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題名 稅率與稅收之謎 ‒ 個人與公司所得稅移轉之影響
Unraveling the Tax Rate-Revenue Paradox: Income Shifting Between Personal and Corporate Tax Structure作者 謝文慧
HSIEH, WEN-HUI貢獻者 陳國樑
謝文慧
HSIEH, WEN-HUI關鍵詞 稅率與稅收之謎
所得移轉
營利事業所得稅
創業
組織型態選擇
tax rate-revenue paradox
Income shifting
Corporate income tax
Entrepreneurship
Choice of organizational form日期 2025 上傳時間 4-Aug-2025 14:22:13 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究主要以台灣與OECD成員國為研究對象，透過兩大主題及三個實證模型探討個人與公司所得稅率差異對公司所得稅稅收、創業活動及企業組織型態之影響。實證模型主要採用追蹤資料，運用固定效果或SGMM模型，並透過變動率相關變數與工具變數法處理內生性問題。主要有三項研究發現：第一，個人與公司所得稅率差異愈大對公司所得稅收占總稅收、占GDP及占所得稅均具顯著正向影響，即「稅率與稅收之謎 (The Tax Rate and Tax Revenue Paradox)」的現象；第二，個人與公司所得稅率差異顯著影響創業型態選擇，當公司所得稅率相對較低時，會提高公司型創業的意願，而降低自僱型創業的意願。亦顯示稅制累進程度對創業誘因，當個人所得稅率累進程度越高時，會降低公司型創業的意願，提高自僱型創業的意願；第三，個人與公司所得稅稅率差異未明顯改變公司與獨資型態設立率，但影響既存組織的營業收入及課稅所得分配，反映租稅規劃多透過稅基調整而非法律型態轉換。 本研究貢獻包括：一為系統檢驗個人與公司所得稅差對公司所得稅收之影響，深化「稅率與稅收之謎」理解；二為引入變動率與工具變數法，有效提升估計結果的可靠性；三為首次於創業模型中納入個人與公司所得稅差變數，並細分創業型態；四為揭示現行制度設計可能因稅負差異而造成所得移轉與效率損失。 政策建議包括：調整兩稅稅率結構以縮減稅負差距；檢討股利課稅與保留盈餘制度，避免成為租稅規劃工具；強化租稅優惠之成本效益分析，防杜制度性漏洞。然研究亦有限制，諸如產業涵蓋有限、有效稅率推估偏差與法律型態分類，建議未來發展不同的組織型態及非開發中國家資料，納入更多元的實證方法提高理論與實證的依據。
This study investigates how the differential between personal and corporate income tax rates affects corporate tax revenue, entrepreneurial activity, and organizational form, using panel data from Taiwan and OECD member countries. Three empirical models are developed across two main themes, applying fixed effects and SGMM estimators to address endogeneity through rate-of-change and instrumental variable techniques. The key findings are threefold. First, a wider gap between personal and corporate income tax rates is positively associated with the corporate income tax share of total tax revenue, GDP, and overall income tax revenue-supporting the existence of the “Tax Rate and Tax Revenue Paradox.” Second, the tax differential significantly influences entrepreneurial choice: a relatively lower corporate tax rate increases the likelihood of corporate-form entrepreneurship while discouraging self-employment. Moreover, greater progressivity in personal income taxation reduces incentives for incorporation and encourages self-employment, highlighting the role of tax structure in shaping entrepreneurial behavior. Third, although the tax differential does not significantly affect incorporation rates, it alters the distribution of income and taxable profits across legal forms, suggesting that tax planning is primarily conducted through income shifting rather than legal restructuring. This study contributes in several ways. It provides systematic evidence on how tax rate differentials influence corporate tax revenue, offering new insight into the tax rate–revenue paradox. It strengthens empirical credibility by incorporating rate-of-change and instrumental variable approaches. It is also the first to introduce tax rate differentials into entrepreneurship models with disaggregated entrepreneurial forms. Finally, it underscores how existing tax structures may induce income shifting and create efficiency losses. Policy recommendations include narrowing the personal-corporate tax gap, reforming dividend and retained earnings taxation to limit tax planning opportunities, and enhancing cost-benefit assessments of tax incentives to close institutional loopholes. Limitations include restricted industry coverage, potential bias in effective tax rate estimation, and challenges in classifying legal forms. Future research should consider broader organizational types, data from developing economies, and alternative empirical approaches to strengthen both theoretical and empirical foundations.參考文獻 吳世英 (2012)，「租稅、企業組織型態和效率損失」，《經濟論文叢刊》，40(1)，37‒71。 封昌宏 (2018)，「全民稅改後公司與獨資合夥誰的稅比較重‒新修正所得稅法第71條之解析」，臺北市：元照出版公司。 黃美珠、王媛慧、蔡玉琴 (2016)，「稅制改革對企業有效稅率之影響‒兼論產業特性與公司特性之調節效果」，《管理評論》，35(4)，51‒73。 許家華 (2024)，《自然人身分轉換為公司法人後的所得稅負影響》，國立政治大學財政學系碩士論文。 Aldred, J. 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Smith (2021), “What are the Benefits of High-frequency Data for Fixed-effects Panel Models?” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 8(2), 199‒234. Giroud, X. and J. Rauh (2019), “State Taxation and the Reallocation of Business Activity: Evidence from Establishment-level Data,” Journal of Political Economy, 127(3), 1262‒1316. Goolsbee, A. (1998), “Taxes, Organizational Form, and the Deadweight Loss of the Corporate Income Tax,” Journal of Public Economics, 69(1), 143‒152. Goolsbee, A. (2000), “What Happens When You Tax the Rich? Evidence from Executive Compensation,” Journal of Political Economy, 108(2), 352‒378. Goolsbee, A. (2004), “The Impact of the Corporate Income Tax: Evidence from State Organizational form Data,” Journal of Public Economics, 88(11), 2283‒2299. Gordon, R. and J. Mackie-Mason (1994), “Tax Distortions to the Choice of Organizational Form,” Journal of Public Economics, 55(2), 279‒306. Gordon, R. and J. 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(2006), “Capital Mobility and Source-based Taxation of Capital Income in Small Open Economies,” International Tax and Public Finance, 13, 269‒294. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
財政學系
112255012資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112255012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳國樑 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) 謝文慧 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) HSIEH, WEN-HUI en_US dc.creator (作者) 謝文慧 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) HSIEH, WEN-HUI en_US dc.date (日期) 2025 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2025 14:22:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Aug-2025 14:22:13 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2025 14:22:13 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112255012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/158553 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 財政學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 112255012 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究主要以台灣與OECD成員國為研究對象，透過兩大主題及三個實證模型探討個人與公司所得稅率差異對公司所得稅稅收、創業活動及企業組織型態之影響。實證模型主要採用追蹤資料，運用固定效果或SGMM模型，並透過變動率相關變數與工具變數法處理內生性問題。主要有三項研究發現：第一，個人與公司所得稅率差異愈大對公司所得稅收占總稅收、占GDP及占所得稅均具顯著正向影響，即「稅率與稅收之謎 (The Tax Rate and Tax Revenue Paradox)」的現象；第二，個人與公司所得稅率差異顯著影響創業型態選擇，當公司所得稅率相對較低時，會提高公司型創業的意願，而降低自僱型創業的意願。亦顯示稅制累進程度對創業誘因，當個人所得稅率累進程度越高時，會降低公司型創業的意願，提高自僱型創業的意願；第三，個人與公司所得稅稅率差異未明顯改變公司與獨資型態設立率，但影響既存組織的營業收入及課稅所得分配，反映租稅規劃多透過稅基調整而非法律型態轉換。 本研究貢獻包括：一為系統檢驗個人與公司所得稅差對公司所得稅收之影響，深化「稅率與稅收之謎」理解；二為引入變動率與工具變數法，有效提升估計結果的可靠性；三為首次於創業模型中納入個人與公司所得稅差變數，並細分創業型態；四為揭示現行制度設計可能因稅負差異而造成所得移轉與效率損失。 政策建議包括：調整兩稅稅率結構以縮減稅負差距；檢討股利課稅與保留盈餘制度，避免成為租稅規劃工具；強化租稅優惠之成本效益分析，防杜制度性漏洞。然研究亦有限制，諸如產業涵蓋有限、有效稅率推估偏差與法律型態分類，建議未來發展不同的組織型態及非開發中國家資料，納入更多元的實證方法提高理論與實證的依據。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study investigates how the differential between personal and corporate income tax rates affects corporate tax revenue, entrepreneurial activity, and organizational form, using panel data from Taiwan and OECD member countries. Three empirical models are developed across two main themes, applying fixed effects and SGMM estimators to address endogeneity through rate-of-change and instrumental variable techniques. The key findings are threefold. First, a wider gap between personal and corporate income tax rates is positively associated with the corporate income tax share of total tax revenue, GDP, and overall income tax revenue-supporting the existence of the “Tax Rate and Tax Revenue Paradox.” Second, the tax differential significantly influences entrepreneurial choice: a relatively lower corporate tax rate increases the likelihood of corporate-form entrepreneurship while discouraging self-employment. Moreover, greater progressivity in personal income taxation reduces incentives for incorporation and encourages self-employment, highlighting the role of tax structure in shaping entrepreneurial behavior. Third, although the tax differential does not significantly affect incorporation rates, it alters the distribution of income and taxable profits across legal forms, suggesting that tax planning is primarily conducted through income shifting rather than legal restructuring. This study contributes in several ways. It provides systematic evidence on how tax rate differentials influence corporate tax revenue, offering new insight into the tax rate–revenue paradox. It strengthens empirical credibility by incorporating rate-of-change and instrumental variable approaches. It is also the first to introduce tax rate differentials into entrepreneurship models with disaggregated entrepreneurial forms. Finally, it underscores how existing tax structures may induce income shifting and create efficiency losses. Policy recommendations include narrowing the personal-corporate tax gap, reforming dividend and retained earnings taxation to limit tax planning opportunities, and enhancing cost-benefit assessments of tax incentives to close institutional loopholes. Limitations include restricted industry coverage, potential bias in effective tax rate estimation, and challenges in classifying legal forms. Future research should consider broader organizational types, data from developing economies, and alternative empirical approaches to strengthen both theoretical and empirical foundations. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機與目的 9 第三節 研究架構 12 第貳章 稅率與稅收結構：所得稅制度與趨勢 14 第一節 所得稅制度之沿革：台灣與OECD國家 14 一、OECD國家所得稅制度概述 14 二、台灣所得稅制度概述 15 第二節 所得稅現況探析：台灣與國際 18 一、個人及公司法定最高所得之稅率差距 18 二、台灣與OECD所得稅之趨勢 25 第參章 稅率與稅收之謎的分析 31 第一節 文獻回顧‒稅率與稅收之謎 31 一、租稅政策設計及總體經濟因素 32 二、公司規模與盈餘能力 34 三、個人與公司之所得移轉行為 35 第二節 資料與模型‒稅差與公司所得稅收 38 一、資料來源 (Panel A) 38 二、變數定義 (Panel A) 38 三、敘述性統計 (Panel A) 39 四、實證模型 (Panel A) 42 五、變動率設定與變數設計補充 43 第三節 實證結果‒稅差與公司所得稅收 45 第四節 小結 54 第肆章 稅差對創業及組織型態的分析 55 第一節 文獻回顧‒稅差對創業及組織型態 55 一、租稅與創業的互動 55 (一)租稅政策與創業行為 55 (二)稅收結構的累進性與創業誘因 58 二、租稅與組織型態 61 第二節 資料與模型‒稅差對創業及組織型態 66 一、資料來源 (Panel B、C) 66 (一)稅差與創業 (Panel B) 66 (二)稅差與組織型態 (Panel C) 66 二、變數定義 (Panel B、C) 67 (一)稅差與創業 (Panel B) 67 (二)稅差與組織型態 (Panel C) 68 三、敘述性統計 (Panel B、C) 69 (一)稅差與創業 (Panel B) 69 (二)稅差與組織型態 (Panel C) 69 四、實證模型 (Panel B、C) 72 (一)稅差與創業之實證模型 (Panel B) 72 (二)稅差與組織型態之實證模型 (Panel C) 74 第三節 實證結果‒稅差對創業與組織型態 76 一、稅差與創業 76 二、稅差與組織型態 81 第四節 小結 86 第伍章 結論與建議 87 第一節 三個實證模型分析結果之綜整 87 第二節 研究貢獻 89 第三節 政策建議 90 第四節 研究限制與展望 91 參考文獻 92 附錄 100 zh_TW dc.format.extent 3894773 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112255012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 稅率與稅收之謎 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 所得移轉 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 營利事業所得稅 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 創業 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 組織型態選擇 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) tax rate-revenue paradox en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Income shifting en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corporate income tax en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Entrepreneurship en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Choice of organizational form en_US dc.title (題名) 稅率與稅收之謎 ‒ 個人與公司所得稅移轉之影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Unraveling the Tax Rate-Revenue Paradox: Income Shifting Between Personal and Corporate Tax Structure en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 吳世英 (2012)，「租稅、企業組織型態和效率損失」，《經濟論文叢刊》，40(1)，37‒71。 封昌宏 (2018)，「全民稅改後公司與獨資合夥誰的稅比較重‒新修正所得稅法第71條之解析」，臺北市：元照出版公司。 黃美珠、王媛慧、蔡玉琴 (2016)，「稅制改革對企業有效稅率之影響‒兼論產業特性與公司特性之調節效果」，《管理評論》，35(4)，51‒73。 許家華 (2024)，《自然人身分轉換為公司法人後的所得稅負影響》，國立政治大學財政學系碩士論文。 Aldred, J. 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