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| Title | 美國華語學習者中介語之塞擦音以及擦音：以感知及產製實驗為例證 Taiwan Mandarin Affricates and Fricatives in American Learners' Interlanguage: Evidence from Perception and Production Experiments |
| Creator | 譚欣 Tan, Hsin |
| Contributor | 萬依萍 Wan, I-Ping 譚欣 Tan, Hsin |
| Key Words | 第二語言習得 中介語理論 華語塞擦音與擦音 感知同化模型 頻率效應 SLA Interlanguage Theory Mandarin affricates and fricatives PAM Frequency effect |
| Date | 2025 |
| Date Issued | 1-Apr-2025 12:22:30 (UTC+8) |
| Summary | 第二語言習得的研究十分重要，因為它是理解語言如何被存取與儲存的關鍵之一。許多第二語言習得（SLA）假說試圖解釋學習者的第二語言（L2）發展。其中，「中介語假說」（Interlanguage Hypothesis, IL）將學習者的 L2 視為一種自然語言。此外，兩種語音習得模型——語音學習模型（Speech Learning Model, SLM）與知覺同化模型（Perceptual Assimilation Model, PAM）——預測了學習者的 L2 語音習得情況，而「標記性效應」（Markedness Effect）與「頻率效應」（Frequency Effect）亦對 L2 語音習得產生影響。本研究旨在探討華語語音系統中獨特的三種發音部位，即九個華語音位 [ts]、[tsʰ]、[s]、[tʂ]、[tʂʰ]、[ʂ]、[tɕ]、[tɕʰ] 和 [ɕ] 的習得情況。
本研究共進行了三個實驗，並有十名受試者參與，其中包括六名以北美英語為母語的受試者和四名華語母語者。L2 學習者參與了一項感知及兩項產製實驗（華語與英語），以探討這些學習者對華語語音的習得情況以及這些語音跟其母語語音系統的互動。此外，華語母語者也參與了產製實驗以作為聲學參數的基準。在感知實驗中中，學習者對捲舌音的辨識率較高，而對[tsʰ] 的辨識率最低。整體而言，學習者展現出對發音方式有充分的掌握。在產製實驗中，學習者在發音方式與母語者相同。然而，在發音位置上，男性受試者則將捲舌音與齒齦顎音（alveolo-palatals）合併為同一發音部位。比較 L2 受試者的華語與其母語英語，可觀察到個體差異：有些受試者將華語捲舌音與英語齒齦後音（post-alveolar）合併，有些將華語齒齦顎音與英語對應音位合併，而另一些受試者則建立了獨立的類別。實驗結果符合 SLM 與 PAM 的預測。此外，送氣齒塞擦音 [tsʰ] 在感知以及產製實驗中的結果，都顯示著學習者的 L2 亦受到頻率效應的影響。這些結果皆支持 IL 假說，顯示學習者的中介語受到多種因素影響，並應被視為一種自然語言。 The study of second language acquisition is important as it is an essential piece to understand how one’s language is accessed and stored. Many second language acquisition (SLA) hypotheses aimed to account for the learners’ second language (L2). Of these hypotheses, the Interlanguage hypothesis (IL) views the learners’ L2 as a natural language. Moreover, two speech acquisition models, the Speech Learning Model (SLM), and the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM), predicted the learners’ L2 phone acquisition, and two language effects, the Markedness effect and frequency effect, also played a role in the L2 phone acquisition. This study aimed to understand the acquisition of the unique three places of articulation in Mandarin phonetic inventory, namely, the nine Mandarin phones, [ts], [tsʰ], [s], [tʂ], [tʂʰ], [ʂ], [tɕ], [tɕʰ], and [ɕ]. Three experiments were conducted and ten participants took part in the experiments, six L1 North American speakers and four L1 Mandarin speakers. The L2 learners were asked to participate in one perception task and two production tasks, one Mandarin and one English to understand the acquisition of the Mandarin phones and how they interacted with their L1 phonetic inventory. The native speakers undertook the Mandarin production task as a native reference. In the perception task, the learners showed a better correction rate in the retroflex phones and the lowest in [tsʰ]. Overall, the learners demonstrated the acquisition of the manners of articulation. As for the production task, it could be seen that the learners could make use of the cues for manners of articulation. However, while the female participants could distinguish among the three places of articulation, the male participants had a merged place of articulation for the retroflexes and alveolo-palatals. Comparing the L2 participants’ Mandarin and their L1 English, there could be individual tendencies observed. Some participants merged their Mandarin retroflexes with their English post-alveolar, others merged their Mandarin alveolo-palatals with their English counterparts, while others established an independent category. The results of the experiments could be predicted by SLM and PAM. Also, the low correction rate and a low COG of the aspirated dental affricate [tsʰ] showed that the learners’ L2 was also influenced by the frequency effect. These all affirmed the IL hypothesis as the learners’ IL could be influenced by other factors and should be deemed as a natural language. |
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| Description | 碩士 國立政治大學 語言學研究所 109555002 |
| 資料來源 | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109555002 |
| Type | thesis |
| dc.contributor.advisor | 萬依萍 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Wan, I-Ping | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | 譚欣 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author (Authors) | Tan, Hsin | en_US |
| dc.creator (作者) | 譚欣 | zh_TW |
| dc.creator (作者) | Tan, Hsin | en_US |
| dc.date (日期) | 2025 | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 1-Apr-2025 12:22:30 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.available | 1-Apr-2025 12:22:30 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.date.issued (上傳時間) | 1-Apr-2025 12:22:30 (UTC+8) | - |
| dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) | G0109555002 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri (URI) | https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/156481 | - |
| dc.description (描述) | 碩士 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 國立政治大學 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 語言學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.description (描述) | 109555002 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | 第二語言習得的研究十分重要，因為它是理解語言如何被存取與儲存的關鍵之一。許多第二語言習得（SLA）假說試圖解釋學習者的第二語言（L2）發展。其中，「中介語假說」（Interlanguage Hypothesis, IL）將學習者的 L2 視為一種自然語言。此外，兩種語音習得模型——語音學習模型（Speech Learning Model, SLM）與知覺同化模型（Perceptual Assimilation Model, PAM）——預測了學習者的 L2 語音習得情況，而「標記性效應」（Markedness Effect）與「頻率效應」（Frequency Effect）亦對 L2 語音習得產生影響。本研究旨在探討華語語音系統中獨特的三種發音部位，即九個華語音位 [ts]、[tsʰ]、[s]、[tʂ]、[tʂʰ]、[ʂ]、[tɕ]、[tɕʰ] 和 [ɕ] 的習得情況。 本研究共進行了三個實驗，並有十名受試者參與，其中包括六名以北美英語為母語的受試者和四名華語母語者。L2 學習者參與了一項感知及兩項產製實驗（華語與英語），以探討這些學習者對華語語音的習得情況以及這些語音跟其母語語音系統的互動。此外，華語母語者也參與了產製實驗以作為聲學參數的基準。在感知實驗中中，學習者對捲舌音的辨識率較高，而對[tsʰ] 的辨識率最低。整體而言，學習者展現出對發音方式有充分的掌握。在產製實驗中，學習者在發音方式與母語者相同。然而，在發音位置上，男性受試者則將捲舌音與齒齦顎音（alveolo-palatals）合併為同一發音部位。比較 L2 受試者的華語與其母語英語，可觀察到個體差異：有些受試者將華語捲舌音與英語齒齦後音（post-alveolar）合併，有些將華語齒齦顎音與英語對應音位合併，而另一些受試者則建立了獨立的類別。實驗結果符合 SLM 與 PAM 的預測。此外，送氣齒塞擦音 [tsʰ] 在感知以及產製實驗中的結果，都顯示著學習者的 L2 亦受到頻率效應的影響。這些結果皆支持 IL 假說，顯示學習者的中介語受到多種因素影響，並應被視為一種自然語言。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract (摘要) | The study of second language acquisition is important as it is an essential piece to understand how one’s language is accessed and stored. Many second language acquisition (SLA) hypotheses aimed to account for the learners’ second language (L2). Of these hypotheses, the Interlanguage hypothesis (IL) views the learners’ L2 as a natural language. Moreover, two speech acquisition models, the Speech Learning Model (SLM), and the Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM), predicted the learners’ L2 phone acquisition, and two language effects, the Markedness effect and frequency effect, also played a role in the L2 phone acquisition. This study aimed to understand the acquisition of the unique three places of articulation in Mandarin phonetic inventory, namely, the nine Mandarin phones, [ts], [tsʰ], [s], [tʂ], [tʂʰ], [ʂ], [tɕ], [tɕʰ], and [ɕ]. Three experiments were conducted and ten participants took part in the experiments, six L1 North American speakers and four L1 Mandarin speakers. The L2 learners were asked to participate in one perception task and two production tasks, one Mandarin and one English to understand the acquisition of the Mandarin phones and how they interacted with their L1 phonetic inventory. The native speakers undertook the Mandarin production task as a native reference. In the perception task, the learners showed a better correction rate in the retroflex phones and the lowest in [tsʰ]. Overall, the learners demonstrated the acquisition of the manners of articulation. As for the production task, it could be seen that the learners could make use of the cues for manners of articulation. However, while the female participants could distinguish among the three places of articulation, the male participants had a merged place of articulation for the retroflexes and alveolo-palatals. Comparing the L2 participants’ Mandarin and their L1 English, there could be individual tendencies observed. Some participants merged their Mandarin retroflexes with their English post-alveolar, others merged their Mandarin alveolo-palatals with their English counterparts, while others established an independent category. The results of the experiments could be predicted by SLM and PAM. Also, the low correction rate and a low COG of the aspirated dental affricate [tsʰ] showed that the learners’ L2 was also influenced by the frequency effect. These all affirmed the IL hypothesis as the learners’ IL could be influenced by other factors and should be deemed as a natural language. | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | Table of Contents 7 Index of Tables 9 1. Introduction 11 1.1 Research Background 11 1.2 Purpose of the study 14 2. Literature Review 15 2.1 Second Language Acquisition 15 2.1.1 Contrastive Analysis 15 2.1.2 Error Analysis 17 2.1.3 Interlanguage 18 2.1.3.1 Markedness effect 21 2.1.3.2 Frequency effect 22 2.1.4 Speech aquisition models 24 2.1.4.1 Speech Learning Model and the Revised Speech Learning Model 24 2.1.4.2 Perceptual Assimilation Model 26 2.2 Mandarin and English fricatives and affricates 28 2.2.1 Mandarin fricatives and affricates 28 2.2.2 English fricatives and affricates 30 2.2.3 Research on acoustic cues 31 2.3 Past research 33 2.4 Research Questions and Hypothesis 39 3. Methodology 42 3.1 Participants 42 3.2 Materials 43 3.2.1 Perception task 43 3.2.2 English production task 46 3.3 Instruments 47 3.4 Procedure 48 3.4.1 Perception task 48 3.4.2 Production task 49 3.5 Data analysis 51 3.5.1 Perception task 51 3.5.2 Production task 51 4. Results and Findings 55 4.1 Perception task 55 4.2 Production task 60 4.2.1 Mandarin consonants 61 4.2.1.1 Manner of articulation 61 4.2.1.2 Place of articulation 65 4.2.2 English consonants 73 4.2.2.1 Manner of articulation 73 4.2.2.2 Place of articulation 76 4.2.3 Comparison between L2 speakers’ Mandarin and English 78 5. Discussion 82 5.1 Perception 82 5.2 Production 84 5.3 General discussion 87 6. Conclusion 91 References 93 | zh_TW |
| dc.format.extent | 17974576 bytes | - |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
| dc.source.uri (資料來源) | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109555002 | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 第二語言習得 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 中介語理論 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 華語塞擦音與擦音 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 感知同化模型 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | 頻率效應 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | SLA | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Interlanguage Theory | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Mandarin affricates and fricatives | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | PAM | en_US |
| dc.subject (關鍵詞) | Frequency effect | en_US |
| dc.title (題名) | 美國華語學習者中介語之塞擦音以及擦音：以感知及產製實驗為例證 | zh_TW |
| dc.title (題名) | Taiwan Mandarin Affricates and Fricatives in American Learners' Interlanguage: Evidence from Perception and Production Experiments | en_US |
| dc.type (資料類型) | thesis | en_US |
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