 平台勞動者 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中間類型勞動者 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 從屬性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 經濟依賴性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gig Economy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Platform Workers en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Intermediate Category of Workers en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subordination en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Economic Dependence en_US dc.title (題名) 零工經濟浪潮下平台勞動者保障之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on the Protection of Platform Workers under the Wave of the Gig Economy en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文 （一）書籍 1. 王澤鑑，債法原理：基本理論債之發生，增訂新版，2021年3月。 2. 吳庚，憲法的解釋與適用，3版，2004年6月。 3. 吳庚、陳淳文，憲法理論與政府體制，增訂7版，2021年9月。 4. 吳芸嫻，民主憲政與公民社會：影像世界話法學，2019年4月。 5. 吳信華，憲法釋論，增訂4版，2021年10月。 6. 李惠宗，中華民國憲法概要：憲法生活的新思維，10版，2013年2月。 7. 李惠宗，憲法要義，8版，2019年9月。 8. 李震山，多元、寬容與人權保障—以憲法未列舉權之保障為中心，2005年10月。 9. 林紀東，中華民國憲法逐條釋義（一），1990年1月。 10. 林豐賓、劉邦棟，勞動基準法，修訂11版，2018年8月。 11. 法治斌、董保城，憲法新論，5版，2012年9月。 12. 張玉燕、簡慧茹，零工經濟勞務提供現況之研究，2020年6月。 13. 張陳弘，憲法案例研習講義，2版，2021年10月。 14. 許育典，人權、民主與法治—當人民遇到憲法，4版，2016年7月。 15. 許育典，憲法，10版，2020年9月。 16. 許育典，憲法，6版，2013年2月。 17. 陳自強，契約之成立與生效，4版，2020年10月。 18. 陳啟垂，民法債編總論實例演習，2016年5月。 19. 陳逢源，個別勞動法之體系理解與實務運用，2版，2022年11月。 20. 陳新民、憲法導論，6版，2008年10月。 21. 陳麗萍、王素彎，透過平台業者APP程式提供勞務之國內工作者工作態樣研究－以食品外送平台為例，2022年6月。 22. 陳繼盛，勞動學導論，2版，2017年9月。 23. 黃程貫，勞動法，修訂再版，2002年2月。 24. 黃程貫、姚妤嬙、陳建文、李柏毅、劉素吟、林炫秋、林志蓁、彭敬元、張義德、林佳和、張詠善、林良榮、洪瑩容、陳瑞元、邱羽凡，個別勞動法，2021年3月。 25. 黃越欽，勞動法新論，4版，2012年9月。 26. 楊通軒，個別勞工法：理論與實務，7版，2022年7月。 27. 楊通軒，個別勞工法—理論與實務，2版，2011年8月。 28. 楊通軒，個別勞工法—理論與實務，6版，2019年7月。 29. 楊通軒，勞工保護法：理論與實務，2019年9月。 30. 謝世維、謝瑞智，法律百科全書I：一般法學，2008年2月。 31. 謝瑞智，憲法概要，修訂21版，2020年5月。 （二）專書論文 1. 王松柏，團體協商，載：集體勞動法，頁141-173，2021年4月。 2. 李建良，論國際條約的國內法效力與法位階定序—國際條約與憲法解釋之關係的基礎課題，載：憲法之解釋與理論（第八輯）（上冊），頁175-275，2014年7月。 3. 林更盛，終止契約，載：勞動基準法釋義—施行二十年之回顧與展望，頁268-292，2009年9月。 4. 林佳和，社會保護、契約自由與經營權—司法對勞動契約的衡平性控制，載：勞動與法論文集Ⅲ—國家與勞動市場管制、勞動契約，頁215-300，2014年10月。 5. 林明鏘，論基本國策—以環境基本國策為中心，載：李鴻禧教授六秩祝賀論文集，頁1465-1504，1997年3月。 6. 孫迺翊，社會法的憲法基礎，載：社會法，頁79-110，2020年10月。 7. 張桐銳，就業保險，載：社會法，頁219-242，2020年10月。 8. 張嘉尹，基本權理論、基本權功能與基本權客觀面向，載：當代公法新論(上)－翁岳生教授七秩誕辰祝壽論文集，頁29-70，2002年7月。 9. 張鑫隆，正當爭議行為之法律免責，載：集體勞動法，頁437-472，2021年4月。 10. 陳聰富，契約自由之限制—國家政策或契約正義，載：契約自由與誠信原則，頁5-51，2015年12月。 11. 焦興鎧，集體勞動法總論：概說，載：集體勞動法，頁1-40，2021年4月。 12. 黃程貫，不當勞動行為：概說，載：集體勞動法，頁293-304，2021年4月。 13. 劉士豪，勞動契約雙方當事人的權利義務，載：勞動基準法釋義—施行二十年之回顧與展望，頁96-145，2009年9月。 14. 鍾秉正，第一章：社會福利之憲法保障——兼論相關憲法解釋，載：社會法與基本權保障，頁1-67，2010年6月。 （三）期刊論文 1. 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Diane Mulcahy，羅耀宗譯，零工經濟來了：搶破頭的MBA創新課, 教你勇敢挑戰多重所得、多職身分的多角化人生，頁8-9、15，2018年5月23日。 2. Marion McGovern著，許恬寧譯，自由工作的未來：零工經濟趨勢的機會與挑戰，2018年12月。 （五）學位論文 1. 沈柏亘，論按需工作外送員之社會安全保障，國立政治大學法律學系碩士論文，2020年7月。 2. 黃薇倢，數位平台工作者最低報酬保障之研究－以美國紐約市食品外送員最低報酬規則之立法為參考，國立陽明交通大學科技法律學院科技法律研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文，2024年8月。 3. 鄭博謙，演算法管理與平台外送員報酬保障之研究－以歐盟改善平台工作之工作條件指令草案為參考，國立陽明交通大學科技法律學院科技法律研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文，2023年7月。 4. 簡瑀婕，平台經濟之非典型勞動下平台外送員之職業災害保護問題—以勞工職業災害保險及保護法第10條為核心，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文，2024年1月。 （六）網路資料 1. Foodpanda，Pandago是什麼，Foodpanda，https://foodpandatw.com/pandago（最後瀏覽日期：2024年1月23日）。 2. Foodpanda，外送夥伴隱私權政策，Foodpanda外送夥伴官方平台https://pandarider.foodpanda.com.tw/otherPage/31 (最後瀏覽日期：2024年9月28日)。 3. Foodpanda，單件報酬規則說明，外送夥伴官方平台，https://foodpandarider.tw/singleReward/263（最後瀏覽日期：2023年3月12日）。 4. Lalamove，成為Lalamove司機夥伴，Lalamove，https://www.lalamove.com/zh-tw/driver （最後瀏覽日期：2023年3月4日）。 5. Tasker出任務，全台最大外包平台任何你想得到的，都能外包！，https://www.tasker.com.tw/ （最後瀏覽日：2022年11月6日）。 6. Uber，Uber Connect 提供便捷的配送服務，當日即可送達，Uber，https://www.uber.com/tw/zh-tw/item-delivery/（最後瀏覽日期：2024年1月23日）。 7. Uber，申請成為Uber Eats 外送合作夥伴，Uber，https://www.uber.com/tw/zh-tw/deliver/（最後瀏覽日期：2023年11月22日）。 8. 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勞動部，職業安全衛生設施規則第二百八十六條之三、第三百二十四條之七、第三百二十五條之一修正條文對照表，勞動法令查詢系統，https://laws.mol.gov.tw/FLAW/FLAWDAT07.aspx?id=FL015021（最後瀏覽日期：2023年11月5日）。 43. 勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所，策略規劃，勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所，https://www.ilosh.gov.tw/90734/90735/90753/91093/（最後瀏覽日期：2023年5月15日）。 44. 勞動部職業安全衛生署，外送員與平台業者如經確認屬勞雇關係者，其勞健保及勞退金等權益，即應依相關法規辦理，勞動部職業安全衛生署，https://www.osha.gov.tw/48110/48417/48421/52869/（最後瀏覽日期：2023年1月3日）。 45. 程法彰、陳思豪、王以均，平臺經濟的勞動關係與第三人侵權行為責任，月旦法學知識庫，頁1-11，https://www-lawdata-com-tw.proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw:8443/anglekmc/lawkm?@19^597183076^107^^^77^1@@743507772 （最後瀏覽日期：2023年1月13日）。 46. 新北市政府，市政新聞：新北外送平台條例三讀通過 需揭露每單報酬 未投保意外險最高罰10萬，新北市政府， https://www.ntpc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=e8ca970cde5c00e1&dataserno=7669b65fe33a3d85ae5aa5d05849af42（最後瀏覽日期：2022年12月16日）。 47. 新北市政府勞工局，工會名錄：職業工會名錄，新北勞動雲，https://ilabor.ntpc.gov.tw/ckeditor/showFile/889253486?serverName=0840271f-0455-4c47-86a4-672c4bf7d2b9（最後瀏覽日期：2023年3月11日）。 48. 楊書瑋、邱宇軒，【投書】外送員新制後職災風險更高，當國際規範保障日趨積極，勞動部能行動嗎？，報導者，https://www.twreporter.org/a/opinion-delivery-driver-labor-employment-occupational-accident（最後瀏覽日期：2023年1月14日）。 49. 廖研堡、林敬庭，莫名遭停權「鑽石級」外送員怨黑箱：都要過年了，三立新聞網，https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1053576（最後瀏覽日期：2023年6月13日）。 50. 臺北市政府勞動局，制定「臺北市外送平台業者管理自治條例」，臺北市法規提案流程查詢系統，https://www.laws.taipei.gov.tw/LawPropose/Proposal/FlowDetailContent?pid=21383（最後瀏覽日期：2023年5月8日）。 51. 蔡宥嫻、黃國瑞，取餐卻說「沒收到」！恐害外送員被停權 雙方對質爆口角，三立新聞網，https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=1572887（最後瀏覽日期2024年12月14日）。 52. 魏瑾筠，外送員車禍死亡 Foodpanda勞檢確認勞雇關係、須付職災補償，自由時報，https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2945897（最後瀏覽日期：2023年4月21日）。 二、英文 （一）書籍 1. 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Countouris, Nicola & De Stefano, Valerio (2021), The Labour Law Framework: Self-Employed and Their Right to Bargain Collectively, in Bernd Waas & Christina Hießl eds., Collective Bargaining for Self-Employed Workers in Europe: Approaches to Reconcile Competition Law and Labour Rights. (Alphen aan den Rijn, Kluwer Law International). 5. Davidov, Guy & Langille, Brian (2006), Introduction: Goals and Means in the Regulation of Work, in Guy Davidov & Brian Langille eds., Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law: Goals and Means in the Regulation of Work. (Oxford, Hart Publishing). 6. Davidov, Guy (2006), The Reports of My Death are Greatly Exaggerated: 'Employee' as a Viable (Though Overly-Used) Legal Concept, in Guy Davidov & Brian Langille eds., Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law: Goals and Means in the Regulation of Work. (Oxford, Hart Publishing). 7. De Stefano, Valerio & Aloisi, Antonio (2019), Fundamental Labour Rights, Platform Work and Human Rights Protection of Non-Standard Workers, in Janice R. Bellace & Beryl ter Haar eds., Research Handbook on Labour, Business and Human Rights Law. (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing). 8. Deakin, Simon (2006), The Comparative Evolution of the Employment Relationship, in Guy Davidov & Brian Langille eds., Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law: Goals and Means in the Regulation of Work. (Oxford, Hart Publishing). 9. Hepple, Bob (2002), Introduction, in Bob Hepple ed., Social and Labour Rights in a Global Context: International and Comparative Perspectives. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 10. Hyde, Alan (2006), What Is Labour Law?, in Guy Davidov & Brian Langille eds., Boundaries and Frontiers of Labour Law: Goals and Means in the Regulation of Work. (Oxford, Hart Publishing). 11. Jassem, Suaad & Razzak, Mohammad Rezaur (2021), Industry 4.0: The Future of Manufacturing—Foundational Technologies, Adoption Challenges, and Future Research Directions, in Nasser Rashad Al Mawali & Anis Moosa Al Lawati & Ananda S eds., Fourth Industrial Revolution and Business Dynamics: Issues and Implications. (Singapore, Palgrave Macmillan). 12. Koch, Max (2013), Employment Standards in Transition: From Fordism to Finance-Driven Capitalism, in Max Koch & Martin Fritz eds., Non-Standard Employment in Europe: Paradigms, Prevalence and Policy Responses. (London, Palgrave MacMillan). 13. Kolluru, Mythili & Gupta, Shobhna (2021), The Prospects and Risks of Industry 4.0: Issues and Implications, in Nasser Rashad Al Mawali & Anis Moosa Al Lawati & Ananda S eds., Fourth Industrial Revolution and Business Dynamics: Issues and Implications. (Singapore, Palgrave Macmillan). 14. 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