Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 社群媒體在塑造台灣政治參與和全球意識中的角色:專家觀點
The Role of Social Media in Shaping Political Engagement and Global Awareness in Taiwan: An Expert Perspective
作者 王子筠
Wang, Tzu-Yun
貢獻者 蔡葵希
Christine Cook
王子筠
Wang, Tzu-Yun
關鍵詞 社群媒體
政治參與
國際新聞
錯假資訊
民主治理
Social media
Political engagement
International news
Disinformation
Democratic governance
日期 2025
上傳時間 1-Jul-2025 15:49:02 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究探討社群媒體在台灣政治參與與國際新聞認知中的角色,特別聚焦於平台治理與言論自由的議題。面對來自中國的假訊息與外部勢力干預日益嚴重的情況,台灣並未對社群媒體內容實施直接控管,而是依賴公民社會主導的事實查核與媒體責信機制。透過對六位學者、媒體從業者與政策分析師的專家訪談,研究深入分析演算法、內容審查與政府與平台間的合作如何交織影響政治言論環境。研究結果指出,社群平台的演算法策展傾向強化意識形態偏見,減少使用者接觸多元觀點的機會,特別是在如兩岸關係等敏感議題上更為明顯。專家強調,政府應支持資訊透明制度與獨立查核機構,而非作為內容審查者。本研究凸顯多方利害關係人合作模式在數位時代維護民主價值的重要性。
This study investigates the role of social media in shaping political participation and international news awareness in Taiwan, with a specific focus on platform governance and freedom of expression. In response to increasing disinformation and foreign influence, especially from China, Taiwan does not impose direct controls over social media content. Instead, it relies on a civil society–driven model of fact-checking and media accountability. Through expert interviews with six scholars, media professionals, and policy analysts, the research examines how algorithms, content moderation, and government-platform cooperation intersect. Findings suggest that algorithmic curation reinforces ideological bias and reduces users’ exposure to diverse perspectives, particularly in sensitive areas such as cross-strait relations. Experts highlight the need for government to support transparent systems and independent fact-checking rather than acting as a content regulator. The study underscores the importance of multi-stakeholder approaches to maintaining democratic values in the digital age.
參考文獻 BBC News 中文. (2019, June 20) 香港抗議在台灣發酵 《外國代理人登記制度》引發爭議. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-48691753 Amavilah, V., Asongu, S. A., & Andrés, A. R. (2017). Effects of globalization on peace and stability: Implications for governance and the knowledge economy of African countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 122, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.013 Andrejevic, M. (2013). Infoglut: How too much information is changing the way we think and know. Routledge. Balendra, S. (2025). Meta’s AI moderation and free speech: Ongoing challenges in the Global South. Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance, 1, e21. https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.5 Barber, B. (1984). Strong democracy: Participatory democracy for a new age. University of California Press. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., & Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business Horizons, 55(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.01.007 Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902854363 Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542 Boulianne, S. (2019). Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe. Information, Communication & Society, 22(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1353648 Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489(7415), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421 Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. Oxford University Press. Chang, C.-C. (2023). The 2022 Taiwan Communication Survey (Phase Three, Year One): Communication and civil society – Citizen and political communication (D00240_1) [Data file]. Survey Research Data Archive, Academia Sinica. https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00240_1-1 Chang, W.-C., & Lin, Y.-T. (2024). A civil society-based approach to online disinformation: The experience of Taiwan. USALI Perspectives, 4(7). https://usali.org/usali-perspectives-blog/a-civil-society-based-approach-to-online-disinformation Chen, J. (1999, April 1). Beyond diplomacy. Free China Review, 49(4), 36–42. Coate, R. A., Griffin, J. A., & Elliott-Gower, S. (2015). Interdependence in international organization and global governance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.92 Corcuff, S. (2012). The liminality of Taiwan: A case-study in geopolitics. Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, 4(December), 34–64. Eveland Jr., W. P. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news: Evidence from nonelection, off-year election, and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28(5), 571–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028005001 European Digital Rights. (2018, April 18). Cambridge Analytica access to Facebook messages a privacy violation. https://edri.org/our-work/cambridge-analytica-access-to-facebook-messages-a-privacy-violation/ Funk, A., Vesteinsson, D., Baker, C., Brody, J., Grothe, J., Agarwal, P., Barak, A., Loldj, M., Masinsin, J., & Sutterlin, J. (Eds.). (2024). Freedom on the net 2024. Freedom House. https://freedomonthenet.org Gastil, J., & Dillard, J. P. (1999). Increasing political sophistication through public deliberation. Political Communication, 16(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198749 Gil de Zúñiga, H., Puig-i-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: An assessment of how the Internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society, 11(4), 553–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809102960 Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x Gold, H. (2020, July 7). Facebook, Google and Twitter won’t give Hong Kong authorities user data for now. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/tech/whatsapp-facebook-hong-kong/index.html Gottfried, J. A., & Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/ Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press. Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2019). Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study. New Media & Society, 21(11–12), 2463–2482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858746 Held, D. (1993). Political theory today. Ethics, 103(3), 631–633. https://doi.org/10.1086/293544 Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend: Decoding the social media news consumer. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664430 Ho, Y.-C. (2007, June 1). Helping a friend in need. Taiwan Review. https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4&post=5635 Hsu, C. L., Park, S. J., & Park, H. W. (2013). Political discourse among key Twitter users: The case of Sejong city in South Korea. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 12(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.17477/jcea.2013.12.1.065 Jhaver, S., Bruckman, A., & Gilbert, E. (2019). Does transparency in moderation really matter? User behavior after content removal explanations on Reddit. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359252 Kaplan, J. (2025, January 12). More speech, fewer mistakes. Meta Newsroom. https://about.fb.com/news/2025/01/meta-more-speech-fewer-mistakes/ Karv, T., Lindell, M., & Rapeli, L. (2022). How context matters: The significance of political homogeneity and language for political efficacy. Scandinavian Political Studies, 45(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12215 Kietzmann, J., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005 Kim, Y. M., & Geidner, N. W. (2008, May 22–26). Politics as friendship: The impact of online social networks on young voters' political behavior. Proceedings of the International Communication Association Conference, Montreal, Canada. Klofstad, C. A. (2010). The lasting effect of civic talk on civic participation: Evidence from a panel study. Social Forces, 88(5), 2353–2375. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0035 Kubtan, S. (2022). Social media versus traditional media. [Publication details incomplete — please provide more information for proper citation.] Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Jerit, J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (2000). Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship. Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00033 Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students' use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.516863 Kwak, N., Lane, D. S., Weeks, B. E., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. S., & Bachleda, S. (2018). Perceptions of social media for politics: Testing the slacktivism hypothesis. Human Communication Research, 44(2), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqx008 Levi, L. (2018). Real “fake news” and fake “fake news.” First Amendment Law Review, 16, 232. Levitan, L., & Wronski, J. (2014). Social context and information seeking: Examining the effects of network attitudinal composition on engagement with political information. Political Behavior, 36, 793–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9258-0 Margolis, M., & Moreno-Riaño, G. (2016). The prospect of internet democracy. Routledge. McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198659 Meltwater, & We Are Social. (2023, February 13). Digital 2023: Taiwan. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-taiwan Meta. (n.d.). Policies. Transparency Center. https://transparency.meta.com/policies/ Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Kiley, J., & Matsa, K. E. (2013). The role of news on Facebook. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/620906/the-role-of-news-on-facebook/1602123/ (Original work published 2013, accessed January 10, 2024) National Security Bureau, R.O.C. (2025, January 3). China’s disinformation dissemination patterns in 2024. https://www.nsb.gov.tw/en/#/%E5%85%AC%E5%91%8A%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A8%BF%E6%9A%A8%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/2025-01-03/China%E2%80%99s%20Disinformation%20Dissemination%20Patterns%20in%202024 Newman, N., Dutton, W., & Blank, G. (2013). Social media in the changing ecology of news: The fourth and fifth estates in Britain. International Journal of Internet Science, 7(1), 6–22. [Add page range if available] Nguyen, A. (2008). Facing "the fabulous monster." Journalism Studies, 9(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701768147 Norris, P. (2000). Stays home? Political mobilization. In A virtuous circle: Political communication in postindustrial societies (pp. 255–278). Cambridge University Press. NPR. (2025, March 14). Former Meta executive barred from discussing criticism of the company. https://www.npr.org/2025/03/14/nx-s1-5318854/former-meta-executive-barred-from-discussing-criticism-of-the-company Park, C. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2020). What’s this? Incidental exposure to news on social media, news-finds-me perception, news efficacy, and news consumption. Mass Communication and Society, 23(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1705241 Phillips, A. (2012). Sociability, speed and quality in the changing news environment. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667276 Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, E. W. (2001). Individual motivations, perceived media importance, and political disaffection. Political Communication, 18(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600152400365 Posetti, J., & Matthews, A. (2018). A short guide to the history of “fake news” and disinformation. International Center for Journalists. https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-new-icfj-learning-module Patel, A., Cook, C., & Wohn, D. Y. (2021). User opinions on effective strategies against social media toxicity. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 2871–2880). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.366 Purcell, K., Rainie, L., Mitchell, A., Rosenstiel, T., & Olmstead, K. (2010). Understanding the participatory news consumer. Pew Internet and American Life Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2010/03/01/understanding-the-participatory-news-consumer/ Rawlins, B. (2008). Give the emperor a mirror: Toward developing a stakeholder measurement of organizational transparency. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(1), 71–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802153421 Rowen, I. (2016). The geopolitics of tourism: Mobilities, territory, and protest in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(2), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113118 Rosenstiel, T. (2010). Global publics embrace social networking. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2010/12/15/global-publics-embrace-social-networking/ Scheufele, D. A., & Nisbet, M. C. (2002). Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(3), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700304 Shearer, E., & Mitchell, A. (2021, January 12). News use across social media platforms in 2020. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/01/12/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-in-2020/ Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616221 Soep, E. (2014). Participatory politics: Next-generation tactics to remake public spheres. MIT Press. Steenkamp, M., & Hyde-Clarke, N. (2014). The use of Facebook for political commentary in South Africa. Telematics and Informatics, 31(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.10.002 Steger, M. B. (2009). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. Valeriani, A., & Vaccari, C. (2016). Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223 Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press. Vitak, J., Ellison, N. B., & Steinfield, C. (2011). The ties that bond: Re-examining the relationship between Facebook use and bonding social capital. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1097–1106). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979100 Walter, S. (2017). Globalization and the demand-side of politics: How globalization shapes labor market risk perceptions and policy preferences. Political Science Research and Methods, 5(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.47 Wardle, C. (2020). Journalism and the new information ecosystem: Responsibilities and challenges. In M. Zimdars & K. McLeod (Eds.), Fake news: Understanding media and misinformation in the digital age (pp. 71–86). MIT Press. Weeks, B. E., Lane, D. S., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. S., & Kwak, N. (2017). Incidental exposure, selective exposure, and political information sharing: Integrating online exposure patterns and expression on social media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(6), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12199 Wu, L., Morstatter, F., Carley, K. M., & Liu, H. (2019). Misinformation in social media: Definition, manipulation and detection. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 21(2), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373464.3373475 Zhang, J. J., & Savage, V. R. (2020). The geopolitical ramifications of COVID-19: The Taiwanese exception. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(4–5), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1778495
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
全球傳播與創新科技碩士學位學程
112zm1004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112ZM1004
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡葵希zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Christine Cooken_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王子筠zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wang, Tzu-Yunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 王子筠zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wang, Tzu-Yunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2025 15:49:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jul-2025 15:49:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2025 15:49:02 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112ZM1004en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/157881-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 全球傳播與創新科技碩士學位學程zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 112zm1004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究探討社群媒體在台灣政治參與與國際新聞認知中的角色,特別聚焦於平台治理與言論自由的議題。面對來自中國的假訊息與外部勢力干預日益嚴重的情況,台灣並未對社群媒體內容實施直接控管,而是依賴公民社會主導的事實查核與媒體責信機制。透過對六位學者、媒體從業者與政策分析師的專家訪談,研究深入分析演算法、內容審查與政府與平台間的合作如何交織影響政治言論環境。研究結果指出,社群平台的演算法策展傾向強化意識形態偏見,減少使用者接觸多元觀點的機會,特別是在如兩岸關係等敏感議題上更為明顯。專家強調,政府應支持資訊透明制度與獨立查核機構,而非作為內容審查者。本研究凸顯多方利害關係人合作模式在數位時代維護民主價值的重要性。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study investigates the role of social media in shaping political participation and international news awareness in Taiwan, with a specific focus on platform governance and freedom of expression. In response to increasing disinformation and foreign influence, especially from China, Taiwan does not impose direct controls over social media content. Instead, it relies on a civil society–driven model of fact-checking and media accountability. Through expert interviews with six scholars, media professionals, and policy analysts, the research examines how algorithms, content moderation, and government-platform cooperation intersect. Findings suggest that algorithmic curation reinforces ideological bias and reduces users’ exposure to diverse perspectives, particularly in sensitive areas such as cross-strait relations. Experts highlight the need for government to support transparent systems and independent fact-checking rather than acting as a content regulator. The study underscores the importance of multi-stakeholder approaches to maintaining democratic values in the digital age.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1 2. Theoretical Background 3 2.1 Global Context and Taiwan's Strategic Positioning 3 2.2 Impact of New Media on News Consumption and Political Discourse 5 2.3 Political Efficacy in the Digital Age 7 2.4 The Present Work 9 3. Methodology 11 3.1 Participants 11 3.2 Procedure and Materials 13 4. Results 14 4.1 Content Moderation and Algorithmic Influence on Political Discourse 15 4.1.1 The Role of Algorithms in Creating Echo Chambers 15 4.1.2 The Impact on News Consumption Among Young People 16 4.1.3 Concerns About Content Moderation and Free Speech 18 4.2 Data Privacy and Its Impact on Political Participation 20 4.2.1 Corporate Interests and the Uncertainty of Privacy Protections 20 4.3 Fact-Checking and the Challenge of Combating Disinformation 22 4.3.1 The Speed Disadvantage of Fact-Checking 23 4.4 Protecting Freedom of Speech 24 4.5 The Role of Government 26 4.5.1 Avoiding Government Overreach in Content Moderation 26 4.6 The Role of Third-Party Fact-Checking Organizations 28 4.7 Platform Responsibility: Increasing Algorithm Transparency and Establishing Accountability Mechanisms 30 5. Discussion 32 5.1 Practical Implications 37 5.2 Limitations and Future Directions 38 6. Conclusion 39 References 41 Appendix 47zh_TW
dc.format.extent 843662 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112ZM1004en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社群媒體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 政治參與zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際新聞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 錯假資訊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主治理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social mediaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Political engagementen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) International newsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Disinformationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Democratic governanceen_US
dc.title (題名) 社群媒體在塑造台灣政治參與和全球意識中的角色:專家觀點zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Role of Social Media in Shaping Political Engagement and Global Awareness in Taiwan: An Expert Perspectiveen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) BBC News 中文. (2019, June 20) 香港抗議在台灣發酵 《外國代理人登記制度》引發爭議. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-48691753 Amavilah, V., Asongu, S. A., & Andrés, A. R. (2017). Effects of globalization on peace and stability: Implications for governance and the knowledge economy of African countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 122, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.013 Andrejevic, M. (2013). Infoglut: How too much information is changing the way we think and know. Routledge. Balendra, S. (2025). Meta’s AI moderation and free speech: Ongoing challenges in the Global South. Cambridge Forum on AI: Law and Governance, 1, e21. https://doi.org/10.1017/cfl.2025.5 Barber, B. (1984). Strong democracy: Participatory democracy for a new age. University of California Press. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., & Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business Horizons, 55(3), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.01.007 Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902854363 Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542 Boulianne, S. (2019). Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe. Information, Communication & Society, 22(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1353648 Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012). A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature, 489(7415), 295–298. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421 Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. Oxford University Press. Chang, C.-C. (2023). The 2022 Taiwan Communication Survey (Phase Three, Year One): Communication and civil society – Citizen and political communication (D00240_1) [Data file]. Survey Research Data Archive, Academia Sinica. https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00240_1-1 Chang, W.-C., & Lin, Y.-T. (2024). A civil society-based approach to online disinformation: The experience of Taiwan. USALI Perspectives, 4(7). https://usali.org/usali-perspectives-blog/a-civil-society-based-approach-to-online-disinformation Chen, J. (1999, April 1). Beyond diplomacy. Free China Review, 49(4), 36–42. Coate, R. A., Griffin, J. A., & Elliott-Gower, S. (2015). Interdependence in international organization and global governance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.92 Corcuff, S. (2012). The liminality of Taiwan: A case-study in geopolitics. Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, 4(December), 34–64. Eveland Jr., W. P. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news: Evidence from nonelection, off-year election, and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28(5), 571–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028005001 European Digital Rights. (2018, April 18). Cambridge Analytica access to Facebook messages a privacy violation. https://edri.org/our-work/cambridge-analytica-access-to-facebook-messages-a-privacy-violation/ Funk, A., Vesteinsson, D., Baker, C., Brody, J., Grothe, J., Agarwal, P., Barak, A., Loldj, M., Masinsin, J., & Sutterlin, J. (Eds.). (2024). Freedom on the net 2024. Freedom House. https://freedomonthenet.org Gastil, J., & Dillard, J. P. (1999). Increasing political sophistication through public deliberation. Political Communication, 16(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198749 Gil de Zúñiga, H., Puig-i-Abril, E., & Rojas, H. (2009). Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: An assessment of how the Internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society, 11(4), 553–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809102960 Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x Gold, H. (2020, July 7). Facebook, Google and Twitter won’t give Hong Kong authorities user data for now. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/06/tech/whatsapp-facebook-hong-kong/index.html Gottfried, J. A., & Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/ Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press. Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2019). Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study. New Media & Society, 21(11–12), 2463–2482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858746 Held, D. (1993). Political theory today. Ethics, 103(3), 631–633. https://doi.org/10.1086/293544 Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend: Decoding the social media news consumer. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664430 Ho, Y.-C. (2007, June 1). Helping a friend in need. Taiwan Review. https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=4&post=5635 Hsu, C. L., Park, S. J., & Park, H. W. (2013). Political discourse among key Twitter users: The case of Sejong city in South Korea. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 12(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.17477/jcea.2013.12.1.065 Jhaver, S., Bruckman, A., & Gilbert, E. (2019). Does transparency in moderation really matter? User behavior after content removal explanations on Reddit. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359252 Kaplan, J. (2025, January 12). More speech, fewer mistakes. Meta Newsroom. https://about.fb.com/news/2025/01/meta-more-speech-fewer-mistakes/ Karv, T., Lindell, M., & Rapeli, L. (2022). How context matters: The significance of political homogeneity and language for political efficacy. Scandinavian Political Studies, 45(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12215 Kietzmann, J., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005 Kim, Y. M., & Geidner, N. W. (2008, May 22–26). Politics as friendship: The impact of online social networks on young voters' political behavior. Proceedings of the International Communication Association Conference, Montreal, Canada. Klofstad, C. A. (2010). The lasting effect of civic talk on civic participation: Evidence from a panel study. Social Forces, 88(5), 2353–2375. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0035 Kubtan, S. (2022). Social media versus traditional media. [Publication details incomplete — please provide more information for proper citation.] Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Jerit, J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (2000). Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship. Journal of Politics, 62(3), 790–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00033 Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students' use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.516863 Kwak, N., Lane, D. S., Weeks, B. E., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. S., & Bachleda, S. (2018). Perceptions of social media for politics: Testing the slacktivism hypothesis. Human Communication Research, 44(2), 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqx008 Levi, L. (2018). Real “fake news” and fake “fake news.” First Amendment Law Review, 16, 232. Levitan, L., & Wronski, J. (2014). Social context and information seeking: Examining the effects of network attitudinal composition on engagement with political information. Political Behavior, 36, 793–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9258-0 Margolis, M., & Moreno-Riaño, G. (2016). The prospect of internet democracy. Routledge. McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. Political Communication, 16(3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198659 Meltwater, & We Are Social. (2023, February 13). Digital 2023: Taiwan. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-taiwan Meta. (n.d.). Policies. Transparency Center. https://transparency.meta.com/policies/ Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Kiley, J., & Matsa, K. E. (2013). The role of news on Facebook. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/620906/the-role-of-news-on-facebook/1602123/ (Original work published 2013, accessed January 10, 2024) National Security Bureau, R.O.C. (2025, January 3). China’s disinformation dissemination patterns in 2024. https://www.nsb.gov.tw/en/#/%E5%85%AC%E5%91%8A%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A8%BF%E6%9A%A8%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/2025-01-03/China%E2%80%99s%20Disinformation%20Dissemination%20Patterns%20in%202024 Newman, N., Dutton, W., & Blank, G. (2013). Social media in the changing ecology of news: The fourth and fifth estates in Britain. International Journal of Internet Science, 7(1), 6–22. [Add page range if available] Nguyen, A. (2008). Facing "the fabulous monster." Journalism Studies, 9(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701768147 Norris, P. (2000). Stays home? Political mobilization. In A virtuous circle: Political communication in postindustrial societies (pp. 255–278). Cambridge University Press. NPR. (2025, March 14). Former Meta executive barred from discussing criticism of the company. https://www.npr.org/2025/03/14/nx-s1-5318854/former-meta-executive-barred-from-discussing-criticism-of-the-company Park, C. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2020). What’s this? Incidental exposure to news on social media, news-finds-me perception, news efficacy, and news consumption. Mass Communication and Society, 23(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1705241 Phillips, A. (2012). Sociability, speed and quality in the changing news environment. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667276 Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, E. W. (2001). Individual motivations, perceived media importance, and political disaffection. Political Communication, 18(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600152400365 Posetti, J., & Matthews, A. (2018). A short guide to the history of “fake news” and disinformation. International Center for Journalists. https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-new-icfj-learning-module Patel, A., Cook, C., & Wohn, D. Y. (2021). User opinions on effective strategies against social media toxicity. In Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 2871–2880). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.366 Purcell, K., Rainie, L., Mitchell, A., Rosenstiel, T., & Olmstead, K. (2010). Understanding the participatory news consumer. Pew Internet and American Life Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2010/03/01/understanding-the-participatory-news-consumer/ Rawlins, B. (2008). Give the emperor a mirror: Toward developing a stakeholder measurement of organizational transparency. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(1), 71–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802153421 Rowen, I. (2016). The geopolitics of tourism: Mobilities, territory, and protest in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(2), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2015.1113118 Rosenstiel, T. (2010). Global publics embrace social networking. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2010/12/15/global-publics-embrace-social-networking/ Scheufele, D. A., & Nisbet, M. C. (2002). Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(3), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X0200700304 Shearer, E., & Mitchell, A. (2021, January 12). News use across social media platforms in 2020. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/01/12/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-in-2020/ Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616221 Soep, E. (2014). Participatory politics: Next-generation tactics to remake public spheres. MIT Press. Steenkamp, M., & Hyde-Clarke, N. (2014). The use of Facebook for political commentary in South Africa. Telematics and Informatics, 31(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2012.10.002 Steger, M. B. (2009). Globalization: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. Valeriani, A., & Vaccari, C. (2016). Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223 Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press. Vitak, J., Ellison, N. B., & Steinfield, C. (2011). The ties that bond: Re-examining the relationship between Facebook use and bonding social capital. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1097–1106). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979100 Walter, S. (2017). Globalization and the demand-side of politics: How globalization shapes labor market risk perceptions and policy preferences. Political Science Research and Methods, 5(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.47 Wardle, C. (2020). Journalism and the new information ecosystem: Responsibilities and challenges. In M. Zimdars & K. McLeod (Eds.), Fake news: Understanding media and misinformation in the digital age (pp. 71–86). MIT Press. Weeks, B. E., Lane, D. S., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. S., & Kwak, N. (2017). Incidental exposure, selective exposure, and political information sharing: Integrating online exposure patterns and expression on social media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(6), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12199 Wu, L., Morstatter, F., Carley, K. M., & Liu, H. (2019). Misinformation in social media: Definition, manipulation and detection. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 21(2), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373464.3373475 Zhang, J. J., & Savage, V. R. (2020). The geopolitical ramifications of COVID-19: The Taiwanese exception. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(4–5), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1778495zh_TW