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題名 華語客體量變動詞短語未完成義之實證性研究
Incompleteness of incremental theme VPs in Mandarin Chinese: an experimental study作者 廖俞涵
Liao, Yu-Han貢獻者 陳仲妤
Chen, Chung-Yu
廖俞涵
Liao, Yu-Han關鍵詞 客體量變動詞短語
完成動詞
完整體標記「了」
終結性
Incremental theme VPs
Accomplishment verbs
Perfective aspect marker -le
Event Completion日期 2025 上傳時間 4-Aug-2025 15:32:08 (UTC+8) 摘要 華語中的完成動詞(如「寫一封信」與「吃一個蘋果」)在與完整體標記「了」搭配時通常會有事件完成之意，然並非所有完成動詞在搭配完整體標記「了」後事件皆需要完成，客體量變動詞短語搭配「了」的「動詞+了+限定詞+名詞」結構即為一類，其事件完成是否必要與其「動詞種類」、「限定詞種類」與「名詞種類」有關，在某些特定條件下，華語客體量變動詞短語在完整體下允許事件未完成的解讀。 由於現有研究中，關於何種條件會使客體量變動詞短語允許未完成義之討論以理論為主：一般認為，動詞種類為「創造動詞」(如「寫一封信」)時，相較於動詞種類為「消耗動詞」（如「吃一個蘋果」)時不容易允許未完成解讀，而限定詞為「指示詞」或「一」時，相較於限定詞為其他數詞時更容易允許未完成解讀。在理論性研究之外，實證性研究較少，且這些少數的實證性研究僅聚焦在限定詞為「指示詞」或「數詞」的差異，並未探討不同數詞間的差別，且對於動詞類型是否影響未完成義的解讀仍不清楚。 針對以上研究缺口，本研究聚焦在限定詞為「數詞+量詞」結構之客體量變動詞短語，透過改變「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」中的「數詞種類」與「動詞種類」，在「圖片判斷測驗」與「二元接受度測驗」兩個實驗中，測試華語母語者對於「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」事件完成與事件未完成解讀的接受度。 研究結果部分，本研究總共有41位資料有效的受試者，實驗結果顯示「數詞種類」會影響在兩個實驗中對「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」未完成解讀的接受度，當數詞為「一」時的接受度低於數詞為「三」時的接受度。另一方面，「動詞種類」則不一定，在「圖片判斷測驗」中，動詞為「創造動詞」時的接受度較動詞為「消耗動詞」高，在「二元接受度測驗」中則差異不大。因此，無論是關於「數詞種類」還是「動詞種類」，本研究之研究結果皆不符合根據現有理論性研究而建立的假設，推測為任務效應之緣故，因此有待未來針對實驗方式進行改善。
In Mandarin Chinese, accomplishment verbs (eg. xie yi feng xin “write a letter” and chi yi ge pingguo “eat an apple”) combined with the perfective aspect marker -le typically indicate event completion. However, not all accomplishment verbs, when paired with "-le," necessitate the completion of the event. Incremental theme VPs with perfective marker “-le”, structured as "Verb + -le + Determiner + Noun," represent a category where the necessity of event completion depends on the verb type, quantifier type, and noun type. Under specific conditions, these phrases may allow interpretations where the event is not completed. Current research mainly examines this phenomenon from a theoretical perspective. Generally, it is believed that when the verb type is a "creation verb" (eg. xie yi feng xin “write a letter”), it is less likely to allow an incomplete interpretation compared to when the verb type is a "consumption verb" (eg. chi yi ge pingguo “eat an apple”). Additionally, when the determiner is a "demonstrative" or "one," it is more likely to allow an incomplete interpretation than when the determiner is another numeral. However, beyond these theoretical studies, empirical research remains relatively scarce. Moreover, these few empirical studies focus on differences when the determiner is a demonstrative or a numeral, without exploring variations among different numerals. The influence of verb types on the interpretation of event completion remains unclear. Addressing these gaps, this study focuses on incremental theme VPs with a "Numeral + Classifier" structure. By manipulating the “verb type” and the “numeral type” in the "Verb + -le + Numeral + Classifier + Noun" construction, the study examines Mandarin native speakers' acceptance of event completion and non-completion interpretations through a Picture Judgment Task and a Binary Acceptability Judgment Task. Based on data from 41 participants, the experimental findings indicate that "numeral type" influenced participants' acceptance of the incomplete interpretation of the structure "verb + -le + numeral + classifier + noun" in both experiments. Specifically, when the numeral was "one”, acceptance was lower than when the numeral was "three." On the other hand, the impact of "verb type" varied. In the "picture judgment task," acceptance was higher when the verb was a "creative verb" compared to when it was a "consumptive verb", whereas in the "binary acceptability judgment task," the difference was minimal. Therefore, the study’s findings regarding both "numeral type" and "verb type" do not align with hypotheses based on existing theoretical research. This discrepancy is presumed to be due to task effects, highlighting the need for future refinement of the experimental methodology.參考文獻 Czardybon A., Fleischhauer J. (2014). Definiteness and perfectivity in telic incremental theme predications. In D. Gerland, C Horn, A Latrouite, A Ortmann (eds.), Meaning and Grammar of Nouns and Verbs, (pp. 373–400). Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf University Press. Chen, C.-Y. (2018). Termination or completion in Mandarin perfective accomplishment VPs: An experimental study. Talk given at the 30th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-30), March 9-11. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Declerck, R. (2007). Distinguishing between the aspectual categories “(a)telic”, “(im)perfective” and “(non)bounded”. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 29, 48–64. Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Boston: Harvard University Press. Kennedy, C. (2012). The composition of incremental change. In V. Demonte & L. McNally (Eds.), Telicity, change, state: A cross-categorical view of event structure (pp. 103–121). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Koenig, J. P., & Chief, L. C. (2008). Scalarity and state-changes in Mandarin (and other languages). In O. Bonami & P. Cabredo-Hofherr (Eds.), Empirical issues in syntax and semantics, 7, (pp. 241–262). Paris: CSSP. Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. Li, T. (2019). Incomplete perfectivity and its acquisition in Mandarin Chinese. Master’s thesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Martin, F. (2019). Non-culminating accomplishments. Language and Linguistics Compass, 13(8), 1–20. Ogiela, D. (2007). Development of telicity interpretation: Sensitivity to verb-type and determiner-type. Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University. Peck, J., Lin, J., & Sun, C. (2016). A Scalar Analysis of Chinese Incremental Theme VP. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, 26, 216–246. Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (2010). Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In E. Doron, M. Rappaport Hovav, & I. Sichel (Eds.), Syntax, lexical semantics, and event structure (pp. 21–38). Oxford University Press: Oxford. Rothstein, S. (2001). What are Incremental Themes? In: J. Gerhard, A. S. Strigin, S. Wilder and N. Zhang (eds.), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 22, 139–157. Segaert, K. (2020). Priming effects. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 4027–4030). Springer-Verlag. Smith, C. S. (1997). The parameter of aspect / by Carlota S. Smith. (2nd ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Soh, H. L., & Kuo, J. Y. C. (2005). Perfective aspect and accomplishment situations in Mandarin Chinese. In H. Verkuyl, H. Swart, & A. Hout (Eds.), Perspectives on aspect (pp. 199–216). Kluwer. Tai, H.-Y. J. (1984). Verbs and Times in Chinese: Vendler's Four Categories. In D. Testen, V. Mishra, & J. Drogo (Eds.), Papers from the parasession on lexical semantics (pp. 289–296). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistics Society. Vendler, Z. (1957). Verbs and times. The philosophical review, 66(2), 143–160. Verkuyl, H. J. (1989). Aspectual classes and aspectual composition. Linguistics and philosophy, 39–94. Xu, J., & Schmitt, C. (2024). Demonstratives but not verbs cause non-culmination in Mandarin incremental-theme predicates: Evidence from children and adults. Poster presented at the 42nd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 42), Berkeley. Zhang, A. (2020). Referentiality, individuation and incompletive readings. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 29, 435–468. 林若望（2002）。論現代漢語時制的意義。Language and Linguistics。3.1:1–25。 張麗麗、陳克健、黃居仁（2000）。漢語動詞詞彙語意分析：表達模式與研究方法。Computational Linguistics，5（1），1–18。 鄧守信（2019）。 當代中文語法點全集 （二版）。 聯經出版事業公司。 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
華語文教學碩博士學位學程
112161001資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112161001 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳仲妤 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Chung-Yu en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 廖俞涵 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liao, Yu-Han en_US dc.creator (作者) 廖俞涵 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Liao, Yu-Han en_US dc.date (日期) 2025 en_US dc.date.accessioned 4-Aug-2025 15:32:08 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 4-Aug-2025 15:32:08 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 4-Aug-2025 15:32:08 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112161001 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/158754 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 華語文教學碩博士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 112161001 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 華語中的完成動詞(如「寫一封信」與「吃一個蘋果」)在與完整體標記「了」搭配時通常會有事件完成之意，然並非所有完成動詞在搭配完整體標記「了」後事件皆需要完成，客體量變動詞短語搭配「了」的「動詞+了+限定詞+名詞」結構即為一類，其事件完成是否必要與其「動詞種類」、「限定詞種類」與「名詞種類」有關，在某些特定條件下，華語客體量變動詞短語在完整體下允許事件未完成的解讀。 由於現有研究中，關於何種條件會使客體量變動詞短語允許未完成義之討論以理論為主：一般認為，動詞種類為「創造動詞」(如「寫一封信」)時，相較於動詞種類為「消耗動詞」（如「吃一個蘋果」)時不容易允許未完成解讀，而限定詞為「指示詞」或「一」時，相較於限定詞為其他數詞時更容易允許未完成解讀。在理論性研究之外，實證性研究較少，且這些少數的實證性研究僅聚焦在限定詞為「指示詞」或「數詞」的差異，並未探討不同數詞間的差別，且對於動詞類型是否影響未完成義的解讀仍不清楚。 針對以上研究缺口，本研究聚焦在限定詞為「數詞+量詞」結構之客體量變動詞短語，透過改變「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」中的「數詞種類」與「動詞種類」，在「圖片判斷測驗」與「二元接受度測驗」兩個實驗中，測試華語母語者對於「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」事件完成與事件未完成解讀的接受度。 研究結果部分，本研究總共有41位資料有效的受試者，實驗結果顯示「數詞種類」會影響在兩個實驗中對「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」未完成解讀的接受度，當數詞為「一」時的接受度低於數詞為「三」時的接受度。另一方面，「動詞種類」則不一定，在「圖片判斷測驗」中，動詞為「創造動詞」時的接受度較動詞為「消耗動詞」高，在「二元接受度測驗」中則差異不大。因此，無論是關於「數詞種類」還是「動詞種類」，本研究之研究結果皆不符合根據現有理論性研究而建立的假設，推測為任務效應之緣故，因此有待未來針對實驗方式進行改善。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) In Mandarin Chinese, accomplishment verbs (eg. xie yi feng xin “write a letter” and chi yi ge pingguo “eat an apple”) combined with the perfective aspect marker -le typically indicate event completion. However, not all accomplishment verbs, when paired with "-le," necessitate the completion of the event. Incremental theme VPs with perfective marker “-le”, structured as "Verb + -le + Determiner + Noun," represent a category where the necessity of event completion depends on the verb type, quantifier type, and noun type. Under specific conditions, these phrases may allow interpretations where the event is not completed. Current research mainly examines this phenomenon from a theoretical perspective. Generally, it is believed that when the verb type is a "creation verb" (eg. xie yi feng xin “write a letter”), it is less likely to allow an incomplete interpretation compared to when the verb type is a "consumption verb" (eg. chi yi ge pingguo “eat an apple”). Additionally, when the determiner is a "demonstrative" or "one," it is more likely to allow an incomplete interpretation than when the determiner is another numeral. However, beyond these theoretical studies, empirical research remains relatively scarce. Moreover, these few empirical studies focus on differences when the determiner is a demonstrative or a numeral, without exploring variations among different numerals. The influence of verb types on the interpretation of event completion remains unclear. Addressing these gaps, this study focuses on incremental theme VPs with a "Numeral + Classifier" structure. By manipulating the “verb type” and the “numeral type” in the "Verb + -le + Numeral + Classifier + Noun" construction, the study examines Mandarin native speakers' acceptance of event completion and non-completion interpretations through a Picture Judgment Task and a Binary Acceptability Judgment Task. Based on data from 41 participants, the experimental findings indicate that "numeral type" influenced participants' acceptance of the incomplete interpretation of the structure "verb + -le + numeral + classifier + noun" in both experiments. Specifically, when the numeral was "one”, acceptance was lower than when the numeral was "three." On the other hand, the impact of "verb type" varied. In the "picture judgment task," acceptance was higher when the verb was a "creative verb" compared to when it was a "consumptive verb", whereas in the "binary acceptability judgment task," the difference was minimal. Therefore, the study’s findings regarding both "numeral type" and "verb type" do not align with hypotheses based on existing theoretical research. This discrepancy is presumed to be due to task effects, highlighting the need for future refinement of the experimental methodology. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 摘要 i 目次 iii 表次 v 圖次 vii 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究範圍 2 1.3 研究架構 3 第二章 文獻回顧 4 2.1 「動詞＋了＋數詞＋量詞＋名詞」結構之特性 4 2.1.1 客體量變動詞短語(incremental theme VP) 4 2.1.2 情狀類型(situation type) 5 2.1.3 完整體與「了」 7 2.3 影響客體量變動詞短語未完成義之因素 11 2.3.1 NPO/APO與名詞短語有界性對完成與終止義之影響 12 2.3.2 層級結構對完成與終止義之影響 14 2.3.3 指涉性對完成與終止義之影響 16 2.4 客體量變動詞短語的實證性研究 18 2.4.1 Chen (2018) 19 2.4.2 Li (2019) 21 2.4.3 Xu與Schmitt（2024） 24 2.5 小結 26 第三章 研究方法 29 3.1 研究問題與假設 29 3.2 實驗對象 30 3.3 實驗流程 31 3.4 實驗形式 32 3.4.1 二元接受度測驗 32 3.4.1 圖片判斷測驗 34 3.5 實驗材料 36 3.5.1 二元接受度測驗 36 3.5.2 圖片判斷測驗 40 3.6 預期結果 41 第四章 實驗結果 43 4.1 有效資料分析 43 4.2 六個未完成條件實驗總體結果 44 4.3 二元接受度測驗 46 4.3.1 實驗結果分析 46 4.3.2 受試者分析 50 4.4. 圖片判斷測驗 52 4.4.1 實驗結果分析 52 4.4.2 受試者分析 58 4.5. 小結：綜合分析 60 4.5.1 實驗結果綜合分析 60 4.5.2 受試者綜合分析 65 第五章 討論 67 5.1 不同數詞對接受度之影響 67 5.2 不同動詞類型對接受度之影響 70 第六章 結論 73 參考文獻 77 附錄 80 zh_TW dc.format.extent 8724430 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112161001 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 客體量變動詞短語 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 完成動詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 完整體標記「了」 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 終結性 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Incremental theme VPs en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Accomplishment verbs en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Perfective aspect marker -le en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Event Completion en_US dc.title (題名) 華語客體量變動詞短語未完成義之實證性研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Incompleteness of incremental theme VPs in Mandarin Chinese: an experimental study en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Czardybon A., Fleischhauer J. (2014). Definiteness and perfectivity in telic incremental theme predications. In D. Gerland, C Horn, A Latrouite, A Ortmann (eds.), Meaning and Grammar of Nouns and Verbs, (pp. 373–400). Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf University Press. Chen, C.-Y. (2018). Termination or completion in Mandarin perfective accomplishment VPs: An experimental study. Talk given at the 30th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-30), March 9-11. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Declerck, R. (2007). Distinguishing between the aspectual categories “(a)telic”, “(im)perfective” and “(non)bounded”. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 29, 48–64. Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Boston: Harvard University Press. Kennedy, C. (2012). The composition of incremental change. In V. Demonte & L. McNally (Eds.), Telicity, change, state: A cross-categorical view of event structure (pp. 103–121). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Koenig, J. P., & Chief, L. C. (2008). Scalarity and state-changes in Mandarin (and other languages). In O. Bonami & P. Cabredo-Hofherr (Eds.), Empirical issues in syntax and semantics, 7, (pp. 241–262). Paris: CSSP. Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. Li, T. (2019). Incomplete perfectivity and its acquisition in Mandarin Chinese. Master’s thesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Martin, F. (2019). Non-culminating accomplishments. Language and Linguistics Compass, 13(8), 1–20. Ogiela, D. (2007). Development of telicity interpretation: Sensitivity to verb-type and determiner-type. Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University. Peck, J., Lin, J., & Sun, C. (2016). A Scalar Analysis of Chinese Incremental Theme VP. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, 26, 216–246. Rappaport Hovav, M., & Levin, B. (2010). Reflections on manner/result complementarity. In E. Doron, M. Rappaport Hovav, & I. Sichel (Eds.), Syntax, lexical semantics, and event structure (pp. 21–38). Oxford University Press: Oxford. Rothstein, S. (2001). What are Incremental Themes? In: J. Gerhard, A. S. Strigin, S. Wilder and N. Zhang (eds.), ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 22, 139–157. Segaert, K. (2020). Priming effects. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 4027–4030). Springer-Verlag. Smith, C. S. (1997). The parameter of aspect / by Carlota S. Smith. (2nd ed.). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Soh, H. L., & Kuo, J. Y. C. (2005). Perfective aspect and accomplishment situations in Mandarin Chinese. In H. Verkuyl, H. Swart, & A. Hout (Eds.), Perspectives on aspect (pp. 199–216). Kluwer. Tai, H.-Y. J. (1984). Verbs and Times in Chinese: Vendler's Four Categories. In D. Testen, V. Mishra, & J. Drogo (Eds.), Papers from the parasession on lexical semantics (pp. 289–296). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistics Society. Vendler, Z. (1957). Verbs and times. The philosophical review, 66(2), 143–160. Verkuyl, H. J. (1989). Aspectual classes and aspectual composition. Linguistics and philosophy, 39–94. Xu, J., & Schmitt, C. (2024). Demonstratives but not verbs cause non-culmination in Mandarin incremental-theme predicates: Evidence from children and adults. Poster presented at the 42nd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 42), Berkeley. Zhang, A. (2020). Referentiality, individuation and incompletive readings. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 29, 435–468. 林若望（2002）。論現代漢語時制的意義。Language and Linguistics。3.1:1–25。 張麗麗、陳克健、黃居仁（2000）。漢語動詞詞彙語意分析：表達模式與研究方法。Computational Linguistics，5（1），1–18。 鄧守信（2019）。 當代中文語法點全集 （二版）。 聯經出版事業公司。 zh_TW
