學術產出-學位論文
| 題名 | 越南城鄉的遷移與巨型城市的形成 Rural-urban Migration and the Formation of a Megacity in Vietnam |
| 作者 | 武梅香 Huong, Vo Thi Mai |
| 貢獻者 | 陳樹衡 Chen, Shu-Heng 武梅香 Vo Thi Mai Huong |
| 關鍵詞 | 城鄉流動 遷移動態 城市化 性別不平等 基於代理的建模 Rural-Urban Migration Urbanization Migration Dynamics Gender Inequality Agent-Based Modeling |
| 日期 | 2025 |
| 上傳時間 | 3-三月-2025 15:38:37 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要 | 本論文探討了在快速城市化背景下越南城鄉遷移的動態。採用結合實證分析和基於代理的建模（ABM）的混合方法，我以胡志明市（HCMC）和河內作為主要目的地進行研究。
通過將2015年內部遷移調查中的個人層面數據與省級指標相結合，構建了一個微觀-宏觀關聯數據集。該數據集使我能夠：（i）分析推動遷移到不同省份和城市的因素，（ii）開發一個預測城鄉遷移流的ABM模型，以及（iii）探討遷移中的性別維度。研究還利用2015年戶籍研究的數據，探討了戶籍（hộ khẩu）制度對移民在城市勞動力市場結果的影響。主要發現表明，胡志明市的經濟機會和教育回報高於對過度城市化的擔憂，使其成為更具吸引力的目的地。移民在城市中長期建立的社會網絡促進了農村人口對城市生活的嚮往，推動了這一遷移潮。然而，移民在勞動力市場中面臨劣勢，尤其是女性，由於戶籍制度和性別不平等的雙重負擔，她們在獲取公共服務方面受到限制。本論文提出了具體的政策改革建議，旨在管理城鄉遷移流，提高戶籍制度的包容性，並為女性移民提供有針對性的支持。這些措施旨在促進更好的經濟融合和賦權。 This dissertation examines the dynamics of rural-urban migration in Vietnam within the context of rapid urbanization. Using a mixed-method approach that combines empirical analysis and Agent-Based Modeling (ABM), I focus on Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and Ha Noi as primary destinations. A micro-macro linked dataset was constructed by merging individual-level data from the Internal Migration Survey 2015 with provincial-level indicators. This dataset enables me to (i) analyze the factors driving migration to different provinces and cities, (ii) develop an ABM model that predicts rural-urban migration flows, and (iii) explore the gendered dimensions of migration. The study also uses data from the 2015 Household Registration Study to study the impact of the household registration (hộ khẩu) system on the urban labor market outcomes of migrants. Key findings indicate that economic opportunities and higher returns to education in HCMC outweigh concerns about overurbanization, making it a more attractive destination. The long-established social networks of migrants in cities contribute to the aspirations of the rural population for urban life, fueling this influx. However, migrants face disadvantages in the labor market, particularly women, who experience limited access to public services due to the hộ khẩu system and the double burden of gender inequalities. This dissertation proposes specific policy reforms aimed at managing the rural-urban migration flow, improving the inclusivity of the household registration system, and providing targeted support for female migrants. These measures aim to facilitate better economic integration and empowerment. |
| 參考文獻 | ActionAid (2011). Female and internal migration: An arduous journey for opportunities. Technical report, ActionAid. Amare, M. and Hohfeld, L. (2016). Poverty transition in rural Vietnam: The role of migration and remittances. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(10):1463–1478. Angrist, J. D. and Krueger, A. B. (1991). Does compulsory school attendance affect schooling and earnings? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4):979–1014. Angrist, J. D. and Krueger, A. B. (2001). Instrumental variables and the search for identification: From supply and demand to natural experiments. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4):69–85. Anh, D. N. (2003). Internal migration policies in the ESCAP region. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 18(3):27–40. Anh, D. N. (2017). Rural-to-urban migration in Vietnam: Trend and institutions. VNU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2):158–170. Anh, N. T., Rigg, J., Huong, L. T. T., and Dieu, D. T. (2012). Becoming and being urban in Hanoi: Rural-urban migration and relations in Viet Nam. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(5):1103–1131. Anh, T. T., Thang, D. N., and Trung, H. X. (2008). Migration to competing destinations and off-farm employment in rural Vietnam: a conditional logit analysis. Development and Policies Research Center (DEPOCEN) Working Paper, Vietnam. Arango, J. (2017). Theories of international migration. In International migration in the new millennium. Routledge. Arthur, W. B. (1994). Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. Bauder, H. (2006). Labor movement: How migration regulates labor markets. Oxford University Press. Bauder, H. (2008). Citizenship as capital: The distinction of migrant labor. Alternatives, 33(3):315–333. Bernard, A., Kalemba, S., and Nguyen, T. (2022). Do internal migration experiences facilitate migration intentions and behavior? Demography, 59(4):1249–1274. Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human resources, pages 436–455. Bonabeau, E. (2002). Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 99(suppl_3):7280–7287. Brettell, C. B. and Kemper, R. V. (2018). Cityward migration in comparative perspective. Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City. Brunarska, Z. (2019). A “good enough”choice: Bounded rationality in migration destination choice. Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny, 45(2 (172)). Bunge, M. (1997). Mechanism and explanation. Philosophy of the social sciences, 27(4):410–465. Carling, J. (2001). Aspiration and ability in international migration: Cape verdean experiences of mobility and immobility. Master’s thesis, University of Oslo. Chan, K. W. and Zhang, L. (1999). The “hukou” system and rural-urban migration in China: processes and changes. The China Quarterly, 160:818–55. Cheng, Z. M., Guo, F., Hugo, G., and Yuan, X. (2013). Employment and wage discrimination in the Chinese cities: A comparative study of migrants and locals. Habitat International, 39:246–255. Chowdhury, I., Perova, E., Mannava, A., and Johnson, H. C. (2018). Gender gap in earnings in Vietnam: why do Vietnamese women work in lower paid occupations? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 8433. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Coniglio, N. D. and Hoxhaj, R. (2018). Global interactions and the twin gender gaps in employment and wages: Evidence from Vietnam. SSRN Electronic Journal. Coulon, A. D. and Wolff, F. C. (2010). Location intentions of immigrants at retirement: stay/return or go ‘back and forth’? Applied Economics, 42:3319–3333. Coxhead, I., Cuong, N. V., and Vu, L. H. (2015). Migration in Vietnam: New evidence from recent surveys. SSRN Electronic Journal. Curran, S. R. and Rivero-Fuentes, E. (2003). Engendering migrant networks: The case of Mexican migration. Demography, 40(2):289–307. Currie, J. and Yelowitz, A. (2000). Are public housing projects good for kids? Journal of public economics, 75(1):99–124. Dang, A., Goldstein, S., and McNally, J. (1997). Internal migration and development in Vietnam. International Migration Review, 31(2):312–337. Dang, D. A. (2019). Social networks and employment performance: Evidence from rural– urban migration in Vietnam. In Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam, pages 143–165. Springer. Dang, N. A., Tacoli, C., and Hoang, X. T. (2003). Migration in Vietnam: A review of information on current trends and patterns, and their policy implications. In Regional Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia. Dang, T. T. T. (2015). Aspirations and challenges for young rural to urban migrants: a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. In TASA’s 2015 Conference, page 130. DeLuca, J. (2017). Vietnam’s left-behind urban migrants. The Diplomat. Demombynes, G. and Vu, L. H. (2016). Vietnam’s household registration system (English). World Bank Group. DeWaard, J., Kim, K., and Raymer, J. (2009). International migration systems: Evidence from harmonized flow data. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison. Djamba, Y.K., Goldstein, S., and Goldstein, A.(2000). Migrationand occupationalchanges during periods of economic transition: Women and men in Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 9(1):65–92. Duflo, E. (2001). Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an unusual policy experiment. American Economic Review, 91(4):795–813. Duncombe, W., Robbins, M., and Wolf, D. A. (2001). Retire to where? a discrete choice model of residential location. International Journal of Population Geography, 7:281– 229. Epstein, J. M. (1999). Agent-based computational models and generative social science. Complexity, 4(5):41–60. Epstein, J. M. and Axtell, R. (1996). Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up. Brookings Institution Press. Espíndola, A. L., Silveira, J. J., and Penna, T. J. P. (2006). A Harris-Todaro agent-based model to rural-urban migration. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 36(3a):603–609. Fan, Y. Q., Sherman, R., and Shum, M. (2014). Identifying treatment effects under data combination. Econometrica, 82(2):811–822. Freitas-Monteiro, T. (2024). Migration motivation and ethnic identity of migrant couples: tied versus lead movers. Review of Economics of the Household, pages 1–37. Fukase, E. (2013). Foreign wage premium, gender and education: Insights from Vietnam Household Surveys. The World Economy, 37(6):834–855. Gigerenzer, G. and Gaissmaier, W. (2011). Heuristic decision making. Annual review of psychology, 62(1):451–482. Gilbert, N. (2008). Agent-Based Models. SAGE Publications. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American economic review, 104(4):1091–1119. Goldin, C. (2015). Hours flexibility and the gender gap in pay. Center for American Progress. Grimm, V. and Railsback, S. F. (2013). Individual-based modeling and ecology. In Individual-based modeling and ecology. Princeton university press. GSO and UNFPA (2016). 2015 national internal migration survey: Major findings report. Report, Vietnam news agency publishing house. GSO and UNFPA (2020). Factsheet on migration and urbanization in Viet Nam. Report, General Statistics Office (GSO) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Gubry, P. (2019). Résultats préliminaires du recensement du viêt-nam du 1er avril 2019: une réflexion sur l’effectif de la population de hanoi et hô chi minh ville. La lettre de l’AFRASE, 96:58–65. Gubry, P. and Le Thi, H. (2002). Ho Chi Minh City: a future megacity in Vietnam. In Proceedings of the IUSSP, regional population conference, session S, volume 19. Guo, F. and Iredale, R. (2004). The impact of hukou status on migrants’ employment: Findings from the 1997 Beijing migrant census. International Migration Review, 38(2):709– 731. Han, P. (2022). Không có hộ khẩu, con công nhân không được học thpt công lập (Without household registration, workers’ children cannot attend public high school). Harris, J. R. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60(1):126. Haug, S. (2008). Migration networks and migration decision-making. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 34(4):585–605. Haughton, J., Sun, W., and Others (2018). Discrimination against migrants in urban Vietnam. International Advances in Economic Research, 24(3):211–232. Henriques, A. M. and Hsu, J. W. (2014). Analysis of wealth using micro-and macrodata: A comparison of the Survey of Consumer Finances and Flow of Funds accounts. University of Chicago Press. Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2011). Gender and migration scholarship: An overview from a 21st century perspective. Migraciones internacionales, 6(1):219–233. Huy, H. and Walter, N. (2012). Push and pull forces and migration in Vietnam. Technical report, University Library of Munich, Germany. ILO (2018). Promoting better work for women in Vietnam’s garment sector. Report, International Labour Organization. International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2024). Gender, migration, and remittances: An overview. Accessed: 2024-11-06. IPEN and CGFED (2017). Stories of women workers in Vietnam’s electronics industry. Report, IPEN (International Pollutants Elimination Network) and CGFED (Research Centre for Gender, Family and Environment in Development). Jann, B. (2008). A stata implementation of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Stata journal, 8(4):453–479. Judd, K. and Tesfatsion, L. (2006). Handbook of computational economics, volume ii: Agent-basedcomputationaleconomics. HandbooksinEconomicsSeries, North-Holland, the Netherlands. Jullien, C. (2021). Nhà trọ, rental rooms for fragments of life. temporary footprint of rural migrants in ho chi minh city. The Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 5(1S):52–65. Kawarazuka, N., Duong, T. M., and Simelton, E. (2020). Gender, labor migration and changes in small-scale farming on Vietnam’s north-central coast. Critical Asian Studies, 52(4):550–564. Klabunde, A. and Willekens, F. (2016). Decision-making in agent-based models of migration: State of the art and challenges. European Journal of Population, 32:73–97. Kritz, M. M. and Zlotnik, H. (1992). Global interactions: Migration systems, processes, and policies. International migration systems: A global approach, pages 1–16. Kucera, D. and Roncolato, L. (2008). Informal employment: Two contested policy issues. International Labour Review, 147(4):321–348. La, H. A., Tran, T. B., and Nguyen, U. (2019). Housing gaps between rural–urban migrants and local urban residents: The case of Vietnam. In Liu, A. and Meng, X., editors, RuralUrban Migration in Vietnam, pages 211–243. Springer. Lall, S. V., Selod, H., and Shalizi, Z. (2006). Rural-urban migration in developing countries: A survey of theoretical predictions and empirical findings. The World Bank. Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3:47–57. Liu, A. Y. C. (2019). Occupational wage differential between urban workers and rural migrants in Vietnam. In Liu, A. and Meng, X., editors, Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam, pages 117–141. Springer. Llull, J. (2017). The effect of immigration on wages: exploiting exogenous variation at the national level. J. Hum. Resour., pages 0315–7032R2. Lucas, R. E. et al. (2016). Internal migration in developing economies: an overview of recent evidence. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(2):159–191. Luong, H. V. (2006). Vietnam in 2005: Economic momentum and stronger state-society dialogue. Asian Survey, 46(1):148–154. Luong, H. V. (2009). Urbanization, migration and poverty in a Vietnamese metropolis. University of Chicago Press. Macy, M. W. and Willer, R. (2002). From factors to actors: Computational sociology and agent-based modeling. Annual review of sociology, 28(1):143–166. Makowsky, M., Makany, T., Meier, P., and Tavares, J. (2006). An agent-based model of crisis-driven ethnic migration. Political Demography: Ethnic, National and Religious Dimensions. Maré, D. C., Grimes, A., and Morten, M. (2009). Adjustment in local labour and housing markets. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, The, 15(2):229–248. Marini, M., Chokani, N., and Abhari, R. S. (2019). Immigration and future housing needs in Switzerland: Agent-based modelling of agglomeration Lausanne. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 78:101400. Massey, D. S. (1987). Understanding Mexican migration to the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6):1372–1403. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., and Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theoriesofinternationalmigration: Areviewandappraisal. Populationanddevelopment review, pages 431–466. McCaig, B. and Pavcnik, N. (2018). Export markets and labor allocation in a low-income country. American Economic Review, 108(7):1899–1941. McClanahan, S., Gelders, B., and Ramirez Lopez, B. (2019). A focus on family. a shortterm benefit package for the extension of multi-tiered social security coverage in Viet Nam. International Labour Organization. Meng, X. (2012). Labor market outcomes and reforms in China. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4):75–101. Nguyen, C. (2013). The impact of international and internal remittances on household welfare: evidence from Viet Nam. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 16:59–92. Nguyen, C., Lu, N., and Gardiner, F. (2019a). Migration journeys: The experiences of ethnic minority men and women in Vietnam–China border areas. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 266, page 012016. IOP Publishing. Nguyen, C. V. and Minh, T. P. (2016). Are migrants in large cities underpaid? evidence from Vietnam. IZA Journal of Migration, 5:1–23. Nguyen, D. L., Grote, U., and Nguyen, T. T. (2017). Migration and rural household expenditures: A case study from Vietnam. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56:163–175. Nguyen, H. K., Chiong, R., Chica, M., and Middleton, R. H. (2018). Agent-based modeling of inter-provincial migration in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: A data analytics approach. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Big Data and Analytics (ICBDA), pages 27–32. IEEE. Nguyen, H. T., Le, M. K., Nguyen, T. T. D., Dao, V. P. L., and Nguyen, N. T. (2022). Social capital and migration: A case study of rural Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(1):63–71. Nguyen, K., Tran, V., and Nguyen, D. (2021). Social insurance reform and absenteeism in Vietnam. International Journal of social welfare, 30(2):193–207. Nguyen, L. D., Raabe, K., and Grote, U. (2015). Rural–urban migration, household vulnerability, and welfare in Vietnam. World Development, 71:79–93. Nguyen, M. H., Dang, D. A., and Liu, A. Y. C. (2019b). Study of rural–urban migration in Vietnam: The survey. In Liu, A. and Meng, X., editors, Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam, pages 31–66. Springer. Nguyen, M. T. (2014). Translocal householding: Care and migrant livelihoods in a wastetrading community of Vietnam’s red river delta. Development and Change, 45(6):1385– 1408. Nguyen, T. T. and Do, M. H. (2022). Female rural–urban migrants and online marketplaces in emerging economies: Evidence from Thailand and Viet Nam. Report, Asian Development Bank Institute. Nguyen-Hoang, P. and McPeak, J. (2010). Leaving or staying: Inter-provincial migration in Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 19:473–500. Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International economic review, pages 693–709. Obermann, G., Hoang Oanh, N., and Hong Ngoc, N. (2021). Gender pay gap in Vietnam: A propensity score matching analysis. Journal of Economics and Development, 23(3):238– 253. Olea, J. L. M. and Pflueger, C. (2013). A robust test for weak instruments. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 31(3):358–369. O’reilly, K. (2022). Migration theories: A critical overview. Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies. Paredes-Orozco, G. (2019). The limits to cumulative causation revisited. Demographic Research, 41:815–846. Pfau, W. D. and Giang, T. L. (2010). Remittances, living arrangements and the welfare of the elderly in Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 19(4):447–472. Phan, D. and Coxhead, I. (2010). Inter-provincial migration and inequality during Vietnam’s transition. Journal of Development Economics, 91(1):100–112. Phan, D. N. and Coxhead, I. (2016). Rural–urban migration and remittances in Vietnam: Evidence from migrant tracer data. SSRN Electronic Journal. Piore, M. J. (2018). The dual labor market: theory and implications. In Social stratification. Routledge. Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the royal statistical society, 52(2):241–305. Sakoda, J. M. (1971). The checkerboard model of social interaction. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1(1):119–132. Schelling, T. C. (1971). Dynamic models of segregation. Journal of mathematical sociology, 1(2):143–186. Scott, S. and Chuyen, T. T. K. (2004). Behind the numbers: social mobility, regional disparities, and new trajectories of development in rural Vietnam. Social inequality in Vietnam and the challenges to reform, pages 123–165. Silvestre, J. and Reher, D. S. (2014). The internal migration of immigrants: Differences between one–time and multiple movers in Spain. Popul. Space Place, 20:50–65. Simon, H. (1990). Reason in human affairs. Stanford University Press. Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pages 99–118. Simon, M. (2019). Path dependency and adaptation: The effects of policy on migration systems. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 22(2). Simpson, N. B. (2022). Demographic and economic determinants of migration. IZA World of Labor. Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The costs and returns of human migration. Journal of political Economy, 70(5, Part 2):80–93. Solinger, D. J. (1999). Citizenship issues in China’s internal migration: Comparisons with Germany and Japan. Political Science Quarterly, 114(3):455–478. Staiger, D. O. and Stock, J. H. (1994). Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica, 65(3). Stark, O. et al. (1991). The Migration of Labor. Blackwell Books. Thanh, H. H. and Sakata, S. (2005). Impact of socio-economic changes on the livelihoods of people living in poverty in Vietnam. Report, IDE-JETRO. Thuy, N. T. B., Toan, P. N., Hien, N. T., and Trang, N. V. (2015). Gender income gap in Vietnam in the 2000s: Evidence from household surveys. Mekong Economic Research Network Working Paper Series. Timár, E., Vinci, V., Trang, N. T., and Toan, N. N. (2023). Strengthening Viet Nam’s social protection system with a focus on child-sensitivity and shock-responsiveness. Social Protection in East Asia and Pacific: From Evidence to Action for Children, page 29. Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American economic review, 59(1):138–148. UNFPA (2010). Internal migration: Opportunities and challenges for socio-economic development in Viet Nam. United Nation. UNFPA (2019). Results of the population and housing census 2019. Report, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Vân Anh, N. T. (1994). Một số vấn đề về sự gia tăng trẻ em đường phố tại Hà Nội English: Some issues about the increase of street children in Hanoi. Tạp chí Xã hội học, số, 2:26–36. Van den Berg, G. J. and Klaauw, B. V. D. (2001). Combining micro and macro unemployment duration data. Journal of Economics, 102:271–309. VCCI and UNICEF (2021). Research report: SMEs and children’s rights in Viet Nam. Report, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Vo, H. (2020). Urbanization and migrant workers’citizenship: The case of Vietnam. The Singapore Economic Review (SER), 65(supp01):211–232. Vo, H. (2021a). Rural–urban migration and demographic transition in Viet Nam. Demographic Transition and Its Impacts in Asia and Europe, 313. Vo, H. (2021b). Understanding urban migration in Viet Nam: Evidence from a micro-macro link. Technical report, ADBI Working Paper Series. Vo, T. T. and Ha, T. T. (2021). Decomposition of gender bias in enterprise employment: Insights from Vietnam. Economic Analysis and Policy, 70:182–194. Vu, T. M. and Yamada, H. (2018). Decomposing Vietnamese gender equality in terms of wage distribution. Pacific Economic Review, 23(5):705–731. Vu, T. T. (2012). Making a living in rural Vietnam from (im)mobile livelihoods: a case of women’s migration. Population, Space and Place, 19(1):87–102. Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world-system: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century. NY: Academic. Wallerstein, I. (1979). The Capitalist World Economy. Cambridge Univ. Press. Wang, F. L. (2004). Reformed migration control and new targeted people: China’s hukou system in the 2000s. China Quarterly, 177(177):115–132. Willmore, L., Cao, G. Y., and Xin, L. J. (2012). Determinants of off-farm work and temporary migration in China. Population and Environment, 33(2-3):161–185. Winkels, A. (2012). Migration, social networks and risk: the case of rural-to-rural migration in Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 7(4):92–121. Women, U. (2017). At what cost? women migrant workers, remittances and development. Wu, W. J., Zhang, W. Z., and Dong, G. P. (2013). Determinant of residential location choice in a transitional housing market: Evidence based on micro survey from Beijing. Habitat International, 39:16–24. Zhang, H. F. (2010). The hukou system’s constraints on migrant workers’ job mobility in Chinese cities. China Economic Review, 21(1):51–64. |
| 描述 | 博士 國立政治大學 亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS) 106265507 |
| 資料來源 | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106265507 |
| 資料類型 | thesis |
| dc.contributor.advisor | 陳樹衡 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Chen, Shu-Heng | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (作者) | 武梅香 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (作者) | Vo Thi Mai Huong | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 武梅香 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Huong, Vo Thi Mai | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2025 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 3-三月-2025 15:38:37 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 3-三月-2025 15:38:37 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 3-三月-2025 15:38:37 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) | G0106265507 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/156097 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 博士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS) | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 106265507 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 本論文探討了在快速城市化背景下越南城鄉遷移的動態。採用結合實證分析和基於代理的建模（ABM）的混合方法，我以胡志明市（HCMC）和河內作為主要目的地進行研究。 通過將2015年內部遷移調查中的個人層面數據與省級指標相結合，構建了一個微觀-宏觀關聯數據集。該數據集使我能夠：（i）分析推動遷移到不同省份和城市的因素，（ii）開發一個預測城鄉遷移流的ABM模型，以及（iii）探討遷移中的性別維度。研究還利用2015年戶籍研究的數據，探討了戶籍（hộ khẩu）制度對移民在城市勞動力市場結果的影響。主要發現表明，胡志明市的經濟機會和教育回報高於對過度城市化的擔憂，使其成為更具吸引力的目的地。移民在城市中長期建立的社會網絡促進了農村人口對城市生活的嚮往，推動了這一遷移潮。然而，移民在勞動力市場中面臨劣勢，尤其是女性，由於戶籍制度和性別不平等的雙重負擔，她們在獲取公共服務方面受到限制。本論文提出了具體的政策改革建議，旨在管理城鄉遷移流，提高戶籍制度的包容性，並為女性移民提供有針對性的支持。這些措施旨在促進更好的經濟融合和賦權。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | This dissertation examines the dynamics of rural-urban migration in Vietnam within the context of rapid urbanization. Using a mixed-method approach that combines empirical analysis and Agent-Based Modeling (ABM), I focus on Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and Ha Noi as primary destinations. A micro-macro linked dataset was constructed by merging individual-level data from the Internal Migration Survey 2015 with provincial-level indicators. This dataset enables me to (i) analyze the factors driving migration to different provinces and cities, (ii) develop an ABM model that predicts rural-urban migration flows, and (iii) explore the gendered dimensions of migration. The study also uses data from the 2015 Household Registration Study to study the impact of the household registration (hộ khẩu) system on the urban labor market outcomes of migrants. Key findings indicate that economic opportunities and higher returns to education in HCMC outweigh concerns about overurbanization, making it a more attractive destination. The long-established social networks of migrants in cities contribute to the aspirations of the rural population for urban life, fueling this influx. However, migrants face disadvantages in the labor market, particularly women, who experience limited access to public services due to the hộ khẩu system and the double burden of gender inequalities. This dissertation proposes specific policy reforms aimed at managing the rural-urban migration flow, improving the inclusivity of the household registration system, and providing targeted support for female migrants. These measures aim to facilitate better economic integration and empowerment. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background: an overview of rural-urban migration 1 1.2 Internal migration and urbanization in Vietnam 3 1.3 Rural-urban migration and the rise of Vietnam’s first megacity: Ho Chi Minh City 7 1.4 Problem statement 10 1.5 Research objectives and questions 12 1.6 Structure of the dissertation 13 2 Literature review 16 2.1 Conceptual framework 17 2.2 Migration theories and their applications in the context of Vietnam 22 2.3 Theoretical framework for rural-urban migration in Vietnam 35 3 Methodology 39 4 Rural-urban migrants in Vietnam: determinants of locational choice 43 4.1 Micro-macro link in migration studies 43 4.2 Data and model 45 4.3 Results: a comparison of migrants in Vietnam’s big cities 57 4.4 Chapter conclusion 67 5 An Agent-Based Model of rural-urban migration in Vietnam 70 5.1 Economic factors and personal aspiration in migration decision 70 5.2 Agent-based Modeling (ABM) in migration study 74 5.3 ABM of rural-urban migration in Vietnam 77 5.4 Simulation results 92 5.5 Chapter conclusion 101 6 Household registration system and migrant’s employment in the urban labor market 104 6.1 Overview of the hộ khẩu system 104 6.2 Household registration system and implication for rural-urban migration 108 6.3 A Two Stage Least Squares(2SLS) model 111 6.4 Results 120 6.5 Chapter conclusion 125 7 Rural-urban migration and women economic empowerment 128 7.1 Migration and women economic empowerment 128 7.2 Data 130 7.3 Methodology 133 7.4 Results and discussion 136 7.5 Chapter conclusion 146 8 Conclusion 148 8.1 Summary of findings and contributions 148 8.2 Policy implications 152 8.3 Significance of the study 156 8.4 Limitations and directions for future research 158 References 161 A1 Classification of Vietnamese provinces 175 A2 Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City: the tale of two cities 179 A3 Micro-macro variables 182 A4 Empirical results on migration determinants: an RE model 186 A5 MNL model of urban destinations 189 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 3914073 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106265507 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 城鄉流動 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 遷移動態 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 城市化 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 性別不平等 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 基於代理的建模 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Rural-Urban Migration | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Urbanization | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Migration Dynamics | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Gender Inequality | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Agent-Based Modeling | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 越南城鄉的遷移與巨型城市的形成 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Rural-urban Migration and the Formation of a Megacity in Vietnam | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en_US |
| dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) | ActionAid (2011). Female and internal migration: An arduous journey for opportunities. Technical report, ActionAid. Amare, M. and Hohfeld, L. (2016). Poverty transition in rural Vietnam: The role of migration and remittances. The Journal of Development Studies, 52(10):1463–1478. Angrist, J. D. and Krueger, A. B. (1991). Does compulsory school attendance affect schooling and earnings? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4):979–1014. Angrist, J. D. and Krueger, A. B. (2001). Instrumental variables and the search for identification: From supply and demand to natural experiments. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4):69–85. Anh, D. N. (2003). Internal migration policies in the ESCAP region. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 18(3):27–40. Anh, D. N. (2017). Rural-to-urban migration in Vietnam: Trend and institutions. VNU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2):158–170. Anh, N. T., Rigg, J., Huong, L. T. T., and Dieu, D. T. (2012). Becoming and being urban in Hanoi: Rural-urban migration and relations in Viet Nam. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(5):1103–1131. Anh, T. T., Thang, D. N., and Trung, H. X. (2008). Migration to competing destinations and off-farm employment in rural Vietnam: a conditional logit analysis. Development and Policies Research Center (DEPOCEN) Working Paper, Vietnam. Arango, J. (2017). Theories of international migration. In International migration in the new millennium. Routledge. Arthur, W. B. (1994). Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. Bauder, H. (2006). Labor movement: How migration regulates labor markets. Oxford University Press. Bauder, H. (2008). Citizenship as capital: The distinction of migrant labor. Alternatives, 33(3):315–333. Bernard, A., Kalemba, S., and Nguyen, T. (2022). Do internal migration experiences facilitate migration intentions and behavior? Demography, 59(4):1249–1274. Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human resources, pages 436–455. Bonabeau, E. (2002). Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 99(suppl_3):7280–7287. Brettell, C. B. and Kemper, R. V. (2018). Cityward migration in comparative perspective. Urban Life: Readings in the Anthropology of the City. Brunarska, Z. (2019). A “good enough”choice: Bounded rationality in migration destination choice. Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny, 45(2 (172)). Bunge, M. (1997). Mechanism and explanation. Philosophy of the social sciences, 27(4):410–465. Carling, J. (2001). Aspiration and ability in international migration: Cape verdean experiences of mobility and immobility. Master’s thesis, University of Oslo. Chan, K. W. and Zhang, L. (1999). The “hukou” system and rural-urban migration in China: processes and changes. The China Quarterly, 160:818–55. Cheng, Z. M., Guo, F., Hugo, G., and Yuan, X. (2013). Employment and wage discrimination in the Chinese cities: A comparative study of migrants and locals. Habitat International, 39:246–255. Chowdhury, I., Perova, E., Mannava, A., and Johnson, H. C. (2018). Gender gap in earnings in Vietnam: why do Vietnamese women work in lower paid occupations? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 8433. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Coniglio, N. D. and Hoxhaj, R. (2018). Global interactions and the twin gender gaps in employment and wages: Evidence from Vietnam. SSRN Electronic Journal. Coulon, A. D. and Wolff, F. C. (2010). Location intentions of immigrants at retirement: stay/return or go ‘back and forth’? Applied Economics, 42:3319–3333. Coxhead, I., Cuong, N. V., and Vu, L. H. (2015). Migration in Vietnam: New evidence from recent surveys. SSRN Electronic Journal. Curran, S. R. and Rivero-Fuentes, E. (2003). Engendering migrant networks: The case of Mexican migration. Demography, 40(2):289–307. Currie, J. and Yelowitz, A. (2000). Are public housing projects good for kids? Journal of public economics, 75(1):99–124. Dang, A., Goldstein, S., and McNally, J. (1997). Internal migration and development in Vietnam. International Migration Review, 31(2):312–337. Dang, D. A. (2019). Social networks and employment performance: Evidence from rural– urban migration in Vietnam. In Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam, pages 143–165. Springer. Dang, N. A., Tacoli, C., and Hoang, X. T. (2003). Migration in Vietnam: A review of information on current trends and patterns, and their policy implications. In Regional Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia. Dang, T. T. T. (2015). Aspirations and challenges for young rural to urban migrants: a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. In TASA’s 2015 Conference, page 130. DeLuca, J. (2017). Vietnam’s left-behind urban migrants. The Diplomat. Demombynes, G. and Vu, L. H. (2016). Vietnam’s household registration system (English). World Bank Group. DeWaard, J., Kim, K., and Raymer, J. (2009). International migration systems: Evidence from harmonized flow data. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison. Djamba, Y.K., Goldstein, S., and Goldstein, A.(2000). Migrationand occupationalchanges during periods of economic transition: Women and men in Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 9(1):65–92. Duflo, E. (2001). Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an unusual policy experiment. American Economic Review, 91(4):795–813. Duncombe, W., Robbins, M., and Wolf, D. A. (2001). Retire to where? a discrete choice model of residential location. International Journal of Population Geography, 7:281– 229. Epstein, J. M. (1999). Agent-based computational models and generative social science. Complexity, 4(5):41–60. Epstein, J. M. and Axtell, R. (1996). Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up. Brookings Institution Press. Espíndola, A. L., Silveira, J. J., and Penna, T. J. P. (2006). A Harris-Todaro agent-based model to rural-urban migration. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 36(3a):603–609. Fan, Y. Q., Sherman, R., and Shum, M. (2014). Identifying treatment effects under data combination. Econometrica, 82(2):811–822. Freitas-Monteiro, T. (2024). Migration motivation and ethnic identity of migrant couples: tied versus lead movers. Review of Economics of the Household, pages 1–37. Fukase, E. (2013). Foreign wage premium, gender and education: Insights from Vietnam Household Surveys. The World Economy, 37(6):834–855. Gigerenzer, G. and Gaissmaier, W. (2011). Heuristic decision making. Annual review of psychology, 62(1):451–482. Gilbert, N. (2008). Agent-Based Models. SAGE Publications. Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American economic review, 104(4):1091–1119. Goldin, C. (2015). Hours flexibility and the gender gap in pay. Center for American Progress. Grimm, V. and Railsback, S. F. (2013). Individual-based modeling and ecology. In Individual-based modeling and ecology. Princeton university press. GSO and UNFPA (2016). 2015 national internal migration survey: Major findings report. Report, Vietnam news agency publishing house. GSO and UNFPA (2020). Factsheet on migration and urbanization in Viet Nam. Report, General Statistics Office (GSO) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Gubry, P. (2019). Résultats préliminaires du recensement du viêt-nam du 1er avril 2019: une réflexion sur l’effectif de la population de hanoi et hô chi minh ville. La lettre de l’AFRASE, 96:58–65. Gubry, P. and Le Thi, H. (2002). Ho Chi Minh City: a future megacity in Vietnam. In Proceedings of the IUSSP, regional population conference, session S, volume 19. Guo, F. and Iredale, R. (2004). The impact of hukou status on migrants’ employment: Findings from the 1997 Beijing migrant census. International Migration Review, 38(2):709– 731. Han, P. (2022). Không có hộ khẩu, con công nhân không được học thpt công lập (Without household registration, workers’ children cannot attend public high school). Harris, J. R. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60(1):126. Haug, S. (2008). Migration networks and migration decision-making. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 34(4):585–605. Haughton, J., Sun, W., and Others (2018). Discrimination against migrants in urban Vietnam. International Advances in Economic Research, 24(3):211–232. Henriques, A. M. and Hsu, J. W. (2014). Analysis of wealth using micro-and macrodata: A comparison of the Survey of Consumer Finances and Flow of Funds accounts. University of Chicago Press. Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2011). Gender and migration scholarship: An overview from a 21st century perspective. Migraciones internacionales, 6(1):219–233. Huy, H. and Walter, N. (2012). Push and pull forces and migration in Vietnam. Technical report, University Library of Munich, Germany. ILO (2018). Promoting better work for women in Vietnam’s garment sector. Report, International Labour Organization. International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2024). Gender, migration, and remittances: An overview. Accessed: 2024-11-06. IPEN and CGFED (2017). Stories of women workers in Vietnam’s electronics industry. Report, IPEN (International Pollutants Elimination Network) and CGFED (Research Centre for Gender, Family and Environment in Development). Jann, B. (2008). A stata implementation of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Stata journal, 8(4):453–479. Judd, K. and Tesfatsion, L. (2006). Handbook of computational economics, volume ii: Agent-basedcomputationaleconomics. HandbooksinEconomicsSeries, North-Holland, the Netherlands. Jullien, C. (2021). Nhà trọ, rental rooms for fragments of life. temporary footprint of rural migrants in ho chi minh city. The Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 5(1S):52–65. Kawarazuka, N., Duong, T. M., and Simelton, E. (2020). Gender, labor migration and changes in small-scale farming on Vietnam’s north-central coast. Critical Asian Studies, 52(4):550–564. Klabunde, A. and Willekens, F. (2016). Decision-making in agent-based models of migration: State of the art and challenges. European Journal of Population, 32:73–97. Kritz, M. M. and Zlotnik, H. (1992). Global interactions: Migration systems, processes, and policies. International migration systems: A global approach, pages 1–16. Kucera, D. and Roncolato, L. (2008). Informal employment: Two contested policy issues. International Labour Review, 147(4):321–348. La, H. A., Tran, T. B., and Nguyen, U. (2019). Housing gaps between rural–urban migrants and local urban residents: The case of Vietnam. In Liu, A. and Meng, X., editors, RuralUrban Migration in Vietnam, pages 211–243. Springer. Lall, S. V., Selod, H., and Shalizi, Z. (2006). Rural-urban migration in developing countries: A survey of theoretical predictions and empirical findings. The World Bank. Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3:47–57. Liu, A. Y. C. (2019). Occupational wage differential between urban workers and rural migrants in Vietnam. In Liu, A. and Meng, X., editors, Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam, pages 117–141. Springer. Llull, J. (2017). The effect of immigration on wages: exploiting exogenous variation at the national level. J. Hum. Resour., pages 0315–7032R2. Lucas, R. E. et al. (2016). Internal migration in developing economies: an overview of recent evidence. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(2):159–191. Luong, H. V. (2006). Vietnam in 2005: Economic momentum and stronger state-society dialogue. Asian Survey, 46(1):148–154. Luong, H. V. (2009). Urbanization, migration and poverty in a Vietnamese metropolis. University of Chicago Press. Macy, M. W. and Willer, R. (2002). From factors to actors: Computational sociology and agent-based modeling. Annual review of sociology, 28(1):143–166. Makowsky, M., Makany, T., Meier, P., and Tavares, J. (2006). An agent-based model of crisis-driven ethnic migration. Political Demography: Ethnic, National and Religious Dimensions. Maré, D. C., Grimes, A., and Morten, M. (2009). Adjustment in local labour and housing markets. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, The, 15(2):229–248. Marini, M., Chokani, N., and Abhari, R. S. (2019). Immigration and future housing needs in Switzerland: Agent-based modelling of agglomeration Lausanne. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 78:101400. Massey, D. S. (1987). Understanding Mexican migration to the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6):1372–1403. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., and Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theoriesofinternationalmigration: Areviewandappraisal. Populationanddevelopment review, pages 431–466. McCaig, B. and Pavcnik, N. (2018). Export markets and labor allocation in a low-income country. American Economic Review, 108(7):1899–1941. McClanahan, S., Gelders, B., and Ramirez Lopez, B. (2019). A focus on family. a shortterm benefit package for the extension of multi-tiered social security coverage in Viet Nam. International Labour Organization. Meng, X. (2012). Labor market outcomes and reforms in China. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(4):75–101. Nguyen, C. (2013). The impact of international and internal remittances on household welfare: evidence from Viet Nam. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 16:59–92. Nguyen, C., Lu, N., and Gardiner, F. (2019a). Migration journeys: The experiences of ethnic minority men and women in Vietnam–China border areas. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, volume 266, page 012016. IOP Publishing. Nguyen, C. V. and Minh, T. P. (2016). Are migrants in large cities underpaid? evidence from Vietnam. IZA Journal of Migration, 5:1–23. Nguyen, D. L., Grote, U., and Nguyen, T. T. (2017). Migration and rural household expenditures: A case study from Vietnam. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56:163–175. Nguyen, H. K., Chiong, R., Chica, M., and Middleton, R. H. (2018). Agent-based modeling of inter-provincial migration in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: A data analytics approach. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Big Data and Analytics (ICBDA), pages 27–32. IEEE. Nguyen, H. T., Le, M. K., Nguyen, T. T. D., Dao, V. P. L., and Nguyen, N. T. (2022). Social capital and migration: A case study of rural Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(1):63–71. Nguyen, K., Tran, V., and Nguyen, D. (2021). Social insurance reform and absenteeism in Vietnam. International Journal of social welfare, 30(2):193–207. Nguyen, L. D., Raabe, K., and Grote, U. (2015). Rural–urban migration, household vulnerability, and welfare in Vietnam. World Development, 71:79–93. Nguyen, M. H., Dang, D. A., and Liu, A. Y. C. (2019b). Study of rural–urban migration in Vietnam: The survey. In Liu, A. and Meng, X., editors, Rural-Urban Migration in Vietnam, pages 31–66. Springer. Nguyen, M. T. (2014). Translocal householding: Care and migrant livelihoods in a wastetrading community of Vietnam’s red river delta. Development and Change, 45(6):1385– 1408. Nguyen, T. T. and Do, M. H. (2022). Female rural–urban migrants and online marketplaces in emerging economies: Evidence from Thailand and Viet Nam. Report, Asian Development Bank Institute. Nguyen-Hoang, P. and McPeak, J. (2010). Leaving or staying: Inter-provincial migration in Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 19:473–500. Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International economic review, pages 693–709. Obermann, G., Hoang Oanh, N., and Hong Ngoc, N. (2021). Gender pay gap in Vietnam: A propensity score matching analysis. Journal of Economics and Development, 23(3):238– 253. Olea, J. L. M. and Pflueger, C. (2013). A robust test for weak instruments. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 31(3):358–369. O’reilly, K. (2022). Migration theories: A critical overview. Routledge handbook of immigration and refugee studies. Paredes-Orozco, G. (2019). The limits to cumulative causation revisited. Demographic Research, 41:815–846. Pfau, W. D. and Giang, T. L. (2010). Remittances, living arrangements and the welfare of the elderly in Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 19(4):447–472. Phan, D. and Coxhead, I. (2010). Inter-provincial migration and inequality during Vietnam’s transition. Journal of Development Economics, 91(1):100–112. Phan, D. N. and Coxhead, I. (2016). Rural–urban migration and remittances in Vietnam: Evidence from migrant tracer data. SSRN Electronic Journal. Piore, M. J. (2018). The dual labor market: theory and implications. In Social stratification. Routledge. Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the royal statistical society, 52(2):241–305. Sakoda, J. M. (1971). The checkerboard model of social interaction. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1(1):119–132. Schelling, T. C. (1971). Dynamic models of segregation. Journal of mathematical sociology, 1(2):143–186. Scott, S. and Chuyen, T. T. K. (2004). Behind the numbers: social mobility, regional disparities, and new trajectories of development in rural Vietnam. Social inequality in Vietnam and the challenges to reform, pages 123–165. Silvestre, J. and Reher, D. S. (2014). The internal migration of immigrants: Differences between one–time and multiple movers in Spain. Popul. Space Place, 20:50–65. Simon, H. (1990). Reason in human affairs. Stanford University Press. Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pages 99–118. Simon, M. (2019). Path dependency and adaptation: The effects of policy on migration systems. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 22(2). Simpson, N. B. (2022). Demographic and economic determinants of migration. IZA World of Labor. Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). The costs and returns of human migration. Journal of political Economy, 70(5, Part 2):80–93. Solinger, D. J. (1999). Citizenship issues in China’s internal migration: Comparisons with Germany and Japan. Political Science Quarterly, 114(3):455–478. Staiger, D. O. and Stock, J. H. (1994). Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica, 65(3). Stark, O. et al. (1991). The Migration of Labor. Blackwell Books. Thanh, H. H. and Sakata, S. (2005). Impact of socio-economic changes on the livelihoods of people living in poverty in Vietnam. Report, IDE-JETRO. Thuy, N. T. B., Toan, P. N., Hien, N. T., and Trang, N. V. (2015). Gender income gap in Vietnam in the 2000s: Evidence from household surveys. Mekong Economic Research Network Working Paper Series. Timár, E., Vinci, V., Trang, N. T., and Toan, N. N. (2023). Strengthening Viet Nam’s social protection system with a focus on child-sensitivity and shock-responsiveness. Social Protection in East Asia and Pacific: From Evidence to Action for Children, page 29. Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American economic review, 59(1):138–148. UNFPA (2010). Internal migration: Opportunities and challenges for socio-economic development in Viet Nam. United Nation. UNFPA (2019). Results of the population and housing census 2019. Report, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Vân Anh, N. T. (1994). Một số vấn đề về sự gia tăng trẻ em đường phố tại Hà Nội English: Some issues about the increase of street children in Hanoi. Tạp chí Xã hội học, số, 2:26–36. Van den Berg, G. J. and Klaauw, B. V. D. (2001). Combining micro and macro unemployment duration data. Journal of Economics, 102:271–309. VCCI and UNICEF (2021). Research report: SMEs and children’s rights in Viet Nam. Report, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Vo, H. (2020). Urbanization and migrant workers’citizenship: The case of Vietnam. The Singapore Economic Review (SER), 65(supp01):211–232. Vo, H. (2021a). Rural–urban migration and demographic transition in Viet Nam. Demographic Transition and Its Impacts in Asia and Europe, 313. Vo, H. (2021b). Understanding urban migration in Viet Nam: Evidence from a micro-macro link. Technical report, ADBI Working Paper Series. Vo, T. T. and Ha, T. T. (2021). Decomposition of gender bias in enterprise employment: Insights from Vietnam. Economic Analysis and Policy, 70:182–194. Vu, T. M. and Yamada, H. (2018). Decomposing Vietnamese gender equality in terms of wage distribution. Pacific Economic Review, 23(5):705–731. Vu, T. T. (2012). Making a living in rural Vietnam from (im)mobile livelihoods: a case of women’s migration. Population, Space and Place, 19(1):87–102. Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world-system: Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world-economy in the sixteenth century. NY: Academic. Wallerstein, I. (1979). The Capitalist World Economy. Cambridge Univ. Press. Wang, F. L. (2004). Reformed migration control and new targeted people: China’s hukou system in the 2000s. China Quarterly, 177(177):115–132. Willmore, L., Cao, G. Y., and Xin, L. J. (2012). Determinants of off-farm work and temporary migration in China. Population and Environment, 33(2-3):161–185. Winkels, A. (2012). Migration, social networks and risk: the case of rural-to-rural migration in Vietnam. Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 7(4):92–121. Women, U. (2017). At what cost? women migrant workers, remittances and development. Wu, W. J., Zhang, W. Z., and Dong, G. P. (2013). Determinant of residential location choice in a transitional housing market: Evidence based on micro survey from Beijing. Habitat International, 39:16–24. Zhang, H. F. (2010). The hukou system’s constraints on migrant workers’ job mobility in Chinese cities. China Economic Review, 21(1):51–64. | zh_TW |