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題名 美國海歸碩士的中國職場探險：機遇, 挑戰與適應
Navigating Employability: US Graduate Education for Chinese International Students’ Career Prospects Back Home
作者 陳溪
Chen, Xi
貢獻者 胡力中
Hu, Li-Chung
陳溪
Chen, Xi
關鍵詞 美國海歸
就業力
學歷貶值
資本流動
overseas study
credential inflation
return migration
capital mobilization
employability
日期 2024
上傳時間 4-Feb-2025 15:51:09 (UTC+8)
摘要 中國留學浪潮在21世紀迎來新一輪高峰，同時也引發了學界對於留學生回國就業的多方面探討。隨著中國留美畢業生回國的數量增加，他們希望最大限度使用自己的美國學歷，在國内求職市場上尋求理想的就業機會。然而，國外學歷在中國就業市場的含金量已有所下降，海歸人群的就業力會受制於社會大環境以及個人資本流動的多重因素。本研究從宏觀社會環境與個人資本轉換兩個層面探討美國海歸的就業能力，前者包含中國的國家政策、就業環境、社會文化變遷等外部因素，後者包含個體對人力資本、文化資本與社會資本的流動能力及行動實踐等内在因素。本論文主要采用訪談法，研究對象包括從美國碩士畢業並回國就業的中國留學生和人力資源專業人士。研究結果表明，美國學歷在中國就業市場較以往已有所貶值，這促使海歸畢業生更加重視這一現實，並采取更積極的策略應對就業競爭。在上述三種個人資本形式中，文化資本是留學生最大的收穫，但其具體程度和内容因人而異。資本流動與轉換的實踐與效度具有明顯的偶然性與不確定性，這種特性不僅存在於不同個體之間，也體現在不同城市、行業及企業性質上。綜上，歸國留學生是一個異質性與多樣性日漸增長的群體，他們自身也因此更注重資本的積纍與使用能力，經營戰略，理性應對，期望在中國就業市場上得到更好的工作機會。
Educational migration across national borders has increasingly involved scholarly discussions of students’ return to home countries. Chinese international graduates returning from US higher education aspire to maximize the advantages of their overseas credentials and experience in the domestic labor market, while their employability is subject to both social contexts and individual conditions. This paper examines such dynamic (dis)advantages within the framework that combines national policies, employment environments, social and cultural changes in China on a macro level, as external factors, and the individual capacity and condition to mobilize human, cultural and social capital, as internal factors, in seeking domestic employment opportunities. Adopting qualitative methodology, including interviews with returnee graduates and Human Resources professionals, the study finds that the declining value of US qualification has heightened returnees’ awareness of credential inflation and promoted their proactive strategies in the competitive job market. Of the three forms of capital, cultural capital emerges as most significant gain for participants, although it can vary in strength and relevance. The practice and efficacy of capital mobilization in employability are significantly contingent across individuals, as well as cities, industries and forms of enterprises in China’s labor market. In short, returnee graduates, hardly a homogeneous social group, navigate domestic employment opportunities in increasingly rational and strategic ways, given the diversity and heterogeneity within the group and the changing social dynamics.
參考文獻 Reference Ariss, A. A. and J. Syed. 2011. Capital Mobilization of Skilled Migrants: A Relational Perspective. British Journal of Management 22:286-304 Arrow, K. J. 1973. Higher Education as a Filter. Journal of Public Economics 2:193-216 Battistella, G. 2018. Return Migration: A Conceptual and Policy Framework. Rome: Scalabrini Migration Center Beijing Daily. 2017. Five waves of studying abroad in modern China. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.fjrd.gov.cn/ct/48-123344 Bills, D. B. 2003. Credentials, Signals, and Screens: Explaining the Relationship between Schooling and Job Assignment. Review of Educational Research 73(4):441-469 Boudon, R. 1974. Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality. New York:Wiley Bourdieu, P. 1986. The Forms of Capital. In Richardson, J. G. (Eds.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Brooks, R., J. Waters and H. Pimlott-Wilson. 2012. International education and the employability of UK students. British Educational Research Journal 38(2): 281-298 Brown, P. and A. Hesketh. 2004. The Mismanagement of Talent: Employability and Jobs in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press Cai, Y. 2013. Graduate Employability: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Employers’ Perceptions. High Educ 65:457-469 Calvert, J. 2024. ‘Pile them high’: how foreign student recruiters make millions. The Times Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.thetimes.com/article/684930ed-bd2f-4c34-8386-ea38291c7e66 Calvert, J. 2024. Cash for courses: top universities recruit foreign students on low grades. The Times Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.thetimes.com/article/c19d0459-e4dd-4380-98b1-1765db01aac2 Cassarino, J. 2004. Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6(2): 253-279 CCG. 2021. Report on Employment and Entrepreneurship of Chinese Returnees 2021. Center for China and Globalization. Cerase, F. P. 1974. Expectations and Reality: A case Study of Return Migration from the United States to Southern Italy. International Migration Review 8(2): 245– 262 Chen, Q. 2017. Globalization and Transnational Academic Mobility: The Experiences of Chinese Academic Returnees. China: Springer. Chinaso.com. 2018. Strike wave of British university teachers: The exploited teachers in the commodification of education. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1595437279073631138&wfr=spider&for=pc.com China State Council. 1984. Provisional Provisions of The State Council on self-supporting studying abroad. Collins, F., K. C. Ho, M. Ishikawa and A. S. Ma. 2017. International Student Mobility and After-Study Lives: the Portability and Prospects of Overseas Education in Asia. Population, Space and Place 23(4):1-15 Dumon, W. 1986. Problems faced by migrations and their family members, particularly second generation migrants, in returning to and reintegrating into their countries of origin. International Migration 24:113-28 Du, Z., Y. Sun, G. Zhao and D. Zweig. 2021. Do Overseas Returnees Excel in the Chinese Labour Market? The China Quarterly EIC Education, 51job.com, yingjiesheng.com. 2017. Report on Employability of Chinese Students Studied Abroad 2017 Hao, J. and W. Wen. 2016. When Sojourners Return: Employment Opportunities and Challenges Facing High-Skilled Chinese Returnees. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 25(1):22-40 Hillage, J. and E. Pollard. 1998. Employability: Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis. London: DfEE. Gao, Y. and B. Li. 2017. liu xue sheng gui guo kun nan duo, guo jiang xiang ying you hui zheng ce bing xing bu dai (Difficulties for Returnees and Ongoing National Favourable Policies in Response). Studying Abroad Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://epaper.gmw.cn/lx/html/2017-09/05/nw.D110000lx_20170905_4-03.htm Goldin, C. 2014. Human Capital. IN Diebolt, C. and M. Haupert (Eds.). Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer-Verlag Griffiths, S. 2024. Our universities are hooked on foreign fees. What’s the solution? The Times Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.thetimes.com/article/ee5af964-0834-4f8c-8bcb-5d7acf0e3b0f Jin, H. and Q. Chen. 2023. How to solve these problems on the way of employment seeking? Guangming Daily Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_zt/moe_357/jjyzt_2022/2022_zt18/mtbd/202303/t20230329_1053461.html Hagan, J. M. and J. T. Wassink. 2020. Return Migration Around the World: An Integrated Agenda for Future Research. Annual Review of Sociology 46:533-552 Hu, Z. 2020. The Analysis of Employment Issue in Chinese Returned Studying Abroad Students. The Employment of Chinese College Students (zhong guo da xue sheng jiu ye) 10:34-54 Institute of International Education. 2022. New Open Doors Data 2022: Report on International Educational Exchange. Joy, S., A. M. Game and I. G. Toshniwal. 2020. Applying Bourdieu’s capital-field-habitus framework to migrant careers: taking stock and adding a transnational perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 31(20): 2541-2564 Kariya, T. 2011. Credential inflation and employment in ‘universal’ higher education: enrolment, expansion and (in)equity via privatisation in Japan. Journal of Education and Work 24(1-2):69-94 Lee, A. 2001. Open your mind. South China Morning Post Li, Z. 2013. A critical account of employability construction through the eyes of Chinese postgraduate students in the UK. Journal of Education and Work 26(5):473-493 Liu, X. 2016. Analysis on Development Trends for Chinese Students Studying Abroad and Coming Back. Chinese Public Administration 1:52-57 McLean, S. and H. Rollwagen. 2010. Educational expansion or credential inflation? The evolution of part‐time study by adults at McGill University, Canada. International Journal of Lifelong Education 29(6):739-755 Mintz, B. 2021. Neoliberalism and the Crisis in Higher Education: The Cost of Ideology. The American journal of economics and sociology 80(1):79-112 National Bureau of Statistics. 2010. China Statistical Yearbook 2010. New York University Shanghai. 2024. What is the social impact of University enrollment expansion in 20 years? Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://shanghai.nyu.edu/cn/news/does-higher-education-guarantee-higher-pay-not-all Pham, T. and D. Jackson. 2020. Employability and Determinants of Employment Outcomes. In N. Tran, T. Pham, M. Tomlinson, K. Medica and C. Thompson (Eds.). Developing and Utilizing Employability Capitals: Graduates’ Strategies Across Labour Markets. Netherlands: Routledge. Pham, T. and E. Saito. 2020. Career Development of Returnees: Experienced Constraints and Navigating Strategies of Returnees in Vietnam. Journal of Further and Higher Education 44(8): 1052-1064 Pham, T. 2021. Reconceptualising Employability of Returnees: What Really Matters and Strategic Navigating Approaches. Higher Education 81(6):1329-1345 Römgens, I., R. Scoupeb and S. Beausaert. 2020. Unraveling the Concept of Employability, Bringing Together Research on Employability in Higher Education and the Workplace. Studies in Higher Education 45(12):2588-2603 SEVP. 2021. SEVIS by the Numbers: Annual Report on International Student Trends. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement sohu.com. 2018. 100 years of changes in Chinese students: from 30 students per year to the first in the world. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.sohu.com/a/246518752_166075 Støren, L. A. and J. Wiers-Jenssen. 2010. Foreign Diploma Versus Immigrant Background: Determinants of Labour Market Success or Failure? Journal of Studies in International Education 14(1): 29-49 Talent Hunt. 2024. 2025 Times ranking: China's higher education investment is effective, mainland universities sprint to the top ten. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1813122036534428541&wfr=spider&for=pc Throsby, D. 1999. Cultural Capital. Journal of Cultural Economics 23:3-12 Van de Werfhorst, Herman G. and R. Andersen. 2005. Social Background, Credential Inflation and Educational Strategies. Acta Sociologica 48(4):321-340 Van Mol, C. 2014. Erasmus Student Mobility as a Gateway to the International Labour Market? In: Gerhards, J., Hans, S., Carlson, S. (eds) Globalisierung, Bildung und grenzüberschreitende Mobilität. Sozialstrukturanalyse. Springer VS, Wiesbaden Wiers-Jenssen, J. 2012. Degree Mobility from the Nordic Countries: Background and Employability. Journal of Studies in International Education 17(4):471-491 Wang, H. 2019. The Current Situation of the Returnees in the 21st Century and the Policy Suggestions for Them to Play Their Roles. Journal of Beijing Institute of Education 33(4):40-47 Wang, H. and L. Miao. 2022. Annual Report on the Development of Chinese Students Studying Abroad. Social Science Academic Press Wang, P. and Z. Xu. 2022. Chinese higher education enters a stage of popularization and development. The Xinghua News Agency Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-05/17/content_5690837 Wan, Y. 2014. Renmin University of China Launched “Plan for Training 100 Returnees in Temporary Posts”. China Education Daily. Jun. 12, 2014 Waters, J. L. 2007. ‘Roundabout Routes and Sanctuary Schools’: the Role of Situated Educational Practices and Habitus in the Creation of Transnational Professionals. Global Networks 7(4):383-502 Waters, J. L. 2008. Education, Migration and Cultural Capital in the Chinese Diaspora: Transtional Students Between Hong Kong and Canada. New York: Cambria Press Ye, Y. 2022. Ministry of Education: Over 80% Chinese Overseas Students Returned to China During the Past Decade. China Youth Daily. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from http://www.moe.gov.cn/fbh/live/2022/54849/mtbd/202209/t20220921_663497.html Yorke, M. 2006. Employability in Higher Education: What It Is-What It Is Not. Vol. 1. York: Higher Education Academy. Zadeh, M. S.1999. Utlandsstudier: til Hvilken Nytta? (Study Abroad: What are the Impacts?) Stockholm: Högskoleverket Zhang. 2024. The 2024 college budget has been released: 24 universities have entered the “10 billion club”. National Business Daily Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from http://www.stcn.com/article/detail/1198403.html Zhaopin.com. 2022. The Chinese Returned Students’ Employment Report 2022. Zhejiang Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese. 2023. The Guidelines of Hukou Relocation and Work Permit in Hangzhou for Overseas Chinese Expatriate and Students. Mar. 24th, 2023 Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from http://m.zjsql.com.cn/index.php?m=wap&a=show&catid=14&id=52874#sidr-main Zweig, D. and Z. Ge. 2018. How Chinese Students Who Return Home After Studying Abroad Succeed - and Why They Don’t. South China Morning Post Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/asia/article/2157081/how-chinese-students-who-return-home-after-studying
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學系
108254020
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108254020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 胡力中zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hu, Li-Chungen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳溪zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Xien_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳溪zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Xien_US
dc.date (日期) 2024en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Feb-2025 15:51:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Feb-2025 15:51:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Feb-2025 15:51:09 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108254020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/155467-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 社會學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108254020zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 中國留學浪潮在21世紀迎來新一輪高峰，同時也引發了學界對於留學生回國就業的多方面探討。隨著中國留美畢業生回國的數量增加，他們希望最大限度使用自己的美國學歷，在國内求職市場上尋求理想的就業機會。然而，國外學歷在中國就業市場的含金量已有所下降，海歸人群的就業力會受制於社會大環境以及個人資本流動的多重因素。本研究從宏觀社會環境與個人資本轉換兩個層面探討美國海歸的就業能力，前者包含中國的國家政策、就業環境、社會文化變遷等外部因素，後者包含個體對人力資本、文化資本與社會資本的流動能力及行動實踐等内在因素。本論文主要采用訪談法，研究對象包括從美國碩士畢業並回國就業的中國留學生和人力資源專業人士。研究結果表明，美國學歷在中國就業市場較以往已有所貶值，這促使海歸畢業生更加重視這一現實，並采取更積極的策略應對就業競爭。在上述三種個人資本形式中，文化資本是留學生最大的收穫，但其具體程度和内容因人而異。資本流動與轉換的實踐與效度具有明顯的偶然性與不確定性，這種特性不僅存在於不同個體之間，也體現在不同城市、行業及企業性質上。綜上，歸國留學生是一個異質性與多樣性日漸增長的群體，他們自身也因此更注重資本的積纍與使用能力，經營戰略，理性應對，期望在中國就業市場上得到更好的工作機會。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Educational migration across national borders has increasingly involved scholarly discussions of students’ return to home countries. Chinese international graduates returning from US higher education aspire to maximize the advantages of their overseas credentials and experience in the domestic labor market, while their employability is subject to both social contexts and individual conditions. This paper examines such dynamic (dis)advantages within the framework that combines national policies, employment environments, social and cultural changes in China on a macro level, as external factors, and the individual capacity and condition to mobilize human, cultural and social capital, as internal factors, in seeking domestic employment opportunities. Adopting qualitative methodology, including interviews with returnee graduates and Human Resources professionals, the study finds that the declining value of US qualification has heightened returnees’ awareness of credential inflation and promoted their proactive strategies in the competitive job market. Of the three forms of capital, cultural capital emerges as most significant gain for participants, although it can vary in strength and relevance. The practice and efficacy of capital mobilization in employability are significantly contingent across individuals, as well as cities, industries and forms of enterprises in China’s labor market. In short, returnee graduates, hardly a homogeneous social group, navigate domestic employment opportunities in increasingly rational and strategic ways, given the diversity and heterogeneity within the group and the changing social dynamics.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Content Introduction 6 Research Background 8 Return Migration and Reintegration in China's Labor Market 8 Macro-level Factors: Credential Inflation and National Policies 10 Credential inflation and the changing perceptions towards overseas graduates 10 The history and national policies 14 Micro-level Factors: Mobilizing Different Forms of Capital 17 Employability to Secure Job Opportunities 21 Why Study Abroad and Why the US? 23 An Overview of Chinese Returnees After Studying Abroad in Higher Education 25 The Returnees’ Employment 29 Existing Research 32 Research Design 36 Findings 39 The Role of China’s Macro-Structure 39 China's credential inflation 39 The changing perceptions and recruitment strategies towards returnee graduates 42 The insufficiency of policy impact 47 The Role of Individual Capital Mobilization 50 Diverse value of human capital and the problem of mismatch 50 Cultural capital as the key gain but significantly contingent 53 Social capital as an aid but not determining 60 Conclusion and Discussion 62 Reference 67 Appendix 75 Table 1. Capital Representation 21 Table 2. Interviewees of Returnees 38 Table 3. Interviewees of HR Professionals 39 Graph 1. Number of outbound and returned Chinese students from 2010 to 2019 26 Graph 2. Number of international students in the US based on countries of origin from 2018/19 to 2021/22 academic years 28zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1477772 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108254020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 美國海歸zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 就業力zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 學歷貶值zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 資本流動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) overseas studyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) credential inflationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) return migrationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) capital mobilizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) employabilityen_US
dc.title (題名) 美國海歸碩士的中國職場探險：機遇, 挑戰與適應zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Navigating Employability: US Graduate Education for Chinese International Students’ Career Prospects Back Homeen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reference Ariss, A. A. and J. Syed. 2011. Capital Mobilization of Skilled Migrants: A Relational Perspective. British Journal of Management 22:286-304 Arrow, K. J. 1973. Higher Education as a Filter. Journal of Public Economics 2:193-216 Battistella, G. 2018. Return Migration: A Conceptual and Policy Framework. Rome: Scalabrini Migration Center Beijing Daily. 2017. Five waves of studying abroad in modern China. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.fjrd.gov.cn/ct/48-123344 Bills, D. B. 2003. Credentials, Signals, and Screens: Explaining the Relationship between Schooling and Job Assignment. Review of Educational Research 73(4):441-469 Boudon, R. 1974. Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality. New York:Wiley Bourdieu, P. 1986. The Forms of Capital. In Richardson, J. G. (Eds.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Brooks, R., J. Waters and H. Pimlott-Wilson. 2012. International education and the employability of UK students. British Educational Research Journal 38(2): 281-298 Brown, P. and A. Hesketh. 2004. The Mismanagement of Talent: Employability and Jobs in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press Cai, Y. 2013. Graduate Employability: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Employers’ Perceptions. High Educ 65:457-469 Calvert, J. 2024. ‘Pile them high’: how foreign student recruiters make millions. The Times Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.thetimes.com/article/684930ed-bd2f-4c34-8386-ea38291c7e66 Calvert, J. 2024. Cash for courses: top universities recruit foreign students on low grades. The Times Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.thetimes.com/article/c19d0459-e4dd-4380-98b1-1765db01aac2 Cassarino, J. 2004. Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies 6(2): 253-279 CCG. 2021. Report on Employment and Entrepreneurship of Chinese Returnees 2021. Center for China and Globalization. Cerase, F. P. 1974. Expectations and Reality: A case Study of Return Migration from the United States to Southern Italy. International Migration Review 8(2): 245– 262 Chen, Q. 2017. Globalization and Transnational Academic Mobility: The Experiences of Chinese Academic Returnees. China: Springer. Chinaso.com. 2018. Strike wave of British university teachers: The exploited teachers in the commodification of education. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1595437279073631138&wfr=spider&for=pc.com China State Council. 1984. Provisional Provisions of The State Council on self-supporting studying abroad. Collins, F., K. C. Ho, M. Ishikawa and A. S. Ma. 2017. International Student Mobility and After-Study Lives: the Portability and Prospects of Overseas Education in Asia. Population, Space and Place 23(4):1-15 Dumon, W. 1986. Problems faced by migrations and their family members, particularly second generation migrants, in returning to and reintegrating into their countries of origin. International Migration 24:113-28 Du, Z., Y. Sun, G. Zhao and D. Zweig. 2021. Do Overseas Returnees Excel in the Chinese Labour Market? The China Quarterly EIC Education, 51job.com, yingjiesheng.com. 2017. Report on Employability of Chinese Students Studied Abroad 2017 Hao, J. and W. Wen. 2016. When Sojourners Return: Employment Opportunities and Challenges Facing High-Skilled Chinese Returnees. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 25(1):22-40 Hillage, J. and E. Pollard. 1998. Employability: Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis. London: DfEE. Gao, Y. and B. Li. 2017. liu xue sheng gui guo kun nan duo, guo jiang xiang ying you hui zheng ce bing xing bu dai (Difficulties for Returnees and Ongoing National Favourable Policies in Response). Studying Abroad Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://epaper.gmw.cn/lx/html/2017-09/05/nw.D110000lx_20170905_4-03.htm Goldin, C. 2014. Human Capital. IN Diebolt, C. and M. Haupert (Eds.). Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer-Verlag Griffiths, S. 2024. Our universities are hooked on foreign fees. What’s the solution? The Times Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from https://www.thetimes.com/article/ee5af964-0834-4f8c-8bcb-5d7acf0e3b0f Jin, H. and Q. Chen. 2023. How to solve these problems on the way of employment seeking? Guangming Daily Retrieved Dec. 1, 2024, from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_zt/moe_357/jjyzt_2022/2022_zt18/mtbd/202303/t20230329_1053461.html Hagan, J. M. and J. T. Wassink. 2020. Return Migration Around the World: An Integrated Agenda for Future Research. Annual Review of Sociology 46:533-552 Hu, Z. 2020. The Analysis of Employment Issue in Chinese Returned Studying Abroad Students. The Employment of Chinese College Students (zhong guo da xue sheng jiu ye) 10:34-54 Institute of International Education. 2022. New Open Doors Data 2022: Report on International Educational Exchange. Joy, S., A. M. Game and I. G. Toshniwal. 2020. Applying Bourdieu’s capital-field-habitus framework to migrant careers: taking stock and adding a transnational perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 31(20): 2541-2564 Kariya, T. 2011. Credential inflation and employment in ‘universal’ higher education: enrolment, expansion and (in)equity via privatisation in Japan. Journal of Education and Work 24(1-2):69-94 Lee, A. 2001. Open your mind. South China Morning Post Li, Z. 2013. A critical account of employability construction through the eyes of Chinese postgraduate students in the UK. Journal of Education and Work 26(5):473-493 Liu, X. 2016. Analysis on Development Trends for Chinese Students Studying Abroad and Coming Back. 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