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題名 虛擬網紅能否引發同情或同理心？探討一致性理論的角色
Can Virtual Influencers Evoke Sympathy or Empathy? Exploring the Role of Congruence Theory
作者 陳俐
Chen, Li
貢獻者 朴星俊
Park, Sung-Jun
陳俐
Chen, Li
關鍵詞 虛擬網紅
一致性
同情心
同理心
換位思考
Virtual influencer
Congruence
Sympathy
Empathy
Perspective-taking
日期 2025
上傳時間 3-Mar-2025 13:59:50 (UTC+8)
摘要 當消費者看到患有遺傳疾病的虛擬網紅時，會感受到同情還是同理心？本研究旨在探討虛擬網紅如何透過運用使命一致性來有效代表受忽視群體並促進包容性。基於一致性理論，本研究進一步探討塑造消費者反應的潛在機制——同情與同理心。結果（n = 463）顯示，消費者對虛擬網紅與其使命之間更高的一致性感知，顯著提升了購買意願，且這一效果由同理心中介。然而，同情心並未在此關係中起到中介作用，這表明消費者的正向回應需要更深層次的認知參與，消費者需採取虛擬網紅的視角，而不僅僅是表達同情。通過區分這些心理狀態，本研究拓展了一致性相關的研究，並強調了同理心（以換位思考為核心）在虛擬網紅行銷這一新興情境中的關鍵作用。
Do consumers experience sympathy or empathy when viewing a virtual influencer with a genetic disorder? The purpose of this study is to uncover how virtual influencers can effectively represent underrepresented groups to promote inclusivity through leveraging mission congruence. Drawing on congruence theory, this study further investigates the underlying mechanisms—sympathy and empathy—that shape consumer responses. Results (n = 463) reveal that a higher perceived congruence between the virtual influencer and its mission significantly increases consumers’ willingness to purchase, mediated by empathy. Sympathy, however, does not mediate this effect, suggesting that positive outcomes require greater cognitive engagement, wherein consumers adopt the virtual influencer’s perspective rather than merely expressing sympathy. By distinguishing between these psychological states, this study extends prior research on congruence by emphasizing the critical role of empathy—conceptualized as perspective-taking—in the emerging context of virtual influencer marketing.
參考文獻 Allard, T., Dunn, L. H., & White, K. (2020). Negative reviews, positive impact: Consumer empathetic responding to unfair word of mouth. Journal of Marketing, 84(4), 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242920924389 Atkins, D. (2014). The role of culture in empathy: The consequences and explanations of cultural differences in empathy at the affective and cognitive levels. University of Kent (United Kingdom). Bartsch, A., & Kloß, A. (2019). Personalized charity advertising. Can personalized prosocial messages promote empathy, attitude change, and helping intentions toward stigmatized social groups? International Journal of Advertising, 38(3), 345-363. Basil, D. Z., Ridgway, N. M., & Basil, M. D. (2008). Guilt and giving: A process model of empathy and efficacy. Psychology & Marketing, 25(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20200 Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., Flavián, M., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2021). Understanding influencer marketing: The role of congruence between influencers, products and consumers. Journal of Business Research, 132, 186-195. Byun, K. J., & Ahn, S. J. (2023). A systematic review of virtual influencers: Similarities and differences between human and virtual influencers in interactive advertising. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1-14. Cassels, T. G., Chan, S., & Chung, W. (2010). The role of culture in affective empathy: Cultural and bicultural differences. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10(3-4), 309-326. Chen, T., Razzaq, A., Qing, P., & Cao, B. (2021). Do you bear to reject them? The effect of anthropomorphism on empathy and consumer preference for unattractive produce. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102556. Choi, S. M., & Rifon, N. J. (2012). It is a match: The impact of congruence between celebrity image and consumer ideal self on endorsement effectiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 29(9), 639-650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20550 Cox, C. L., Uddin, L. Q., Di Martino, A., Castellanos, F. X., Milham, M. P., & Kelly, C. (2012). The balance between feeling and knowing: Affective and cognitive empathy are reflected in the brain's intrinsic functional dynamics. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(6), 727-737. Darwall, S. (1998). Empathy, sympathy, care. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 89(2/3), 261-282. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91. Eklund, A. A., & Helmefalk, M. (2022). Congruency or incongruency: A theoretical framework and opportunities for future research avenues. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 31(4), 606-621. Eklund, J. H., & Meranius, M. S. (2021). Toward a consensus on the nature of empathy: A review of reviews. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(2), 300-307. Escalas, J. E., & Stern, B. B. (2003). Sympathy and empathy: Emotional responses to advertising dramas. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4), 566-578. Fitzsimmons, A. B., Qin, Y. S., & Heffron, E. R. (2022). Purpose vs mission vs vision: Persuasive appeals and components in corporate statements. Journal of Communication Management, 26(2), 207-219. Franke, C., Groeppel-Klein, A., & Müller, K. (2022). Consumers’ responses to virtual influencers as advertising endorsers: Novel and effective or uncanny and deceiving? Journal of Advertising, 1-17. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365. Gerace, A. (2020). Roses by other names? Empathy, sympathy, and compassion in mental health nursing. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 736-744. Gerdes, K. E. (2011). Empathy, sympathy, and pity: 21st-century definitions and implications for practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 230-241. itskamisworld. (2022, May 17). I was born to be positive and be a helper to others. [Photo]. Instagram. Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://www.instagram.com/p/Cdpt4U3vtPp/ Jackson, G. (2020, October 15). League of Legends’ fake anime pop star is sad tweeting about genocide. Vice. Retrieved January 20, 2025 from https://www.vice.com/en/article/league-of-legends-fake-anime-pop-star-is-sad-tweeting-about-genocide/ Janssen, L., Schouten, A. P., & Croes, E. A. (2022). Influencer advertising on Instagram: Product-influencer fit and number of followers affect advertising outcomes and influencer evaluations via credibility and identification. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 101-127. Jung, N., & Im, S. (2021). The mechanism of social media marketing: Influencer characteristics, consumer empathy, immersion, and sponsorship disclosure. International Journal of Advertising, 40(8), 1265-1293. Kamins, M. A. (1990). An investigation into the “match-up” hypothesis in celebrity advertising: When beauty may be only skin deep. Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 4-13. Kamins, M. A., & Gupta, K. (1994). Congruence between spokesperson and product type: A matchup hypothesis perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 11(6), 569-586. Kang, I. H., Leliveld, M. C., & Ferraro, R. (2022). The impact of facial emotional expression on the effectiveness of charitable advertisements: The role of sympathy and manipulative intent. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 35(5), e2281. Liu, F., & Lee, Y.-H. (2024). Virtually authentic: Examining the match-up hypothesis between human vs virtual influencers and product types. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 33(2), 287-299. Maille, V., & Fleck, N. (2011). Perceived congruence and incongruence: Toward a clarification of the concept, its formation and measure. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition), 26(2), 77-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/205157071102600204 McDonald, R. E. (2007). An investigation of innovation in nonprofit organizations: The role of organizational mission. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(2), 256-281. Morics, P. (2020, November 4). Riot says it’s being more careful with League of Legends’ Seraphine. Screen Rant. Retrieved January 20, 2025 from https://screenrant.com/riot-league-of-legends-seraphine-controversy-mental-health-response/ Mouritzen, S. L. T., Penttinen, V., & Pedersen, S. (2023). Virtual influencer marketing: The good, the bad and the unreal. European Journal of Marketing. 58(2), 410-440. Natividad, A. (2022, May 18). Meet Kami, the first virtual influencer with Down syndrome. Muse by Clios. Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://musebyclios.com/digital-data/meet-kami-first-virtual-influencer-down-syndrome Pedersen, C. L. (2021). Empathy‐based marketing. Psychology & Marketing, 38(3), 470-480. Pham, C., & Septianto, F. (2019). A smile–the key to everybody’s heart? The interactive effects of image and message in increasing charitable behavior. European Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 261-281. Qian, J., & Park, J.-S. (2021). Influencer-brand fit and brand dilution in China’s luxury market: The moderating role of self-concept clarity. Journal of Brand Management, 28(2), 199-220. Sands, S., Campbell, C. L., Plangger, K., & Ferraro, C. (2022). Unreal influence: Leveraging AI in influencer marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 56(6), 1721-1747. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2019-0949 Shao, Z. (2024). How the characteristics of social media influencers and live content influence consumers’ impulsive buying in live streaming commerce? The role of congruence and attachment. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(3), 506-527. Sinclair, S., Beamer, K., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., Raffin Bouchal, S., Chochinov, H. M., & Hagen, N. A. (2017). Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients’ understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliative Medicine, 31(5), 437-447. SLSV. (2022, May 18). Kami, a virtual influencer with down syndrome, aims to make digital world more inclusive. SLSV - A global media & CSR consultancy network. Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://www.soundnlight.in/kami-a-virtual-influencer-with-down-syndrome-aims-to-make-digital-world-more-inclusive/ Solomon, M. R., Ashmore, R. D., & Longo, L. C. (1992). The beauty match-up hypothesis: Congruence between types of beauty and product images in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 21(4), 23-34. Sorosrungruang, T., Ameen, N., & Hackley, C. (2024). How real is real enough? Unveiling the diverse power of generative AI‐enabled virtual influencers and the dynamics of human responses. Psychology & Marketing, 41(12), 3124-3143. Suprawan, L., & Pojanavatee, S. (2022). What causes social media users to engage and mimic virtual influencers? The role of self-congruity. Innovative Marketing, 18(4), 148-160. Till, B. D., & Busler, M. (1998). Matching products with endorsers: Attractiveness versus expertise. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 15(6), 576-586. Trzeciak, S., Mazzarelli, A., & Seppälä, E. (2023). Leading with compassion has research-backed benefits. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr. org/2023/02/leadingwith-compassion-has-research-backed-benefits. de Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 59(1), 279-300. White, K., Lin, L., Dahl, D. W., & Ritchie, R. J. (2016). When do consumers avoid imperfections? Superficial packaging damage as a contamination cue. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(1), 110-123. Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 314. Zhou, X., Yan, X., & Jiang, Y. (2024). Making sense? The sensory-specific nature of virtual influencer effectiveness. Journal of Marketing, 88(4), 84-106.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)
111363047
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111363047
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 朴星俊zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Park, Sung-Junen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳俐zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Lien_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳俐zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Lien_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Mar-2025 13:59:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Mar-2025 13:59:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Mar-2025 13:59:50 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111363047en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/155960-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 企業管理研究所(MBA學位學程)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 111363047zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 當消費者看到患有遺傳疾病的虛擬網紅時，會感受到同情還是同理心？本研究旨在探討虛擬網紅如何透過運用使命一致性來有效代表受忽視群體並促進包容性。基於一致性理論，本研究進一步探討塑造消費者反應的潛在機制——同情與同理心。結果（n = 463）顯示，消費者對虛擬網紅與其使命之間更高的一致性感知，顯著提升了購買意願，且這一效果由同理心中介。然而，同情心並未在此關係中起到中介作用，這表明消費者的正向回應需要更深層次的認知參與，消費者需採取虛擬網紅的視角，而不僅僅是表達同情。通過區分這些心理狀態，本研究拓展了一致性相關的研究，並強調了同理心（以換位思考為核心）在虛擬網紅行銷這一新興情境中的關鍵作用。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Do consumers experience sympathy or empathy when viewing a virtual influencer with a genetic disorder? The purpose of this study is to uncover how virtual influencers can effectively represent underrepresented groups to promote inclusivity through leveraging mission congruence. Drawing on congruence theory, this study further investigates the underlying mechanisms—sympathy and empathy—that shape consumer responses. Results (n = 463) reveal that a higher perceived congruence between the virtual influencer and its mission significantly increases consumers’ willingness to purchase, mediated by empathy. Sympathy, however, does not mediate this effect, suggesting that positive outcomes require greater cognitive engagement, wherein consumers adopt the virtual influencer’s perspective rather than merely expressing sympathy. By distinguishing between these psychological states, this study extends prior research on congruence by emphasizing the critical role of empathy—conceptualized as perspective-taking—in the emerging context of virtual influencer marketing.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents Acknowledgments i 摘要 ii Abstract iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 Chapter 2 - Literature Review 4 2.1 Congruence in Marketing Research 4 2.2 Sympathy and Empathy 6 Chapter 3 - Hypotheses 11 3.1 Influence of Perceived VI-Mission Congruence on Consumers’ Willingness to Purchase 11 3.2 Mediating Effect of Sympathy and Empathy on Consumers’ Willingness to Purchase 13 Chapter 4 - Methods 15 4.1 Data Collection and Sampling 15 4.2 Survey Design 15 4.3 Analysis 18 Chapter 5 - Results 19 5.1 Demographic Profiles 19 5.2 Reliability 20 5.3 Main Effect Analysis 21 5.4 Controlling for Covariates in the Main Effect Analysis 21 5.5 Mediation Effect Analysis 23 Chapter 6 - General Discussion 24 6.1 Theoretical Implications 25 6.2 Managerial Implications 26 6.3 Limitations and Future Research 27 References 30 Appendix 1. Stimuli 35zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2201998 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111363047en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 虛擬網紅zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 一致性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同情心zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同理心zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 換位思考zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Virtual influenceren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Congruenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sympathyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Empathyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Perspective-takingen_US
dc.title (題名) 虛擬網紅能否引發同情或同理心？探討一致性理論的角色zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Can Virtual Influencers Evoke Sympathy or Empathy? Exploring the Role of Congruence Theoryen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allard, T., Dunn, L. H., & White, K. (2020). Negative reviews, positive impact: Consumer empathetic responding to unfair word of mouth. Journal of Marketing, 84(4), 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242920924389 Atkins, D. (2014). The role of culture in empathy: The consequences and explanations of cultural differences in empathy at the affective and cognitive levels. University of Kent (United Kingdom). Bartsch, A., & Kloß, A. (2019). Personalized charity advertising. Can personalized prosocial messages promote empathy, attitude change, and helping intentions toward stigmatized social groups? International Journal of Advertising, 38(3), 345-363. Basil, D. Z., Ridgway, N. M., & Basil, M. D. (2008). Guilt and giving: A process model of empathy and efficacy. Psychology & Marketing, 25(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20200 Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., Flavián, M., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2021). Understanding influencer marketing: The role of congruence between influencers, products and consumers. Journal of Business Research, 132, 186-195. Byun, K. J., & Ahn, S. J. (2023). A systematic review of virtual influencers: Similarities and differences between human and virtual influencers in interactive advertising. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1-14. Cassels, T. G., Chan, S., & Chung, W. (2010). The role of culture in affective empathy: Cultural and bicultural differences. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10(3-4), 309-326. Chen, T., Razzaq, A., Qing, P., & Cao, B. (2021). Do you bear to reject them? The effect of anthropomorphism on empathy and consumer preference for unattractive produce. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, 102556. Choi, S. M., & Rifon, N. J. (2012). It is a match: The impact of congruence between celebrity image and consumer ideal self on endorsement effectiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 29(9), 639-650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20550 Cox, C. L., Uddin, L. Q., Di Martino, A., Castellanos, F. X., Milham, M. P., & Kelly, C. (2012). The balance between feeling and knowing: Affective and cognitive empathy are reflected in the brain's intrinsic functional dynamics. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(6), 727-737. Darwall, S. (1998). Empathy, sympathy, care. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 89(2/3), 261-282. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91. Eklund, A. A., & Helmefalk, M. (2022). Congruency or incongruency: A theoretical framework and opportunities for future research avenues. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 31(4), 606-621. Eklund, J. H., & Meranius, M. S. (2021). Toward a consensus on the nature of empathy: A review of reviews. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(2), 300-307. Escalas, J. E., & Stern, B. B. (2003). Sympathy and empathy: Emotional responses to advertising dramas. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4), 566-578. Fitzsimmons, A. B., Qin, Y. S., & Heffron, E. R. (2022). Purpose vs mission vs vision: Persuasive appeals and components in corporate statements. Journal of Communication Management, 26(2), 207-219. Franke, C., Groeppel-Klein, A., & Müller, K. (2022). Consumers’ responses to virtual influencers as advertising endorsers: Novel and effective or uncanny and deceiving? Journal of Advertising, 1-17. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365. Gerace, A. (2020). Roses by other names? Empathy, sympathy, and compassion in mental health nursing. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(4), 736-744. Gerdes, K. E. (2011). Empathy, sympathy, and pity: 21st-century definitions and implications for practice and research. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 230-241. itskamisworld. (2022, May 17). I was born to be positive and be a helper to others. [Photo]. Instagram. Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://www.instagram.com/p/Cdpt4U3vtPp/ Jackson, G. (2020, October 15). League of Legends’ fake anime pop star is sad tweeting about genocide. Vice. Retrieved January 20, 2025 from https://www.vice.com/en/article/league-of-legends-fake-anime-pop-star-is-sad-tweeting-about-genocide/ Janssen, L., Schouten, A. P., & Croes, E. A. (2022). Influencer advertising on Instagram: Product-influencer fit and number of followers affect advertising outcomes and influencer evaluations via credibility and identification. International Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 101-127. Jung, N., & Im, S. (2021). The mechanism of social media marketing: Influencer characteristics, consumer empathy, immersion, and sponsorship disclosure. International Journal of Advertising, 40(8), 1265-1293. Kamins, M. A. (1990). An investigation into the “match-up” hypothesis in celebrity advertising: When beauty may be only skin deep. Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 4-13. Kamins, M. A., & Gupta, K. (1994). Congruence between spokesperson and product type: A matchup hypothesis perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 11(6), 569-586. Kang, I. H., Leliveld, M. C., & Ferraro, R. (2022). The impact of facial emotional expression on the effectiveness of charitable advertisements: The role of sympathy and manipulative intent. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 35(5), e2281. Liu, F., & Lee, Y.-H. (2024). Virtually authentic: Examining the match-up hypothesis between human vs virtual influencers and product types. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 33(2), 287-299. Maille, V., & Fleck, N. (2011). Perceived congruence and incongruence: Toward a clarification of the concept, its formation and measure. Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition), 26(2), 77-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/205157071102600204 McDonald, R. E. (2007). An investigation of innovation in nonprofit organizations: The role of organizational mission. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(2), 256-281. Morics, P. (2020, November 4). Riot says it’s being more careful with League of Legends’ Seraphine. Screen Rant. Retrieved January 20, 2025 from https://screenrant.com/riot-league-of-legends-seraphine-controversy-mental-health-response/ Mouritzen, S. L. T., Penttinen, V., & Pedersen, S. (2023). Virtual influencer marketing: The good, the bad and the unreal. European Journal of Marketing. 58(2), 410-440. Natividad, A. (2022, May 18). Meet Kami, the first virtual influencer with Down syndrome. Muse by Clios. Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://musebyclios.com/digital-data/meet-kami-first-virtual-influencer-down-syndrome Pedersen, C. L. (2021). Empathy‐based marketing. Psychology & Marketing, 38(3), 470-480. Pham, C., & Septianto, F. (2019). A smile–the key to everybody’s heart? The interactive effects of image and message in increasing charitable behavior. European Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 261-281. Qian, J., & Park, J.-S. (2021). Influencer-brand fit and brand dilution in China’s luxury market: The moderating role of self-concept clarity. Journal of Brand Management, 28(2), 199-220. Sands, S., Campbell, C. L., Plangger, K., & Ferraro, C. (2022). Unreal influence: Leveraging AI in influencer marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 56(6), 1721-1747. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2019-0949 Shao, Z. (2024). How the characteristics of social media influencers and live content influence consumers’ impulsive buying in live streaming commerce? The role of congruence and attachment. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(3), 506-527. Sinclair, S., Beamer, K., Hack, T. F., McClement, S., Raffin Bouchal, S., Chochinov, H. M., & Hagen, N. A. (2017). Sympathy, empathy, and compassion: A grounded theory study of palliative care patients’ understandings, experiences, and preferences. Palliative Medicine, 31(5), 437-447. SLSV. (2022, May 18). Kami, a virtual influencer with down syndrome, aims to make digital world more inclusive. SLSV - A global media & CSR consultancy network. Retrieved August 15, 2024 from https://www.soundnlight.in/kami-a-virtual-influencer-with-down-syndrome-aims-to-make-digital-world-more-inclusive/ Solomon, M. R., Ashmore, R. D., & Longo, L. C. (1992). The beauty match-up hypothesis: Congruence between types of beauty and product images in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 21(4), 23-34. Sorosrungruang, T., Ameen, N., & Hackley, C. (2024). How real is real enough? 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