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題名 霍布斯思想：「科學」、「宗教」、「政治」的三位一體
Hobbes's Thought: Trinity of Science, Religion and Politics作者 簡宏洋
Chien, Hung-Yang貢獻者 周家瑜
Chou, Chia-Yu
簡宏洋
Chien, Hung-Yang關鍵詞 霍布斯
科學史
基督教神學
Hobbes
History of science
Christian theology日期 2024 上傳時間 2-Jan-2025 11:57:16 (UTC+8) 摘要 現有研究對霍布斯思想中「科學」概念的分析，長期受到兩種傳統的影響：19世紀開始的唯物實證科學，以及以Skinner為首的修辭學詮釋。這導致霍布斯的「科學」成為一套與基督教神學對立的純粹理論性知識，無涉於政治行動。本文在這些現有研究的前提上，試圖以思想史的脈絡主義方法為基礎，並援引科學史領域的研究成果，重新檢討現有研究看待《利維坦》政治思想當中「科學」概念的方式。我將指出，對霍布斯而言，知識上的確定性和政治秩序的穩定是等價的命題，在這個意義上《利維坦》的「科學」本身即是一種政治行動方案。此外，霍布斯的科學觀背後預設一套「亞當墮落敘事」，以及受新教改革影響的聖經詮釋學方法。換言之，《利維坦》當中的科學並非和基督教對立，霍布斯提倡的「新科學」自始便有著基督教神學基礎，倘若抽離這些基督教神學的元素，我們將無法完整讀懂《利維坦》中的「科學」。
Recent studies on the concept of "science" in Hobbes's thought have long been shaped by two traditions: one is positivist and materialist interpretation of science since the 19th century, and the other is the rhetorical interpretation by Quentin Skinner. These approaches often portray Hobbes’s "Science" as purely theoretical knowledge, opposing Christian theology and separate from political action. Based on these findings, the aim of this thesis is to adopt the contextualist methodology, incorporating insights from the history of science, to revisit how we understand "science" in Hobbes’s political thought. In my thesis, I argue that, for Hobbes, the certainty of scientific knowledge and the stability of political order are closely linked. In this sense, "Civil Science" in Leviathan is a part of Hobbes’s political action. Additionally, Hobbes’s view of science was rooted in "the narrative of Adam’s fall" and a specific form of biblical hermeneutics shaped by the Protestant Reformation. In conclusion, the "science" in Leviathan is not opposed to Christianity; rather, it has its own theological foundations. Without recognizing these foundations, we cannot fully understand the "science" in Leviathan.參考文獻 中文部分 史金納‧昆丁 2014 〈政治價值的系譜〉。台北：聯經。 梁裕康 2013 〈哲學家兼修辭家？論修辭學在霍布斯政治理論中的功能〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，45期，頁177-179。 陳瑞麟 2012 〈認知與評價：科學理論與實驗的動力學 上冊〉。台北：台灣大學出版中心。 曾國祥 2009 〈原因與理由: 霍布斯公民哲學的二元體系〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，30期，頁61-116。 孫善豪 2009 〈倒讀《厲威也憚》：論霍布斯的弔詭及其可能的解決〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，31期，頁6-19。 Émile Durkheim；張璐譯 2019 〈霍布斯的政治科學〉，《社會理論學報》，22(1)，頁239-264。 外文部分 Aristotle 1987 The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Ed. by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Attie, Katherine Bootle 2008 “Re-Membering the Body Politic: Hobbes and the Construction of Civic Immortality,” ELH, 75(3): 497-530. Aubrey, John 2018 Aubrey’s Brief Lives. New York: Random House. Bacon, Francis 1902 Novum Organum. ed. by Joseph Devey. New York: P.F. Collier. 1949 The advancement of learning [1605]. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Baldin, Gregorio 2020 Hobbes and Galileo: method, matter and the science of motion. Switzerland: Springer. 2022 “A ‘Galilean Philosopher’ ? Thomas Hobbes between Aristotelianism and Galilean Science,” Philosophies, 7(5): 116. Bigotti, Fabrizio 2020 Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_133-1 Bono, James 1995 The Word of God and the Languages of Man (Volume I: Ficino to Descartes). Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. Boyle, Robert 1660 New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air, and its effect. Oxford: printed by H. Hall, Printer to the University, for Tho. Robinson. 1772 “Chritian Virtuoso,” in The works of the honourable Robert Boyle vol.V. pp. London: W. Johnston et al. “Of the Excellency of Theology Compared with Naturall Philosophy,” in The works of the honourable Robert Boyle vol.IV. London: W. Johnston et al. “Considerations about Recocileableness of Religion and Reason,” in The works of the honourable Robert Boyle vol.IV. London: W. Johnston et al. Carver, Terrell 2008 “Real construction through metaphorical language: how animals and machines (amongst other metaphors) maketh (hu)man (what ‘he’ is),” in Jernej Pikalo & Carver Terrell ed., Political Language and Metaphor Interpreting and changing the world. London: Routledge, pp.151-165. Christopher, Hill 1994 The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution. London: Penguin. Clatterbaugh, Kenneth 2014 The Causation Debate in Modern Philosophy, 1637-1739. New York: Routledge. Collins, Jeffrey 2005 The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cooke, Paul 1996 Hobbes and Christianity—Reassessing the Bible in Leviathan. New York &London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Curley, Edwin 1992 “‘I Durst Not Write So Boldly’ or How to Read Hobbes' Theological-Political Treatise,” Hobbes e Spinoza, scienza e politica: atti del Convegeno internazionale, pp.497-593. Dampier, William 1948 A history of science and its relations with philosophy and religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Drake, Stillman 1978 Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Draper, John William 1875 History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science. New York: Appleton. Feldha, Rivka 2008 “Rigion,” in Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston ed., Cambrideg History of Science Volume III:Early Modern Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.727-755. Galilei, Galileo 1957 “The Assayer,” edited and translated by Stillman Drake. Discoveries and opinions of Galileo. 1997 Letter to the grand duchess Christina of Tuscany. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Gillespie, Michael 2008 The theological origins of modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Guerlac, Henry 1971 “Three Eighteenth-Century Social Philosophers: Scientific Influences on Their Thought,” in Richard Olson ed., Science as metaphor: The historical role of scientific theories in forming Western culture. Wadsworth Pub. Co, pp. 89-98. Hale, David 1971 The body politic: A political metaphor in renaissance English literature Cambridge University Press. Hall, Alfred Rupert 1954 The Scientific Revolution, 1500–1800: The Formation of the Modern Scientific Attitude. Boston: Beacon Press. Harris, Jonathan 2000 Foreign Bodies and the Body Politic : Discourses of Social Pathology in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. Harrison, Peter 1998 The Bible, protestantism, and the rise of natural science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007 The fall of man and the foundations of science.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Heyd, Michael 1995 Be sober and reasonable: the critique of enthusiasm in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Brill. Hill, Chritopher 1994 The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution. London: Penguin. Hobbes, Thomas 1661 Dialogus physicus de natura aeris, conjectura sum pta ab experimentis nuper Londini habitis in Collegio Greshamensi. Item de duplicatione cubi, trans. by Simon Schaffer in Shapin & Schaffer, 1985, Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1845 The English Work of Thomas Hobbes Vol. VII. London: longman, Brown, Green. 1928 The Elements of Law: Natural and Politic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987 De Cive (The English Version). Oxford University Press. 1990 Behemoth or The Long Parliament. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1991 Man and Citizen (De Homine and De Cive). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. 1992 De Corpore. Bristol: Thoemmes Press. 1994a Leviathan: with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668, ed. by Edwin Curley. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. 1994b The Correspondence of Thomas Hobbes: Volume II: 1622-1659. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hollis, Martin 2012 The philosophy of social science: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. Hooke, Robert 2006 Micrographia. London: Printed By Jo. Martyn, And Ja. Allestry, Printers To The Royal Society. James I 1918 “The Trew Law of Free Monarchies,” in Charles Mcllwain ed., The Political Works of James I. Harvard University Press, pp.64. Johnston, David 1989 The Rhetoric of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Cultural Transformation. Princeton, Guildford: Princeton University Press. John of Salisbury 2007 Policraticus: Of the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers, ed. and trans. by Cary Nederman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jones, F. Richard 1961 Ancients and Moderns: A Study in the Scientific Movement in Seventeenth-Century England. New York: Dover Publications. Kantorowicz, Ernst 2016 The king's two bodies: a study in medieval political theology. Princeton University Press. Kargon, Hugh 1966 Atomism in England from Hariot to Newton. New York: Oxford University Press. Kearney, Hugh 1974 “Puritanism and Science: Problems of Definition,” in Webster ed. Intellectual Revolution. New York: Routledge, pp.254-261. Keller, Evelyn Fox 2020 “Cognitive Functions of Metaphor in the Natural Sciences,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 45(3), pp. 249-267. Luther, Martin 1970 Three Treatises. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. Malcolm, Noel 2002 Aspects of Hobbes. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Martinich, Aloysius P. 1992 The two gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on religion and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mayr, Otto 1986 Authority, liberty, and automatic machinery in early modern Europe. Johns Hopkins University Press. Merton, K. Robert 1938 “Science, technology and society in seventeenth century England,” Osiris, vol.4: 360-632. Mlodinow, Leonard 2015 The Upright Thinkers: The Human Journey from Living in Trees to Understanding the Cosmos. New York: Pantheon. Musolff, Andreas 2010 Metaphor, nation and the holocaust: The concept of the body politic. London: Routledge. 2021 National Conceptualisations of the Body Politic. Springer Singapore. Nasmyth, George 1971 “A Critique of Social Darwinism,” in Richard Olson ed., Science as metaphor: The historical role of scientific theories in forming Western culture. Wadsworth Pub. Co, pp.109-158. Norton, David 1993 A History of the Bivle as Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pearcy, Nancy & Thaxton Charles 1994 The soul of science. Wheathon: Crossway books. Pikalo, Jernej 2008 “Mechanical metaphors in politics,” in Jernej Pikalo & Carver Terrell ed., Political Language and Metaphor Interpreting and changing the world. London: Routledge, pp.41-54. Popkin, Richard 2003 The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Popper, Karl 1992 The logic of scientific discovery. London: Routledge. Rabb, Theodore 1974 “Religion and the Rise of Modern Science,” in Webster ed., Intellectual Revolution. New York: Routledge, pp.262-279. Ringmar, Erik 2008 “Metaphors of social order,” in Jernej Pikalo & Carver Terrell ed., Political Language and Metaphor Interpreting and changing the world. London: Routledge, pp.57-68. Russell, Bertrand 1945 History of Western Philosophy. New York: Simon And Schuster. Ryan, Alan 1970 The Philosophy of the Social Sciences. London: Macmillan Education. Schmitt, Carl 1996 The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes. trans. by George Schwab & Erna Hilfstein. London: Greewood Press. 1997 Land and Sea. Washington: Plutarch Press. Shapin, Steven 1996 The Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shapin, Steven & Schaffer, Simon 1985 Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Shapiro, Barbara 1971 “Law and Science in Seventeenth-Century England,” in Richard Olson ed., Science as metaphor: The historical role of scientific theories in forming Western culture. Wadsworth Pub. Co, pp.38-58. 1974 “Latitudinarianism And Science In Seventeenth-Century England,” in Webster ed., Intellectual Revolution. New York: Routledge, p.286-316 1983 Probability and Certainty in Seventeeth-Century England. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Skinner, Quentin 1996 Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002 Visions of Politics. Volume III, Hobbes and Civil Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009 “A genealogy of the modern state,” Proceedings of the British Academy, vol.162, no.325, pp. 325-370. Sorell, Tom 2004 “The normative and the explanatory in Hobbes's political philosophy,” Rivista di Storia della Filosofia, 59(1): 205-217. 2013 Hobbes: The Arguments of the Philosophers. London: Routledge. Sprat, Thomas 1734 The History of the Royal Society of London: For the Improving of Natural Knowledge. London: Printed for J. Knapton, J. Walthoe, D. Midwinter, J. Tonson, A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch. Stimson, Dorothy 1935 “Puritanism and the New Philosophy in 17th Century England,” Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, vol.3, pp.321-334. Strauss, Leo 1953 Natural Right and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1996 Political Philosophy of Hobbes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1989 An introduction to political philosophy: Ten essays. Wayne State University Press. Struve, Tilman 1984 “The importance of the organism in the political theory of John of Salisbury,” Studies in Church History Subsidia (3): pp.303-317. Tuck, Richard 1993 Philosophy and government 1572-1651. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vickers, Brian 1987 English Science, Bacon to Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Warrender, Howard 1957 The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Watkins, John 1989 Hobbes’s System of Ideas. Princeton University Press. Webster, Charles 1976 The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine and Reform 1626-1660. New York: Holmes & Meier. Weinberg, Steven 2015 To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science. New York: HarperCollins. Westfall, Richard 1977 The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, David 2000 “The Historiography of Science and Religion,” in Gary Ferngren ed. The History of Science And Religion In The Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., pp. 2-11. Wilson-Quayle, James 1996 “Resolving Hobbes's Metaphorical Contradiction: The Role of the Image in the Language of Politics,” Philosophy & Rhetoric, 29(1), pp.15-32. White, Andrew Dickson 1960 A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology. New York: Dover Publications. Whitehead, Alfred North 1925 Science and the Modern World. Boston: Lowell lectures. Wootton, David 2015 The invention of science: A new history of the scientific revolution. London: Penguin UK. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
政治學系
110252003資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110252003 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 周家瑜 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chou, Chia-Yu en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 簡宏洋 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chien, Hung-Yang en_US dc.creator (作者) 簡宏洋 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Chien, Hung-Yang en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Jan-2025 11:57:16 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Jan-2025 11:57:16 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Jan-2025 11:57:16 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110252003 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/155007 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 政治學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110252003 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 現有研究對霍布斯思想中「科學」概念的分析，長期受到兩種傳統的影響：19世紀開始的唯物實證科學，以及以Skinner為首的修辭學詮釋。這導致霍布斯的「科學」成為一套與基督教神學對立的純粹理論性知識，無涉於政治行動。本文在這些現有研究的前提上，試圖以思想史的脈絡主義方法為基礎，並援引科學史領域的研究成果，重新檢討現有研究看待《利維坦》政治思想當中「科學」概念的方式。我將指出，對霍布斯而言，知識上的確定性和政治秩序的穩定是等價的命題，在這個意義上《利維坦》的「科學」本身即是一種政治行動方案。此外，霍布斯的科學觀背後預設一套「亞當墮落敘事」，以及受新教改革影響的聖經詮釋學方法。換言之，《利維坦》當中的科學並非和基督教對立，霍布斯提倡的「新科學」自始便有著基督教神學基礎，倘若抽離這些基督教神學的元素，我們將無法完整讀懂《利維坦》中的「科學」。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Recent studies on the concept of "science" in Hobbes's thought have long been shaped by two traditions: one is positivist and materialist interpretation of science since the 19th century, and the other is the rhetorical interpretation by Quentin Skinner. These approaches often portray Hobbes’s "Science" as purely theoretical knowledge, opposing Christian theology and separate from political action. Based on these findings, the aim of this thesis is to adopt the contextualist methodology, incorporating insights from the history of science, to revisit how we understand "science" in Hobbes’s political thought. In my thesis, I argue that, for Hobbes, the certainty of scientific knowledge and the stability of political order are closely linked. In this sense, "Civil Science" in Leviathan is a part of Hobbes’s political action. Additionally, Hobbes’s view of science was rooted in "the narrative of Adam’s fall" and a specific form of biblical hermeneutics shaped by the Protestant Reformation. In conclusion, the "science" in Leviathan is not opposed to Christianity; rather, it has its own theological foundations. Without recognizing these foundations, we cannot fully understand the "science" in Leviathan. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章、 導論 第一節 前言與研究問題 1 第二節 方法論 9 第三節 文獻回顧 10 第四節 科學的本體論、方法和規範性 18 第五節 章節安排 25 第二章、 「機械」和「有機體」比喻 第一節 利維坦與「政治身體」 27 第二節 機械比喻的意義 30 第三節 有機體比喻的意義 36 第四節 科學的「創造性」含義 44 第三章、 「利維坦與空氣泵浦」：霍布斯與波以耳的神學爭論 第一節 霍布斯是基督徒嗎？－「科學」作為志業 50 第二節 「新科學」與「基督教」 53 第三節 霍布斯的亞當：獨立的科學家 58 第四節 波以耳論亞當的墮落與科學 63 第五節 霍布斯和波以耳的神學衝突 67 第四章、 利維坦中的基督教科學 第一節 霍布斯的科學轉向 70 第二節 科學和基督教的關係 72 第三節 新教改革的詮釋學革命與科學的興起 76 第四節 利維坦中的「大學」與政治 83 第五節 「真空」的應然和實然問題 87 第五章、 結論 93 參考文獻 98 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1111967 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110252003 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 霍布斯 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 科學史 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 基督教神學 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hobbes en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) History of science en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Christian theology en_US dc.title (題名) 霍布斯思想：「科學」、「宗教」、「政治」的三位一體 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Hobbes's Thought: Trinity of Science, Religion and Politics en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 中文部分 史金納‧昆丁 2014 〈政治價值的系譜〉。台北：聯經。 梁裕康 2013 〈哲學家兼修辭家？論修辭學在霍布斯政治理論中的功能〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，45期，頁177-179。 陳瑞麟 2012 〈認知與評價：科學理論與實驗的動力學 上冊〉。台北：台灣大學出版中心。 曾國祥 2009 〈原因與理由: 霍布斯公民哲學的二元體系〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，30期，頁61-116。 孫善豪 2009 〈倒讀《厲威也憚》：論霍布斯的弔詭及其可能的解決〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，31期，頁6-19。 Émile Durkheim；張璐譯 2019 〈霍布斯的政治科學〉，《社會理論學報》，22(1)，頁239-264。 外文部分 Aristotle 1987 The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Ed. by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Attie, Katherine Bootle 2008 “Re-Membering the Body Politic: Hobbes and the Construction of Civic Immortality,” ELH, 75(3): 497-530. Aubrey, John 2018 Aubrey’s Brief Lives. New York: Random House. Bacon, Francis 1902 Novum Organum. ed. by Joseph Devey. New York: P.F. Collier. 1949 The advancement of learning [1605]. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Baldin, Gregorio 2020 Hobbes and Galileo: method, matter and the science of motion. Switzerland: Springer. 2022 “A ‘Galilean Philosopher’ ? Thomas Hobbes between Aristotelianism and Galilean Science,” Philosophies, 7(5): 116. Bigotti, Fabrizio 2020 Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-20791-9_133-1 Bono, James 1995 The Word of God and the Languages of Man (Volume I: Ficino to Descartes). Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. Boyle, Robert 1660 New experiments physico-mechanicall, touching the spring of the air, and its effect. Oxford: printed by H. Hall, Printer to the University, for Tho. Robinson. 1772 “Chritian Virtuoso,” in The works of the honourable Robert Boyle vol.V. pp. London: W. Johnston et al. “Of the Excellency of Theology Compared with Naturall Philosophy,” in The works of the honourable Robert Boyle vol.IV. London: W. Johnston et al. “Considerations about Recocileableness of Religion and Reason,” in The works of the honourable Robert Boyle vol.IV. London: W. Johnston et al. Carver, Terrell 2008 “Real construction through metaphorical language: how animals and machines (amongst other metaphors) maketh (hu)man (what ‘he’ is),” in Jernej Pikalo & Carver Terrell ed., Political Language and Metaphor Interpreting and changing the world. London: Routledge, pp.151-165. Christopher, Hill 1994 The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution. London: Penguin. Clatterbaugh, Kenneth 2014 The Causation Debate in Modern Philosophy, 1637-1739. New York: Routledge. Collins, Jeffrey 2005 The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cooke, Paul 1996 Hobbes and Christianity—Reassessing the Bible in Leviathan. New York &London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Curley, Edwin 1992 “‘I Durst Not Write So Boldly’ or How to Read Hobbes' Theological-Political Treatise,” Hobbes e Spinoza, scienza e politica: atti del Convegeno internazionale, pp.497-593. Dampier, William 1948 A history of science and its relations with philosophy and religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Drake, Stillman 1978 Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Draper, John William 1875 History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science. New York: Appleton. Feldha, Rivka 2008 “Rigion,” in Katharine Park and Lorraine Daston ed., Cambrideg History of Science Volume III:Early Modern Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.727-755. Galilei, Galileo 1957 “The Assayer,” edited and translated by Stillman Drake. Discoveries and opinions of Galileo. 1997 Letter to the grand duchess Christina of Tuscany. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Gillespie, Michael 2008 The theological origins of modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Guerlac, Henry 1971 “Three Eighteenth-Century Social Philosophers: Scientific Influences on Their Thought,” in Richard Olson ed., Science as metaphor: The historical role of scientific theories in forming Western culture. Wadsworth Pub. Co, pp. 89-98. Hale, David 1971 The body politic: A political metaphor in renaissance English literature Cambridge University Press. Hall, Alfred Rupert 1954 The Scientific Revolution, 1500–1800: The Formation of the Modern Scientific Attitude. Boston: Beacon Press. Harris, Jonathan 2000 Foreign Bodies and the Body Politic : Discourses of Social Pathology in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. Harrison, Peter 1998 The Bible, protestantism, and the rise of natural science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007 The fall of man and the foundations of science.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Heyd, Michael 1995 Be sober and reasonable: the critique of enthusiasm in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Brill. Hill, Chritopher 1994 The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution. London: Penguin. Hobbes, Thomas 1661 Dialogus physicus de natura aeris, conjectura sum pta ab experimentis nuper Londini habitis in Collegio Greshamensi. Item de duplicatione cubi, trans. by Simon Schaffer in Shapin & Schaffer, 1985, Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1845 The English Work of Thomas Hobbes Vol. VII. London: longman, Brown, Green. 1928 The Elements of Law: Natural and Politic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987 De Cive (The English Version). 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