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題名 南韓強化酒駕法律之效果
The Effect of Tightened Drunk Driving Policies in South Korea
作者 姜慧隣
Kang, Hyeline
貢獻者 蘇昱璇
Su, Yu-Hsuan
姜慧隣
Kang, Hyeline
關鍵詞 酒駕
酒精
Yoon Chang-ho 法
差異中的差異
Drunk-Driving
Alcohol
Yoon Chang-ho Act
Difference-in-Differences
日期 2025
上傳時間 4-Aug-2025 14:18:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究探討南韓嚴格化酒駕政策之影響，特別聚焦於尹昌浩法的實施成效。研究運用涵蓋2017年7月至2019年8月共229個行政區之區域層級（district-level）追蹤資料，透過差異中之差異法（Difference-in-Differences, DID）、事件研究法（Event Study），以及三重差分法（Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences, DDD）來檢驗政策實施效果。 實證分析結果顯示，酒駕法案的第一階段，即針對嚴重酒駕事故提高刑事處罰力度的措施，顯著降低了酒駕導致的死亡與傷害事故數量。然而，這種嚇阻效果隨著時間推移逐漸減弱，凸顯單純依賴嚴厲刑罰難以維持長期行為改變的限制性。 相較之下，政策的第二階段，即加嚴血液酒精濃度（BAC）限制並降低再犯認定標準，並未產生統計上顯著的影響。此結果可能是由於初期改革後社會大眾的關注逐漸淡化，以及最初對法律敏感的人群已經調整行為，剩餘之駕駛人大多為習慣性違規者，對進一步法律加嚴的反應有限。 研究結果強調，僅僅透過法律加嚴可能不足以有效地長期抑制酒駕行為，應當輔以公共教育與明顯的執法行動。此外，鄉村地區可能需要量身訂做的策略，以達到最佳效果。
This study examines the impact of South Korea’s tightened drunk driving policies, with a specific focus on the Yoon Chang-ho Act. Using district-level panel data from 229 regions covering the period from July 2017 to August 2019, the study employs Difference-in-Differences (DID), event study, and Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences (DDD) methods to assess the effectiveness of policy. The empirical results show that the initial phase of drunk driving law, characterized by increased criminal penalties for serious drunk driving accidents, significantly reduced deaths and injuries associated with drunk driving. However, this deterrent effect diminished over time, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on harsh penalties for long-term behavioral change. In contrast, the second phase, which tightened blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits and lowered recidivism thresholds, did not yield statistically significant results. This outcome may be attributed to the diminished public attention following the initial reform, as well as the possibility that individuals who were responsive to legal deterrence had already adjusted their behavior. Consequently, the remaining population likely consisted of habitual offenders, for whom the additional legal tightening had limited impact. These findings highlight that stricter laws alone may not be sufficient. To effectively reduce drunk driving in the long term, additional actions such as public education and visible enforcement are also necessary. Moreover, rural areas might require customized approaches to ensure the best outcomes.
參考文獻 Baek, C. W., & Roh, S. K. (2021). Exploratory study on the influence of user opinion and the legislation process of online news portal: Focusing on unstructured big data related to the enactment of 'Yoon Chang-ho Act'. The Korean Journal of Police Studies, 20(1), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.38084/2021.20.1.6 Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169–217. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1830482 Chan, Y. S., Chen, C. S., Huang, L.Y., & Peng, Y. I. (2017). Sanction changes and drunk-driving injuries/deaths in Taiwan. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 107, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.07.025 Chang, H., Chang, K., & Fan, E. (2020). The intended and unintended effects of drunk driving policies. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12326 Choi, M. K. (2018). [International comparison and implications on punishment for drunk driving] (NARS vol. 28). National Assembly Research Service. https://www.nars.go.kr Chun, S. (2012). The social meaning of alcohol consumption in Korea. Journal of Korean Diabetes, 13(2), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.2.57 Damadi, M., & Haghighi, F. (2025). Multidimensional influences on risky driving and crash risk among commercial drivers in developing countries: Structural equation model approaches. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 109, 809–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.007 Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology: The issue-attention cycle. Public Interest, 28(Summer), 38–50. Eun, S. J. (2021). Effects of stricter drunk-driving laws on alcohol-related road traffic death, injury, and crash rates in South Korea: A synthetic counterfactual approach using Bayesian structural time-series models. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 163, 106455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106455 Fell, J. C., & Voas, R. B. (2006). The effectiveness of reducing illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving: Evidence for lowering the limit to .05 BAC. Journal of Safety Research, 37(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2005.07.006 Fell, J. C., & Voas, R. B. (2013). The effectiveness of a 0.05 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving in the United States. Addiction, 109(6), 869–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12365 Font-Ribera, L., Garcia-Continente, X., Pérez, A., Torres, R., Sala, N., Espelt, A., & Nebot, M. (2013). Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs among adolescents: The role of urban and rural environments. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 60, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.07.031 García-Echalar, A., & Rau, T. (2020). The effects of increasing penalties in drunk driving laws—Evidence from Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218103 Gibbs, J. P. (1968). Crime, punishment, and deterrence. The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly, 48(4), 515–530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42867909 Grasmick, H. G., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Reduction in drunk driving as a response to increased threats of shame, embarrassment, and legal sanctions. Criminology, 31(1), 41–67. Hansen, B. (2015). Punishment and deterrence: Evidence from drunk driving. American Economic Review, 105(4), 1581–1617. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130189 Hong, W. S. (2016). A study on the bills and acts with popular name of people. Public Land Law Review, 73(2). Korea Public Land Law Association. Huang, S., & Lu, S. (2024). Did the ‘Early harvest list’ of commodity trade under ECFA promote the development of manufacturing industry in Taiwan Province? An empirical analysis based on staggered DID model. Finance Research Letters, 59, 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104772 Kang, A. R., & Nam, T. W. (2023). A study on the changes in the policy to strengthen the punishment of drunk driving act: Focusing on the Yoon Chang-ho Act. Korean Public Safety and Information Policy Journal, 37(4), 73–97. Lee, S. H., Jeong, T. S., & Kim, P. (2023). Communication strategies of professional sport teams depending on the transformation of public perception toward driving under the influence: Evidence from Korean Basketball League. Korean Journal of Sociology of Sport, 36(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.22173/ksss.2023.36.1.2 Li, G., & Branstetter, L. G. (2024). Does “Made in China 2025” work for China? Evidence from Chinese listed firms. Research Policy, 53, 105009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2024.105009 Malek-Ahmadi, M., & Degiorgio, L. (2015). Risk of alcohol abuse in urban versus rural DUI offenders. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 41(4), 353–357. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2015.1043436 Marvell, T. B., & Moody, C. E. (1996). Specification problems, police levels, and crime rates. Criminology, 34(4), 609–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01221.x Nagata, T., Hemenway, D., & Perry, M. J. (2006). The effectiveness of a new law to reduce alcohol-impaired driving in Japan. JMAJ, 49(11–12), 365–369. Park, C. H. (2022). The deterrence effects of Yoon-Changho law on drunken driving. Social Integration Research, 3(2), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.46907/sir.2022.3.2.97 Park, S. J. (2020, May–June). Is drunk driving a habit? Reasons for repeating dangerous drunk driving (Vol. 457). Korea Road Traffic Authority. http://news.koroad.or.kr/koroad/vol41/sub0202.php Portman, M., Penttilä, A., Haukka, J., Rajalin, S., Eriksson, C. J. P., Gunnar, T., Koskimaa, H., & Kuoppasalmi, K. (2013). Profile of a drunk driver and risk factors for drunk driving: Findings in roadside testing in the province of Uusimaa in Finland 1990–2008. Forensic Science International, 231(1-3), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.010 Seo, S., Chun, S., Newell, M., & Yun, M. (2015). Korean public opinion on alcohol control policy: A cross-sectional International Alcohol Control study. Health Policy, 119(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.10.016 Snortum, J. R. (1990). Drinking-driving compliance in Great Britain: The role of law as a “threat” and as a “moral eye-opener.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 18(6), 479–499. Steinbock, B. (1985). Drunk driving. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 14(3), 278–295. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265351 Swimmer, G. (1974). The relationship of police and crime: Some methodological and empirical results. Criminology, 12(3), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1974.tb00637.x Waller, P. F., Stewart, J. R., Hansen, A. R., Stutts, J. C., Pokorny, C. L., & Rodgman, E. A. (1986). The potentiating effects of alcohol on driver injury. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(11), 1461–1466. World Health Organization. (2015). Global status report on road safety 2015. World Health Organization. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/global-status-report-road-safety-2015 World Health Organization. (2020, June 5). Drink-driving and definition: Data by country. Global Health Observatory data repository. https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.51410 Wright, N. A., & Lee, L.-T. (2021). Alcohol-related traffic laws and drunk-driving fatal accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 161, 106358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106358 Yang, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2012). Drinking habits of employees in farming and fishing communities. Digital Convergence Research, 10(10), 363–372. Yoon, H. (2020, August 17). [The average time it takes for a bill to pass]. Weekly Kyunghyang, 1631. https://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&art_id=202008071525561&utm_source=livere&utm_medium=social_share
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
112266016
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112266016
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蘇昱璇zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Su, Yu-Hsuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 姜慧隣zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kang, Hyelineen_US
dc.creator (作者) 姜慧隣zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kang, Hyelineen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2025 14:18:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Aug-2025 14:18:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2025 14:18:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112266016en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/158546-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 112266016zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究探討南韓嚴格化酒駕政策之影響，特別聚焦於尹昌浩法的實施成效。研究運用涵蓋2017年7月至2019年8月共229個行政區之區域層級（district-level）追蹤資料，透過差異中之差異法（Difference-in-Differences, DID）、事件研究法（Event Study），以及三重差分法（Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences, DDD）來檢驗政策實施效果。 實證分析結果顯示，酒駕法案的第一階段，即針對嚴重酒駕事故提高刑事處罰力度的措施，顯著降低了酒駕導致的死亡與傷害事故數量。然而，這種嚇阻效果隨著時間推移逐漸減弱，凸顯單純依賴嚴厲刑罰難以維持長期行為改變的限制性。 相較之下，政策的第二階段，即加嚴血液酒精濃度（BAC）限制並降低再犯認定標準，並未產生統計上顯著的影響。此結果可能是由於初期改革後社會大眾的關注逐漸淡化，以及最初對法律敏感的人群已經調整行為，剩餘之駕駛人大多為習慣性違規者，對進一步法律加嚴的反應有限。 研究結果強調，僅僅透過法律加嚴可能不足以有效地長期抑制酒駕行為，應當輔以公共教育與明顯的執法行動。此外，鄉村地區可能需要量身訂做的策略，以達到最佳效果。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study examines the impact of South Korea’s tightened drunk driving policies, with a specific focus on the Yoon Chang-ho Act. Using district-level panel data from 229 regions covering the period from July 2017 to August 2019, the study employs Difference-in-Differences (DID), event study, and Difference-in-Difference-in-Differences (DDD) methods to assess the effectiveness of policy. The empirical results show that the initial phase of drunk driving law, characterized by increased criminal penalties for serious drunk driving accidents, significantly reduced deaths and injuries associated with drunk driving. However, this deterrent effect diminished over time, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on harsh penalties for long-term behavioral change. In contrast, the second phase, which tightened blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits and lowered recidivism thresholds, did not yield statistically significant results. This outcome may be attributed to the diminished public attention following the initial reform, as well as the possibility that individuals who were responsive to legal deterrence had already adjusted their behavior. Consequently, the remaining population likely consisted of habitual offenders, for whom the additional legal tightening had limited impact. These findings highlight that stricter laws alone may not be sufficient. To effectively reduce drunk driving in the long term, additional actions such as public education and visible enforcement are also necessary. Moreover, rural areas might require customized approaches to ensure the best outcomes.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Drunk Driving 1 1.2 Drunk Driving in South Korea 3 1.3 Yoon Chang-ho Act 6 Chapter 2. Literature Review 9 2.1 Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories 9 2.2 Empirical Evidence on Drunk Driving Policies 9 2.2.1 Impact of Lowering BAC Limits 9 2.2.2 Role of Punishments and Sanctions 10 2.2.3 Importance of Monitoring and Public Campaigns 11 2.3 Yoon Chang-ho Act 11 2.4 Summary and Research Gaps 12 Chapter 3. Methodology 13 3.1 Data 13 3.2 Research Design 17 3.2.1 Difference-in-Differences (DID) 17 3.2.2 Event Study 20 Chapter 4. Results 22 4.1 Difference-in-Differences (DID) results 22 4.2 Event study results 25 4.3. Heterogeneity Analysis Results 28 4.4 Robustness Check 31 Chapter 5. Conclusions 40 5.1 Conclusion 40 5.2 Policy implications 41 5.3 Research limitations 43 REFERENCES 45zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1288789 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112266016en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 酒駕zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 酒精zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Yoon Chang-ho 法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 差異中的差異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Drunk-Drivingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Alcoholen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Yoon Chang-ho Acten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Difference-in-Differencesen_US
dc.title (題名) 南韓強化酒駕法律之效果zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Effect of Tightened Drunk Driving Policies in South Koreaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Baek, C. W., & Roh, S. K. (2021). Exploratory study on the influence of user opinion and the legislation process of online news portal: Focusing on unstructured big data related to the enactment of 'Yoon Chang-ho Act'. The Korean Journal of Police Studies, 20(1), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.38084/2021.20.1.6 Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169–217. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1830482 Chan, Y. S., Chen, C. S., Huang, L.Y., & Peng, Y. I. (2017). Sanction changes and drunk-driving injuries/deaths in Taiwan. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 107, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.07.025 Chang, H., Chang, K., & Fan, E. (2020). The intended and unintended effects of drunk driving policies. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/obes.12326 Choi, M. K. (2018). [International comparison and implications on punishment for drunk driving] (NARS vol. 28). National Assembly Research Service. https://www.nars.go.kr Chun, S. (2012). The social meaning of alcohol consumption in Korea. Journal of Korean Diabetes, 13(2), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.2.57 Damadi, M., & Haghighi, F. (2025). Multidimensional influences on risky driving and crash risk among commercial drivers in developing countries: Structural equation model approaches. Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour, 109, 809–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.007 Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology: The issue-attention cycle. Public Interest, 28(Summer), 38–50. Eun, S. J. (2021). Effects of stricter drunk-driving laws on alcohol-related road traffic death, injury, and crash rates in South Korea: A synthetic counterfactual approach using Bayesian structural time-series models. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 163, 106455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106455 Fell, J. C., & Voas, R. B. (2006). The effectiveness of reducing illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving: Evidence for lowering the limit to .05 BAC. Journal of Safety Research, 37(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2005.07.006 Fell, J. C., & Voas, R. B. (2013). The effectiveness of a 0.05 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving in the United States. Addiction, 109(6), 869–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12365 Font-Ribera, L., Garcia-Continente, X., Pérez, A., Torres, R., Sala, N., Espelt, A., & Nebot, M. (2013). Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs among adolescents: The role of urban and rural environments. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 60, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.07.031 García-Echalar, A., & Rau, T. (2020). The effects of increasing penalties in drunk driving laws—Evidence from Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218103 Gibbs, J. P. (1968). Crime, punishment, and deterrence. The Southwestern Social Science Quarterly, 48(4), 515–530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42867909 Grasmick, H. G., Bursik, R. J., & Arneklev, B. J. (1993). Reduction in drunk driving as a response to increased threats of shame, embarrassment, and legal sanctions. Criminology, 31(1), 41–67. Hansen, B. (2015). Punishment and deterrence: Evidence from drunk driving. American Economic Review, 105(4), 1581–1617. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130189 Hong, W. S. (2016). A study on the bills and acts with popular name of people. Public Land Law Review, 73(2). Korea Public Land Law Association. Huang, S., & Lu, S. (2024). Did the ‘Early harvest list’ of commodity trade under ECFA promote the development of manufacturing industry in Taiwan Province? An empirical analysis based on staggered DID model. Finance Research Letters, 59, 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104772 Kang, A. R., & Nam, T. W. (2023). A study on the changes in the policy to strengthen the punishment of drunk driving act: Focusing on the Yoon Chang-ho Act. Korean Public Safety and Information Policy Journal, 37(4), 73–97. Lee, S. H., Jeong, T. S., & Kim, P. (2023). Communication strategies of professional sport teams depending on the transformation of public perception toward driving under the influence: Evidence from Korean Basketball League. Korean Journal of Sociology of Sport, 36(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.22173/ksss.2023.36.1.2 Li, G., & Branstetter, L. G. (2024). Does “Made in China 2025” work for China? Evidence from Chinese listed firms. Research Policy, 53, 105009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2024.105009 Malek-Ahmadi, M., & Degiorgio, L. (2015). Risk of alcohol abuse in urban versus rural DUI offenders. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 41(4), 353–357. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2015.1043436 Marvell, T. B., & Moody, C. E. (1996). Specification problems, police levels, and crime rates. Criminology, 34(4), 609–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01221.x Nagata, T., Hemenway, D., & Perry, M. J. (2006). The effectiveness of a new law to reduce alcohol-impaired driving in Japan. JMAJ, 49(11–12), 365–369. Park, C. H. (2022). The deterrence effects of Yoon-Changho law on drunken driving. Social Integration Research, 3(2), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.46907/sir.2022.3.2.97 Park, S. J. (2020, May–June). Is drunk driving a habit? Reasons for repeating dangerous drunk driving (Vol. 457). Korea Road Traffic Authority. http://news.koroad.or.kr/koroad/vol41/sub0202.php Portman, M., Penttilä, A., Haukka, J., Rajalin, S., Eriksson, C. J. P., Gunnar, T., Koskimaa, H., & Kuoppasalmi, K. (2013). Profile of a drunk driver and risk factors for drunk driving: Findings in roadside testing in the province of Uusimaa in Finland 1990–2008. Forensic Science International, 231(1-3), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.010 Seo, S., Chun, S., Newell, M., & Yun, M. (2015). Korean public opinion on alcohol control policy: A cross-sectional International Alcohol Control study. Health Policy, 119(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.10.016 Snortum, J. R. (1990). Drinking-driving compliance in Great Britain: The role of law as a “threat” and as a “moral eye-opener.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 18(6), 479–499. Steinbock, B. (1985). Drunk driving. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 14(3), 278–295. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265351 Swimmer, G. (1974). The relationship of police and crime: Some methodological and empirical results. Criminology, 12(3), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1974.tb00637.x Waller, P. F., Stewart, J. R., Hansen, A. R., Stutts, J. C., Pokorny, C. L., & Rodgman, E. A. (1986). The potentiating effects of alcohol on driver injury. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(11), 1461–1466. World Health Organization. (2015). Global status report on road safety 2015. World Health Organization. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/global-status-report-road-safety-2015 World Health Organization. (2020, June 5). Drink-driving and definition: Data by country. Global Health Observatory data repository. https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.51410 Wright, N. A., & Lee, L.-T. (2021). Alcohol-related traffic laws and drunk-driving fatal accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 161, 106358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106358 Yang, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2012). Drinking habits of employees in farming and fishing communities. Digital Convergence Research, 10(10), 363–372. Yoon, H. (2020, August 17). [The average time it takes for a bill to pass]. Weekly Kyunghyang, 1631. https://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&art_id=202008071525561&utm_source=livere&utm_medium=social_sharezh_TW