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題名 可支援離線交易的央行數位貨幣系統
A CBDC System Supporting Offline Transactions
作者 林嘉緒
Lin, Jia-Syu
貢獻者 蔡子傑
Tsai, Tzu-Chieh
林嘉緒
Lin, Jia-Syu
關鍵詞 央行數位貨幣
離線支付
零知識證明
雙重支付
Central Bank Digital Currency(CBDC)
Offline Payment
Zero-Knowledge Proof(ZKP)
Double Spending
日期 2025
上傳時間 4-Aug-2025 15:09:41 (UTC+8)
摘要 在數位金融快速發展的背景下，中央銀行數位貨幣（Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC） 逐漸成為全球金融創新的重要趨勢。CBDC係由中央銀行發行，具備法定貨幣的效力，透過數位化形式提供安全、高效、普及的金融服務。根據國際清算銀行（BIS）之研究顯示，全球各國央行已有超過九成正在積極探索CBDC，以因應支付市場快速變遷所帶來的金融與經濟挑戰。 國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）指出，CBDC的推動應考量經濟效率、支付安全性、普惠金融及貨幣政策執行之有效性等多重因素。如中國人民銀行推出的e-CNY聚焦在支付效率與強化金融監管的能力，瑞典央行則透過e-Krona試驗，解決現金使用率大幅下降後支付體系的韌性問題，而巴哈馬央行發行之Sand Dollar則以提升普惠金融作為主要目標，改善金融基礎建設不足地區的支付服務品質。 儘管各國央行推動CBDC的政策動機與設計模式各異，但國際間普遍認同CBDC應與現金及現行電子支付工具共存，並在符合金融監理規範的前提下，適當兼顧支付匿名性與隱私保護需求。由於數位金融時代的發展趨勢仍不斷演進，未來CBDC在實務推廣與政策制定的過程中，必須持續進行深入的研究與實驗，以確保其能穩健地成為支付體系的有效支撐，提供社會大眾更多元且安全的支付選擇，並為未來金融創新與發展提供重要基礎。
In the context of rapid digital financial development, central bank digital currency (CBDC) has gradually become a significant trend in global financial innovation. CBDC is issued by central banks as a digital form of legal tender, aiming to provide secure, efficient, and widely accessible financial services through digital means. According to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), over 90% of global central banks are actively exploring CBDC as a solution to the financial and economic challenges driven by rapid changes in the payment landscape. Additionally, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) emphasizes that the promotion of CBDC should consider multiple factors, including economic efficiency, payment security, financial inclusion, and the effectiveness of monetary policy implementation. For example, China's People's Bank (PBoC) has launched the e-CNY focusing on enhancing payment efficiency and strengthening financial oversight capabilities; Sweden's Riksbank is experimenting with the e-Krona to address payment system resilience issues arising from the declining use of physical cash; and the Central Bank of the Bahamas has introduced the Sand Dollar primarily to improve financial inclusion and payment services in regions with insufficient financial infrastructure. Despite differences in the policy motivations and design models across various central banks, there is a general international consensus that CBDC should coexist with cash and existing electronic payment tools, while appropriately balancing anonymity and privacy protection under regulatory compliance. Given the evolving landscape of digital finance, ongoing research and experimentation are necessary in promoting and formulating CBDC policies to ensure robust integration within the payment system. CBDC should thus serve as an effective financial infrastructure, offering diverse and secure payment options, and establishing a solid foundation for future financial innovation and development.
參考文獻 [1] 楊金龍（2021年10月14日）。央行貨幣的支付功能與CBDC的發行 [研討會演講詞]。於「貨幣數位化與台灣金融產業的未來」研討會發表，台北市。 [2] 中央銀行（2023年7月8日）。數位貨幣發行之規劃與貨幣之數位轉型 [專題報告]。立法院財政委員會，第11屆第1會期。 [3] 中央銀行（2024年）。本行數位貨幣（CBDC）議題委外問卷調查結果之說明 [調查報告]。臺北市：中央銀行。 [4] Chu, Y., Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, H., Yoon, Y., & Chung, H. (2022). Review of offline payment function of CBDC considering security requirements. Applied Sciences, 12(9), 4488. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094488 [5] Armelius, H., Claussen, C. A., & Hull, I. (2021). On the possibility of a cash-like CBDC. Sveriges Riksbank Staff Memo. [6] Christodorescu, M., Gu, W. C., Kumaresan, R., Minaei, M., Ozdayi, M., Price, B., & Zamani, M. (2020). Towards a two-tier hierarchical infrastructure: An offline payment system for central bank digital currencies. arXiv:2012.08003. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.08003 [7] Agur, I., Ari, A., & Dell’Ariccia, G. (2022). Designing central bank digital currencies. Journal of Monetary Economics, 125, 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.05.002 [8] Bindseil, U. (2020). Tiered CBDC and the financial system. ECB Working Paper Series, No. 2351. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2351~c8c18bbd60.en.pdf [9] Visa. (2021). How central bank digital currency could reshape Asia Pacific economies. Visa Inc. Retrieved from https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/ms/documents/visa-how-central-bank-digital-currency-could-reshape-ap-economies.pdf [10] Visa. (2021). Designing central bank digital currencies: Considerations for financial institutions. Visa Inc. Retrieved from https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/ms/documents/visa-designing-cbdc-considerations-for-financial-institutions.pdf [11] 台北外匯市場發展基金會（2024年）。介紹IMF中央銀行數位貨幣（CBDC）專案管理方法兼述我國CBDC發展情形 [專題報告]。臺北市：台北外匯市場發展基金會。 [12] Narula, N., Vasquez, W., & Virza, M. (2018). zkLedger: Privacy-preserving auditing for distributed ledgers. Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'18). Retrieved from https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi18/presentation/narula [13] Ben-Sasson, E., Chiesa, A., Tromer, E., & Virza, M. (2014). Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von Neumann architecture. Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium. Retrieved from https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity14/technical-sessions/presentation/ben-sasson [14] 黃川睿（2023年）。具隱私性和安全性且適用於在線和離線的數位貨幣支付系統（碩士論文）。國立政治大學資訊科學系，台北市。 [15] 林承毅（2016年）。可預防雙重支付的離線小額匿名交易機制（碩士論文）。國立政治大學資訊科學系，台北市。 [16] Yao, Q. (2018). A systematic framework to understand central bank digital currency. Science China Information Sciences, 61(3), 033101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-017-9294-5 [17] European Central Bank (ECB). (2023). Study on digital wallet features. ECB Publication. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/ecb.study_digital_wallet_features202303~4a3d7280ea.en.pdf [18] Quisquater, J.-J., Guillou, L., & Berson, T. (1990). How to explain zero-knowledge protocols to your children. Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '89, 628–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34805-0_60 [19] Maxwell, G. (2015). Confidential transactions [Technical report]. Xiph.org. Retrieved April 4, 2018, from https://people.xiph.org/~greg/confidential_values.txt [20] Pedersen, T. P. (1991). Non interactive and information theoretic secure verifiable secret sharing. In D. Stinson (Ed.), Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO ’91 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 576, pp. 129–140). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46766-1_9 [21] Kogan, D. (2019). Proofs of knowledge, Schnorr’s protocol, NIZK [Lecture 5, CS 355: Topics in Cryptography, Spring 2019]. Stanford University. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from https://crypto.stanford.edu/cs355/19sp/lec5.pdf [22] Fiat, A., & Shamir, A. (1986). How to prove yourself: Practical solutions to identification and signature problems. In A. M. Odlyzko (Ed.), Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO '86 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 263, pp. 186–194). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47721-7_12 [23] Bank for International Settlements (BIS). (2021). CBDCs: Financial stability implications. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap117.pdf [24] Bank for International Settlements (BIS). (2023). Blueprint for the future monetary system. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/arpdf/ar2023e3.htm [25] Centre Consortium. (2022). USD Coin (USDC) whitepaper. Retrieved from https://www.centre.io/usdc [26] Financial Action Task Force (FATF). (2020). Guidance on stablecoins. Retrieved from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/Guidance-on-Stablecoins.pdf [27] Boar, C., Holden, H., & Wadsworth, A. (2020). Impending arrival: A sequel to the survey on central bank digital currency. BIS Papers No. 107. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap107.htm [28] Tether. (2023). Transparency Report. Retrieved from https://tether.to/en/transparency/ [29] zkDocs. (n.d.). Pedersen Commitments. Retrieved from https://www.zkdocs.com/docs/zkdocs/commitments/pedersen/ [30] zkDocs. (n.d.). Schnorr’s Identification Protocol. Retrieved from https://www.zkdocs.com/docs/zkdocs/zero-knowledge-protocols/schnorr/ [31] Bank for International Settlements (BIS). (2023). Making headway – Results of the 2022 BIS survey on central bank digital currencies. BIS Papers No. 136. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap136.htm [32] International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022). A survey of research on retail central bank digital currency. IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/2022/004. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2022/11/03/A-Survey-of-Research-on-Retail-Central-Bank-Digital-Currency-525277
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
資訊科學系碩士在職專班
110971014
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110971014
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡子傑zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Tzu-Chiehen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林嘉緒zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Jia-Syuen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林嘉緒zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Jia-Syuen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2025 15:09:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 4-Aug-2025 15:09:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2025 15:09:41 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110971014en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/158706-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 資訊科學系碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 110971014zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在數位金融快速發展的背景下，中央銀行數位貨幣（Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC） 逐漸成為全球金融創新的重要趨勢。CBDC係由中央銀行發行，具備法定貨幣的效力，透過數位化形式提供安全、高效、普及的金融服務。根據國際清算銀行（BIS）之研究顯示，全球各國央行已有超過九成正在積極探索CBDC，以因應支付市場快速變遷所帶來的金融與經濟挑戰。 國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）指出，CBDC的推動應考量經濟效率、支付安全性、普惠金融及貨幣政策執行之有效性等多重因素。如中國人民銀行推出的e-CNY聚焦在支付效率與強化金融監管的能力，瑞典央行則透過e-Krona試驗，解決現金使用率大幅下降後支付體系的韌性問題，而巴哈馬央行發行之Sand Dollar則以提升普惠金融作為主要目標，改善金融基礎建設不足地區的支付服務品質。 儘管各國央行推動CBDC的政策動機與設計模式各異，但國際間普遍認同CBDC應與現金及現行電子支付工具共存，並在符合金融監理規範的前提下，適當兼顧支付匿名性與隱私保護需求。由於數位金融時代的發展趨勢仍不斷演進，未來CBDC在實務推廣與政策制定的過程中，必須持續進行深入的研究與實驗，以確保其能穩健地成為支付體系的有效支撐，提供社會大眾更多元且安全的支付選擇，並為未來金融創新與發展提供重要基礎。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) In the context of rapid digital financial development, central bank digital currency (CBDC) has gradually become a significant trend in global financial innovation. CBDC is issued by central banks as a digital form of legal tender, aiming to provide secure, efficient, and widely accessible financial services through digital means. According to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), over 90% of global central banks are actively exploring CBDC as a solution to the financial and economic challenges driven by rapid changes in the payment landscape. Additionally, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) emphasizes that the promotion of CBDC should consider multiple factors, including economic efficiency, payment security, financial inclusion, and the effectiveness of monetary policy implementation. For example, China's People's Bank (PBoC) has launched the e-CNY focusing on enhancing payment efficiency and strengthening financial oversight capabilities; Sweden's Riksbank is experimenting with the e-Krona to address payment system resilience issues arising from the declining use of physical cash; and the Central Bank of the Bahamas has introduced the Sand Dollar primarily to improve financial inclusion and payment services in regions with insufficient financial infrastructure. Despite differences in the policy motivations and design models across various central banks, there is a general international consensus that CBDC should coexist with cash and existing electronic payment tools, while appropriately balancing anonymity and privacy protection under regulatory compliance. Given the evolving landscape of digital finance, ongoing research and experimentation are necessary in promoting and formulating CBDC policies to ensure robust integration within the payment system. CBDC should thus serve as an effective financial infrastructure, offering diverse and secure payment options, and establishing a solid foundation for future financial innovation and development.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 致謝 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii 目次 v 表次 vii 圖次 viii 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 論文介紹 1 第二節 研究動機與目的 2 第三節 文獻與時事探討 3 一、 CBDC發展背景與現況 3 二、 離線支付風險分析與分類 3 三、 電子錢包（Digital Wallet）應用現況與發展趨勢 4 四、 天才法案與全球貨幣主權挑戰 4 第二章: 基礎理論及相關研究 7 第一節 法幣 7 第二節 穩定幣 8 第三節 中央銀行數位貨幣（CBDC） 9 第四節 電子支付/CBDC/穩定幣比較 14 一、 CBDC 14 二、 電子支付vs. CBDC 14 三、 CBDC vs. 穩定幣 14 第五節 零知識證明 16 一、 零知識證明概述 16 二、 應用演算法- 基於橢圓曲線之Pedersen commitment： 17 三、 點對點驗證- 知識證明（Proof of Knowledge）： 19 四、 餘額驗證 21 五、 演算法差異 22 第六節 安全機制 25 一、 風險控管機制(software security) 25 二、 安全執行環境(hardware security) 26 第七節 權力移轉 27 第三章 研究方法與系統架構 29 第一節 實驗環境設定 29 第二節 系統架構設計 31 第三節 資料表結構與分析 33 第四節 系統設計與交易模型 38 一、 系統架構 (Centralized Architecture)： 38 二、 短期離線交易機制： 38 三、 風險控制機制： 38 第五節 交易協議設計 39 第六節 交易流程 47 一、 收款方發出支付請求 48 二、 付款方承諾 49 三、 收款方驗證並請求證明 49 四、 付款方計算證明 50 五、 零知識驗證及交易完成 50 第七節 風險評估模型與風險應對機制 52 第四章 實驗設計與結果分析 55 第一節 實驗設計 55 第二節 攻擊腳本設計 57 第三節 實驗結果分析 59 第四節 性能數據 66 第五章 結論與未來展望 67 第一節 結論（Conclusion） 67 第二節 未來研究建議（Future Works） 68 參考文獻 69zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2561265 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110971014en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 央行數位貨幣zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 離線支付zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 零知識證明zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙重支付zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Central Bank Digital Currency(CBDC)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Offline Paymenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Zero-Knowledge Proof(ZKP)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Double Spendingen_US
dc.title (題名) 可支援離線交易的央行數位貨幣系統zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A CBDC System Supporting Offline Transactionsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) [1] 楊金龍（2021年10月14日）。央行貨幣的支付功能與CBDC的發行 [研討會演講詞]。於「貨幣數位化與台灣金融產業的未來」研討會發表，台北市。 [2] 中央銀行（2023年7月8日）。數位貨幣發行之規劃與貨幣之數位轉型 [專題報告]。立法院財政委員會，第11屆第1會期。 [3] 中央銀行（2024年）。本行數位貨幣（CBDC）議題委外問卷調查結果之說明 [調查報告]。臺北市：中央銀行。 [4] Chu, Y., Lee, J., Kim, S., Kim, H., Yoon, Y., & Chung, H. (2022). Review of offline payment function of CBDC considering security requirements. Applied Sciences, 12(9), 4488. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094488 [5] Armelius, H., Claussen, C. A., & Hull, I. (2021). On the possibility of a cash-like CBDC. Sveriges Riksbank Staff Memo. [6] Christodorescu, M., Gu, W. C., Kumaresan, R., Minaei, M., Ozdayi, M., Price, B., & Zamani, M. (2020). Towards a two-tier hierarchical infrastructure: An offline payment system for central bank digital currencies. arXiv:2012.08003. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.08003 [7] Agur, I., Ari, A., & Dell’Ariccia, G. (2022). Designing central bank digital currencies. Journal of Monetary Economics, 125, 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2021.05.002 [8] Bindseil, U. (2020). Tiered CBDC and the financial system. ECB Working Paper Series, No. 2351. Retrieved from https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecb.wp2351~c8c18bbd60.en.pdf [9] Visa. (2021). How central bank digital currency could reshape Asia Pacific economies. Visa Inc. Retrieved from https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/ms/documents/visa-how-central-bank-digital-currency-could-reshape-ap-economies.pdf [10] Visa. (2021). Designing central bank digital currencies: Considerations for financial institutions. Visa Inc. Retrieved from https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/global/ms/documents/visa-designing-cbdc-considerations-for-financial-institutions.pdf [11] 台北外匯市場發展基金會（2024年）。介紹IMF中央銀行數位貨幣（CBDC）專案管理方法兼述我國CBDC發展情形 [專題報告]。臺北市：台北外匯市場發展基金會。 [12] Narula, N., Vasquez, W., & Virza, M. (2018). zkLedger: Privacy-preserving auditing for distributed ledgers. Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'18). Retrieved from https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi18/presentation/narula [13] Ben-Sasson, E., Chiesa, A., Tromer, E., & Virza, M. (2014). Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von Neumann architecture. Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium. Retrieved from https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity14/technical-sessions/presentation/ben-sasson [14] 黃川睿（2023年）。具隱私性和安全性且適用於在線和離線的數位貨幣支付系統（碩士論文）。國立政治大學資訊科學系，台北市。 [15] 林承毅（2016年）。可預防雙重支付的離線小額匿名交易機制（碩士論文）。國立政治大學資訊科學系，台北市。 [16] Yao, Q. (2018). A systematic framework to understand central bank digital currency. Science China Information Sciences, 61(3), 033101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-017-9294-5 [17] European Central Bank (ECB). (2023). Study on digital wallet features. ECB Publication. 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