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題名 循環經濟作為歐盟關鍵原料供應鏈去風險化策略的可行性探討 — 以電動車鋰電池為例
The circular economy as a potential ‘de-risking’ strategy for critical raw materials supply in the EU : The case of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling作者 艾瑪
Armer, Emma貢獻者 蘇卓馨
Su, Cho-Hsin
艾瑪
Emma Armer關鍵詞 歐洲聯盟
關鍵原料
循環經濟
去風險策略
依賴
回收
電動汽車電池
彈 力
European Union
Critical raw materials
Circular economy
De-risking strategy
Dependence
Recycling
Electric vehicle batteries
Resilience日期 2024 上傳時間 2-Jan-2025 11:45:34 (UTC+8) 摘要 綠色轉型將人們的關注從石油和天然氣轉向了礦物。這些原料對於生產電動車（EVs）、太陽能光電（PVs）和風力發電機等潔淨科技之技術至關重要。然而，這些原料的上游和下游生產早已被中國壟斷，且中國在過去十年中實施了越來越多的出口配額。為了減輕供應中斷的風險，歐盟委員會旨在透過「去風險化」來保護其經濟發展之所需，而這項目標在《關鍵原料法案》（CRMA）內的多項措施中得以體現，其中包括了設定國內礦物生產、加工，特別是回收的目標。此外，回收利用是屬於一個更為廣泛之經濟模式的一部分，即循環經濟，而循環經濟被認為具有潛力能降低國家和企業對初級原料的依賴。 因此，本研究聚焦於電動車之鋰電池的回收案例。本研究透過文本的分析，試圖回答以下兩個問題：「推動電動車鋰電池回收計畫的驅動因素是什麼？」以及「循環經濟能否成為增強歐盟電動車產業韌性的可持續戰略？」 研究結果顯示，儘管鋰電池原料的循環使用具有增強電動車產業韌性的潛力，其長期的可持續性將取決於外部因素，特別是政策支持。
The green transition has shifted the interest in oil and gas to minerals. Those elements are indeed essential for the production of clean technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs), photovoltaics (PVs), and wind turbines. The upstream and downstream production of these minerals has been monopolized by China, which in the last decade, has implemented a growing number of export quotas. To mitigate the risks of supply disruptions, the European Commission aims at ‘de-risking’ its economy. This was, among others, illustrated by the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) that includes targets for domestic production, processing, and most importantly recycling of minerals. Recycling is part of a broader economic model called a circular economy which has the potential to reduce the reliance of national and sub-national actors on primary raw materials. This research focuses on the case of EV lithium-ion battery recycling. Using document analysis, it aims to answer two questions: “What are the drivers behind EV lithium-ion battery recycling projects?” and “Can the circular economy be a sustainable strategy to enhance the resilience of the electric vehicle industry in the European Union?”. The analysis results show that although the circular use of LIB raw materials has the potential to enhance the resilience of the EV industry, its sustainable nature in the long term will be contingent on external elements, especially policy support.參考文獻 Albertsen, L., Richter, J. L., Peck, P., Dalhammar, C., & Plepys, A. (2021). Circular business models for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries: An analysis of current practices of vehicle manufacturers and policies in the EU. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 172, 105658. Baars, J., Domenech, T., Bleischwitz, R., Melin, H. E., & Heidrich, O. (2021). Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials. 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國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
111862018資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111862018 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蘇卓馨 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Su, Cho-Hsin en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 艾瑪 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Emma Armer en_US dc.creator (作者) 艾瑪 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Armer, Emma en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jan-2025 11:45:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jan-2025 11:45:34 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jan-2025 11:45:34 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111862018 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/154998 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 111862018 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 綠色轉型將人們的關注從石油和天然氣轉向了礦物。這些原料對於生產電動車（EVs）、太陽能光電（PVs）和風力發電機等潔淨科技之技術至關重要。然而，這些原料的上游和下游生產早已被中國壟斷，且中國在過去十年中實施了越來越多的出口配額。為了減輕供應中斷的風險，歐盟委員會旨在透過「去風險化」來保護其經濟發展之所需，而這項目標在《關鍵原料法案》（CRMA）內的多項措施中得以體現，其中包括了設定國內礦物生產、加工，特別是回收的目標。此外，回收利用是屬於一個更為廣泛之經濟模式的一部分，即循環經濟，而循環經濟被認為具有潛力能降低國家和企業對初級原料的依賴。 因此，本研究聚焦於電動車之鋰電池的回收案例。本研究透過文本的分析，試圖回答以下兩個問題：「推動電動車鋰電池回收計畫的驅動因素是什麼？」以及「循環經濟能否成為增強歐盟電動車產業韌性的可持續戰略？」 研究結果顯示，儘管鋰電池原料的循環使用具有增強電動車產業韌性的潛力，其長期的可持續性將取決於外部因素，特別是政策支持。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The green transition has shifted the interest in oil and gas to minerals. Those elements are indeed essential for the production of clean technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs), photovoltaics (PVs), and wind turbines. The upstream and downstream production of these minerals has been monopolized by China, which in the last decade, has implemented a growing number of export quotas. To mitigate the risks of supply disruptions, the European Commission aims at ‘de-risking’ its economy. This was, among others, illustrated by the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) that includes targets for domestic production, processing, and most importantly recycling of minerals. Recycling is part of a broader economic model called a circular economy which has the potential to reduce the reliance of national and sub-national actors on primary raw materials. This research focuses on the case of EV lithium-ion battery recycling. Using document analysis, it aims to answer two questions: “What are the drivers behind EV lithium-ion battery recycling projects?” and “Can the circular economy be a sustainable strategy to enhance the resilience of the electric vehicle industry in the European Union?”. The analysis results show that although the circular use of LIB raw materials has the potential to enhance the resilience of the EV industry, its sustainable nature in the long term will be contingent on external elements, especially policy support. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1. Research motivation and objective 1 2. Research background 2 2.1 Raw materials and the concept of criticality 2 2.2 China’s monopoly on strategic raw materials’ supply chain 2 2.3 De-risking for a more resilient European economy 4 2.4 Lithium-ion batteries and critical raw materials 6 3. Research questions and hypothesis 7 4. Research methods 8 Chapter 2: Literature review 11 1. The European Union’s strategies to mitigate critical raw materials supply risks 11 2. The circular economy as a ‘de-risking strategy’ 14 2.1 Conceptualization of the circular economy in the European Union 14 2.2 The circular economy and critical raw materials 16 2.3 A circular economy for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries 18 3. Literature gap and research contributions 20 Chapter 3: Case study: The circular use of EV lithium-ion batteries for critical raw materials recovery 21 1. General overview of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles 21 1.1 Historical context 21 1.2 Main components and materials 21 2. Risks of disruptions along the supply chain of lithium-ion batteries 22 2.1 The supply chain of lithium-ion batteries 22 2.2 Risks of supply disruptions for lithium-ion batteries materials 23 3. Circular use of lithium-ion batteries and current practices 25 3.1 The relevance of the circular economy as a ‘de-risking strategy’ 25 3.2 The circular use of lithium-ion battery for secondary raw materials supply 30 4. State-of-the-art of lithium-ion batteries circular use 31 4.1 Summary on lithium-ion batteries materials information 31 4.2 State of the art of lithium-ion batteries circular practices 34 4.2.1 Slowing the loop 35 4.2.2 Closing the loop 36 4.2.3 Limitations of the current recycling processes 39 Chapter 4: Analysis of the potential of EVB recycling as a sustainable de-risking strategy 41 1. Drivers behind electric vehicle battery recycling projects 41 2. Assessment of the sustainable nature of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling 48 2.1 Economic indicator 48 2.2 Environmental indicator 54 2.3 Social indicator 59 3. SWOT Analysis 61 4. The relevance of lithium-ion battery recycling for the resilience of the electric vehicle industry 63 Chapter 5: Conclusion 64 1. Research findings 64 2. Policy recommendations 68 3. Limitations and future research 69 ANNEXES 71 REFERENCES 78 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1558714 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111862018 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 歐洲聯盟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 關鍵原料 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 循環經濟 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 去風險策略 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 依賴 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 回收 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 電動汽車電池 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 彈 力 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) European Union en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Critical raw materials en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Circular economy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) De-risking strategy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Dependence en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Recycling en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Electric vehicle batteries en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Resilience en_US dc.title (題名) 循環經濟作為歐盟關鍵原料供應鏈去風險化策略的可行性探討 — 以電動車鋰電池為例 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The circular economy as a potential ‘de-risking’ strategy for critical raw materials supply in the EU : The case of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Albertsen, L., Richter, J. 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