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題名 華語「是⋯⋯的」句之二語習得—— 以英語母語者為例
Second Language Acquisition of the Mandarin shi……de Construction : The Case of Native English Speakers
作者 張郡巖
Chang, Chun-Yen
貢獻者 陳仲妤
Chen, Chung-Yu
張郡巖
Chang, Chun-Yen
關鍵詞 分裂句
斷言命題句
英語為母語之華語學習者
語法判斷測驗
強迫選擇測驗
Cleft construction
Propositional assertion
English-speaking Chinese learners
Grammaticality judgement task
Forced-choice task
日期 2024
上傳時間 4-Feb-2025 15:36:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 華語的「是⋯⋯的」句可作為斷言命題句或分裂句解釋,兩者除了在句式上都有「是」和「的」以外,在句法和語義上都有所差異。句法上,分裂句在「是⋯⋯的」之間可以為名詞、動詞、介詞和時間副詞組,而斷言命題句只能為動詞和形容詞組。就研究者所知,目前文獻中缺乏「是⋯⋯的」之間為形容詞組的實驗類研究。此外,前人對斷言命題句的研究多聚焦在句法分析,研究方法則多為語料庫,缺乏語義方面的實驗證據。因此本研究將採用「語法判斷測驗」和「強迫選擇測驗」來提供實驗證據。 首先,本研究用「語法判斷測驗」來測試「是⋯⋯的」之間為名詞、動詞、介詞、時間副詞和形容詞組句式對受試者來說是否合語法。第二項實驗,「強迫選擇測驗」以糾正和負向偏差情境作為實驗條件,並以中立情境作為控制條件,以此測試相較於中立情境,受試者在糾正和負向偏差情境下,會選擇有糾正預設功能的斷言命題句,還是選擇有陳述功能的主謂句來回答。 研究者招募了10位台灣華語母語者作為控制組、10位英語為母語之高級華語學習者和10位中級華語學習者作為實驗組。受試者做完語法判斷測驗後,會接著做強迫選擇測驗。語法判斷測驗結果顯示,除了高級華語學習在介詞組句式的回答偏向不合語法以外,其他句式無論是華語母語者,或是高級和中級華語學習者的回答皆偏向合語法。 強迫選擇測驗的結果顯示相較於中立情境,華語母語者、高級和中級華語學習者在糾正和負向偏差情境下,選擇斷言命題句的比例都比較高。但值得注意的是,高級和中級華語學習者選擇斷言命題句的比例皆高於華語母語者,且比例在50%左右。研究者推測,可能和斷言命題句在語言使用上,本就屬於較低頻的句式有關,所以華語母語者選擇斷言命題句的比例較低。另一種可能是高級和中級華語學習者並不能完全掌握斷言命題句的使用情境,因此沒有明顯的使用偏好。 最後,根據上述的實驗結果,本研究提出了相關的教學建議,例如增加分裂句介詞組句式的覆現頻率和使用糾正和負向偏差情境進行斷言命題句教學。此外,亦提出了研究建議,本研究認為未來能先確認華語母語者對斷言命題句的語感,再使用產出實驗,來使研究更為準確。
The shi...de construction in Mandarin can be interpreted as a propositional assertion or a cleft construction. Although both structures have shi and de, their syntax and semantics are different. The cleft construction allows noun phrase, verb phrase, preposition phrase, and time adverbial phrase to appear between shi and de, but the propositional assertion only allows verb phrase and adjective phrase. Previous studies lacked experimental research on the adjective phrase between the shi...de construction. Additionally, previous studies on propositional assertion mostly focused on syntax analysis, and the research methods mostly was corpus, but lacked experimental studies on semantics. Therefore, this study conducted a grammaticality judgment task and a forced-choice task to provide experimental evidence. First, the grammaticality judgment task was used to assess whether sentence structures with the shi...de construction containing noun phrase, verb phrase, preposition phrase, time adverbial phrase, and adjective phrases are grammatical for the participants. The second task was a forced-choice task that used corrective and negative bias contexts as experiment conditions, with a neutral context as a control condition. The participants had to choose propositional assertion with corrective presuppositions or canonical subject-predicate sentences with declarative function to these different conditions. This study recruited 10 native Taiwanese Mandarin speakers as a control group and recruited 10 advanced and 10 intermediate English-speaking Chinese learners as experimental groups. After the grammaticality judgment task, participants took the forced-choice task. The results of the grammaticality judgment task indicated that, except for the answers of advanced learners, which was ungrammatical in preposition phrase, the answers for other conditions were grammatical, regardless of whether they came from native Mandarin speakers, advanced learners, or intermediate learners. The results of the forced-choice task indicated that, compared to the neutral context, native Mandarin speakers and both advanced and intermediate Chinese learners were more likely to choose propositional assertion in corrective and negative bias contexts. It was worth noting that Chinese learners chose propositional assertion more frequently than native Mandarin speakers, with both groups showing a 50% usage rate. The researcher speculates that this may be due to the relatively low frequency of propositional assertions in Chinese usage, causing native Mandarin speakers to choose them less frequently. Another explanation is that Chinese learners have not fully acquired the contexts for using propositional assertion, resulting in no clear preference. Last but not least, based on the results, this study proposes several pedagogical recommendations, such as increasing the frequency of showing cleft construction in learning materials and teaching propositional assertion in corrective and negative bias contexts. In addition, this study proposes that future research can first confirm how native Mandarin speakers perceive the intuition of propositional assertion and then use a production task to achieve greater accuracy.
參考文獻 專書 邢紅兵、張旺熹(2005)。現代漢語語法項目的標註及統計研究。在趙金銘(主編),對外漢語教學的全方位探索︰對外漢語研究學術討論會論文集(頁140–156)。商務印書館。 周質平、劉錦城、鄒昕(2019)。我看中國:現代漢語中高級讀本。普林斯頓大學出版社。 國立臺灣師範大學主編(2008)。 實用視聽華語4(二版)。正中書局。 陳俊光(2011)。對比分析與教學應用(修訂二版)。文鶴出版有限公司。 劉月華(2010)。中文聽說讀寫Level 1, Part1。劍橋出版社。 劉月華(2010)。中文聽說讀寫Level 2, Part1。劍橋出版社。 劉月華、潘文娛、故韡(2001)。實用現代漢語語法(增訂版)。商務印書館。 劉珣(2002)新實用漢語課本。北京語言大學出版社。 鄧守信(1984)。漢語及物性關系的語義研究。學生書局。 鄧守信(2019)。當代中文語法點全集 (二版) 。聯經出版事業公司。 鄧守信、王佩卿、陳慶華、黃桂英(2015)。當代中文課程1。聯經出版公司。 鄭懿德、馬盛靜恆(1992)。漢語語法難點釋疑。華語教學出版社。 賴惠玲(2017)。 語意學 (初版)。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1989). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. University of California Press. Radford, A. (1997). Syntax: A minimalist introduction. Cambridge University Press.   期刊論文 李訥、安珊笛、張柏江(1998)。從話語角度論證語氣詞“的”。中國語文,2,93–102。 胡文澤(2010)。“是...的”與“是...”及漢語教學中的相關問題。中文教師學會學報,2,49–71。 孫朝奮(2014)。略論國際漢語教學語法——以“好”“很”“是”“是……的”為例。國際漢語教學研究,4,43–47。 連金發(2005)。華語名前形容詞的語義探索,華語文教學研究,2 (1),1–24。 湯廷池(1980)。國語分裂句、分裂變句、準分裂句的限制之研究。教學與研究,2,177–204。 劉瑩、程工(2023)。再談漢語「是」字句及幾類相關結構的語義。語言暨語言學,24(3),469–501 謝福(2010)。基于語料庫的留學生“是……的”句習得研究。語言教學與研究,2,17–24。 羅奕傑、何萬順(2021)。複數標記「們」在台灣華語中的新興用法。台灣語文研究,16(1),129–167。 譚詠瑜(2021)。 「是」字句和「是……的」句的教學語法:以九套國際學校中文教材為例。全球華語,7(2),143–157。 蘇丹潔、陶紅印(2018)。基於真實語料的“是…的” 構式初級漢語教學設計。漢語作為第二語言研究,7(1),110–140。 Cheng, L.-S. L. (2008). Deconstructing the shì … de construction. The Linguistic Review, 25(3–4), 235–266. Cheng, Y.-W. V., & Chen, C.-Y. D. (2017). Japanese learners' comprehension of clefts and pseudo-clefts in L2 Chinese. Journal of Chinese Language Teaching, 14(4), 1–34. Cook, A. (2023). Reconsidering the shi…(de) construction in spoken Mandarin. Chinese Language and Discourse, 14(2), 209–231. Ishihara, Y. (2012). The structure and derivation of the VP focus pseudo-cleft sentences in Japanese. Linguistic Research: Working Papers in English Linguistics, 28, 55–73. Jin, W., Yang, C., Zhang, Y., & He, W. W. (2023). Acquisition of three Chinese de structures by English-speaking learners. Chinese as a Second Language : Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 58(1), 23–60. Kiss, K. É. (1998). Identificational focus versus information focus. Language, 74(2), 245–273. Kratzer, A. (1995). Stage-level and individual-level predicates. In Gregory N. C. & Francis J. P. (Eds.), The Generic Book (pp. 125–175). The Unversity of Chicago Press. Liu, Y., & Shi, W. (2022). Verum shi, sentence-final de and the emphatic effects in Mandarin. Lingua, 267, 1–22. Mai, Z., & Deng, X. (2019). Selective vulnerability and dominant language transfer in the acquisition of the Chinese cleft construction by heritage speakers. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 9(2), 202–227. Mai, Z., & Yuan, B. (2016). Uneven reassembly of tense, telicity and discourse features in L2 acquisition of the Chinese shì…de cleft construction by adult English speakers. Second Language Research, 32(2), 247–276. Paul, W., & Whitman, J. (2008). Shi…de focus clefts in Mandarin Chinese.The Linguistic Review, 25(3–4), 413–451. Rooth, M. (1992). A theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics, 1(1), 75–116. Simpson, A., & Wu, Z. (1999). The syntax and interpretation of sentence-final de. Proceedings of NACCL, 10, 257–274. Teng, S. -H. (1979). Remarks on cleft sentences in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7(1), 101–114. Xu, Y. (2014). A corpus-based functional study of shi…de constructions. Chinese Language and Discourse, 5(2), 146–84. Zhan, F., & Sun, C. (2013). A copula analysis of shì in the Chinese cleft construction. Language and Linguistics, 14(4), 755–789. 學位論文 王愛玲(2011)。現代漢語焦點句" 是... 的" 已然義的分析與教學〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所。 陳玟妤(2011)。現代漢語「是......的」句次結構分析與教學語法〔未出版之碩士論文〕。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
華語文教學碩博士學位學程
110161002
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110161002
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳仲妤zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Chung-Yuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 張郡巖zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chang, Chun-Yenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 張郡巖zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chang, Chun-Yenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Feb-2025 15:36:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Feb-2025 15:36:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Feb-2025 15:36:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110161002en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/155424-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 華語文教學碩博士學位學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110161002zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 華語的「是⋯⋯的」句可作為斷言命題句或分裂句解釋,兩者除了在句式上都有「是」和「的」以外,在句法和語義上都有所差異。句法上,分裂句在「是⋯⋯的」之間可以為名詞、動詞、介詞和時間副詞組,而斷言命題句只能為動詞和形容詞組。就研究者所知,目前文獻中缺乏「是⋯⋯的」之間為形容詞組的實驗類研究。此外,前人對斷言命題句的研究多聚焦在句法分析,研究方法則多為語料庫,缺乏語義方面的實驗證據。因此本研究將採用「語法判斷測驗」和「強迫選擇測驗」來提供實驗證據。 首先,本研究用「語法判斷測驗」來測試「是⋯⋯的」之間為名詞、動詞、介詞、時間副詞和形容詞組句式對受試者來說是否合語法。第二項實驗,「強迫選擇測驗」以糾正和負向偏差情境作為實驗條件,並以中立情境作為控制條件,以此測試相較於中立情境,受試者在糾正和負向偏差情境下,會選擇有糾正預設功能的斷言命題句,還是選擇有陳述功能的主謂句來回答。 研究者招募了10位台灣華語母語者作為控制組、10位英語為母語之高級華語學習者和10位中級華語學習者作為實驗組。受試者做完語法判斷測驗後,會接著做強迫選擇測驗。語法判斷測驗結果顯示,除了高級華語學習在介詞組句式的回答偏向不合語法以外,其他句式無論是華語母語者,或是高級和中級華語學習者的回答皆偏向合語法。 強迫選擇測驗的結果顯示相較於中立情境,華語母語者、高級和中級華語學習者在糾正和負向偏差情境下,選擇斷言命題句的比例都比較高。但值得注意的是,高級和中級華語學習者選擇斷言命題句的比例皆高於華語母語者,且比例在50%左右。研究者推測,可能和斷言命題句在語言使用上,本就屬於較低頻的句式有關,所以華語母語者選擇斷言命題句的比例較低。另一種可能是高級和中級華語學習者並不能完全掌握斷言命題句的使用情境,因此沒有明顯的使用偏好。 最後,根據上述的實驗結果,本研究提出了相關的教學建議,例如增加分裂句介詞組句式的覆現頻率和使用糾正和負向偏差情境進行斷言命題句教學。此外,亦提出了研究建議,本研究認為未來能先確認華語母語者對斷言命題句的語感,再使用產出實驗,來使研究更為準確。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The shi...de construction in Mandarin can be interpreted as a propositional assertion or a cleft construction. Although both structures have shi and de, their syntax and semantics are different. The cleft construction allows noun phrase, verb phrase, preposition phrase, and time adverbial phrase to appear between shi and de, but the propositional assertion only allows verb phrase and adjective phrase. Previous studies lacked experimental research on the adjective phrase between the shi...de construction. Additionally, previous studies on propositional assertion mostly focused on syntax analysis, and the research methods mostly was corpus, but lacked experimental studies on semantics. Therefore, this study conducted a grammaticality judgment task and a forced-choice task to provide experimental evidence. First, the grammaticality judgment task was used to assess whether sentence structures with the shi...de construction containing noun phrase, verb phrase, preposition phrase, time adverbial phrase, and adjective phrases are grammatical for the participants. The second task was a forced-choice task that used corrective and negative bias contexts as experiment conditions, with a neutral context as a control condition. The participants had to choose propositional assertion with corrective presuppositions or canonical subject-predicate sentences with declarative function to these different conditions. This study recruited 10 native Taiwanese Mandarin speakers as a control group and recruited 10 advanced and 10 intermediate English-speaking Chinese learners as experimental groups. After the grammaticality judgment task, participants took the forced-choice task. The results of the grammaticality judgment task indicated that, except for the answers of advanced learners, which was ungrammatical in preposition phrase, the answers for other conditions were grammatical, regardless of whether they came from native Mandarin speakers, advanced learners, or intermediate learners. The results of the forced-choice task indicated that, compared to the neutral context, native Mandarin speakers and both advanced and intermediate Chinese learners were more likely to choose propositional assertion in corrective and negative bias contexts. It was worth noting that Chinese learners chose propositional assertion more frequently than native Mandarin speakers, with both groups showing a 50% usage rate. The researcher speculates that this may be due to the relatively low frequency of propositional assertions in Chinese usage, causing native Mandarin speakers to choose them less frequently. Another explanation is that Chinese learners have not fully acquired the contexts for using propositional assertion, resulting in no clear preference. Last but not least, based on the results, this study proposes several pedagogical recommendations, such as increasing the frequency of showing cleft construction in learning materials and teaching propositional assertion in corrective and negative bias contexts. In addition, this study proposes that future research can first confirm how native Mandarin speakers perceive the intuition of propositional assertion and then use a production task to achieve greater accuracy.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 中文摘要 i Abstract ii 目錄 iv 表次 vii 圖次 ix 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與研究動機 1 1.2 研究目的與研究問題 3 1.3 研究範圍 5 1.4 論文架構 5 第二章 文獻回顧 7 2.1 華語斷言命題句的句法及分類 7 2.1.1 華語斷言命題句「是⋯⋯的」間的謂語分類 7 2.1.2 華語斷言命題句的主語 11 2.1.3 華語斷言命題句與英語分裂句句法的差異 13 2.2 華語斷言命題句的基本語義 16 2.2.1 斷言命題句的語義 16 2.2.2 斷言命題句和分裂句語義的差異 23 2.2.3 華語斷言命題句之母語者數據和相關研究方法 26 2.3 華語斷言命題句中非典型的「是⋯⋯的」句和主謂句 29 2.4 華語斷言命題句與分裂句的二語習得 33 2.5 小結 39 第三章 研究方法 41 3.1 研究假設與研究問題 41 3.2 實驗對象 43 3.3 實驗流程 44 3.4 實驗一:語法判斷測驗 45 3.4.1 實驗材料 45 3.4.2 預期結果 46 3.5 實驗二:強迫選擇測驗 48 3.5.1 前導研究 48 3.5.2 實驗材料 52 3.5.3 預期結果 55 第四章 研究結果和討論 56 4.1 語法判斷測驗實驗結果 56 4.2 強迫選擇測驗實驗結果 67 4.3 受試者對有無預設情境的選擇偏好 75 4.3.1 偏好主謂句 75 4.3.2 能分別情境中有無預設 76 4.3.3 偏好斷言命題句 77 4.3.4 其他 77 第五章 結論 78 5.1 總結 78 5.2 教學建議 79 5.3 研究限制和建議 81 參考文獻 86 附錄 90 附錄一:受試者背景問卷 90 附錄二:實驗一實驗材料 91 附錄二:實驗二實驗材料 94zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1963992 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110161002en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分裂句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 斷言命題句zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 英語為母語之華語學習者zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語法判斷測驗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 強迫選擇測驗zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cleft constructionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Propositional assertionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) English-speaking Chinese learnersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Grammaticality judgement tasken_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Forced-choice tasken_US
dc.title (題名) 華語「是⋯⋯的」句之二語習得—— 以英語母語者為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Second Language Acquisition of the Mandarin shi……de Construction : The Case of Native English Speakersen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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