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題名 性別平等信念與收入：來自台灣的實證研究
Gender Equality Beliefs and Income: Evidence from Taiwan
作者 羅伊瑪
Laguna, Nahima Lopez
貢獻者 蘇昱璇
Su, Yu-Hsuan
羅伊瑪
Nahima Lopez Laguna
關鍵詞 性別角色態度
所得
性別
亞洲女性
性別平等
Gender Roles Attitude
Income
Gender
Asia Women
Gender Equality
日期 2025
上傳時間 1-Sep-2025 15:21:13 (UTC+8)
摘要 這篇論文運用「臺灣社會變遷基本調查」（TSCS）資料，探討臺灣民眾的性別角色信念與個人所得之關係。儘管臺灣在多項國際指標上表現亮眼，傳統的性別角色觀仍深植於社會諸多面向。本文報告持傳統性別角色信念者進入較高所得階層的勝算，並檢視此勝算是否因性別而異。 本研究採用序位羅吉斯迴歸（ordinal logistic regression）模型，評估在持傳統性別角色態度時，進入較高所得等級的勝算是否較低。模型納入性別與各性別角色態度變項之交互作用，以檢驗相較於男性，持傳統信念的女性是否特別不利。結果顯示，在十一項性別角色題項中，有四項呈現出持傳統觀點者進入較高所得階層的勝算較低；此現象尤以相信「女性應優先家庭責任」或「男性應為主要家計負擔者」的信念最為明顯。此外，在十一個與性別的交互作用中，有三項顯示負向關聯對女性尤為顯著，凸顯持上述三種傳統信念的女性在經濟上更處於不利地位。 研究結果指出，傳統性別態度與有限的經濟機會可並存，且在某些情況下對女性尤為明顯；此亦支持縮減所得不平等的重要性。上述發現可為關注臺灣與東亞性別、意識形態與經濟發展交會議題的政策制定者、教育工作者與學者提供參考。
This thesis investigates individuals’ gender role beliefs and personal income in Taiwan, utilizing data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS). Traditional views on gender roles remain embedded in many aspects of the Taiwanese society, even after achieving high scores on international indexes. This study reports the odds of being in a higher income bracket for individuals holding traditional beliefs about gender roles, and whether these odds vary by gender. Ordinal logistic regression models were conducted to assess whether negative odds of being in a higher income level occur when holding traditional gender role attitudes. Interaction terms between gender and each gender role attitude variable were included, to examine whether the odds of being in a higher income bracket are particularly negative for women who hold traditional beliefs, compared to men. Individuals who hold traditional views on 4 out of the 11 gender role items have lower odds of being in higher income brackets. This is particularly evident when holding beliefs that women should prioritize family responsibilities or that men should be the primary earners in the household. Moreover, 3 out of the 11 interaction terms with gender show that the negative association is especially pronounced among women, highlighting a gender-specific negative economic situation of women who hold to these 3 traditional beliefs. The results suggest that holding traditional gender attitudes and limited economic opportunities coexists, in some cases especially for women, and support the importance of reducing income inequality. These findings offer insights for policymakers, educators, and scholars interested in the intersection of gender, ideology, and economic development in Taiwan and East Asia.
參考文獻 Bedford, O., & Hwang, K.-K. (2003). Guilt and shame in Chinese culture: A cross-cultural framework from the perspective of morality and identity. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00210 Bertrand, Marianne. (2011). New Perspectives on Gender. In Ashenfelter and Card, ed. Handbook of Labor Economics, 4:1543-1590. North Holland: Elsevier. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26303306 Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender Discrimination at Work: Connecting Gender Stereotypes, Institutional Policies, and Gender Composition of Workplace. Gender & Society, 25(6), 764-786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211424741 (Original work published 2011) Chang, Doris T. (2018) Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Policies in Contemporary Taiwan. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 19(6), Article 22. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol19/iss6/22 Chang, C.-F. (2023). The Effects of Gender Equality Law on Gender Wage Differentials: Evidence from Taiwan. Taipei Economic Inquiry, 59(1), 111–167. Chin, T.-F. (2018). Everyday gender at work in Taiwan. Palgrave Macmillan. Chiang, Y.-L., & Liu, R. (2024). Egalitarian penalty or reward? A longitudinal study of adolescent gender attitudes and adulthood income. Social Science Research, 119, 103000–103000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103000 Chuang, Y., & Lai, W. (2017). RETURNS TO HUMAN CAPITAL AND WAGE INEQUALITY: THE CASE OF TAIWAN. Journal of Economic Development, 42(3), 61-88. https://proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/returns-human-capital-wage-inequality-case-taiwan/docview/1953851379/se-2 Chuang, H.-L., & Lee, H. (2003). The Return on Women’s Human Capital and the Role of Male Attitudes toward Working Wives: Gender Roles, Work Interruption, and Women’s Earnings in Taiwan. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 62(2), 435–459. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3487921 Chung, W. Y. (2021). Gendering distance, gendered housework: examining the gendered power dynamics through housework allocation in Taiwanese homes. Gender, Place & Culture, 29(11), 1594–1615. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2021.1974355 Clark, C., Clark, J., & Chen, Y. (2017). Factors Promoting Women’s Participation in Taiwan’s Politics. In (En)Gendering Taiwan (pp. 95–113). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63219-3_7 Davis, S. N., & Greenstein, T. N. (2009). Gender Ideology: Components, Predictors, and Consequences. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 87–105. Department of Gender Quality, Executive Yuan. (2022). 2022 Gender at a glance in ROC (Taiwan). Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. (2023). The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, 2022 [data file]. Available from SRDA - 學術調查研究資料庫 https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-AA170047-1. Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic literature, 50(4), 1051-1079. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles. The American Psychologist, 54(6), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408 Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573 Eberharter, V. V. (2001). Gender roles, labour market participation and household income position. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 12(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(01)00021-2 Fiorent, R. (1993). Theories of Gender Stratification: Assumptions, Evidence, and “Agency” and “Equity” Implications. Rationality and Society, 5(3), 341-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463193005003004 (Original work published 1993) Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 207–239. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24639356 Haspels, N., & Majurin, E. (2008). Work, income and gender equality in East Asia: Action guide. Subregional Office for East Asia. Iida, A. (2023). How Do Traditional Gender Roles Influence Women’s Lives in Taiwan? An Investigation of Highly Educated Women’s Willingness to Create Families. East Asia (Piscataway, N.J.), 40(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-022-09392-3 Lee, Y. F. L. (2008). Economic growth and income inequality: The modern Taiwan experience. Journal of Contemporary China, 17(55), 361-374. Lips, H. M. (2020). Sex and gender: An introduction. Waveland Press. Lips, H. M. (2013). The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging the Rationalizations. Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the Limits of Human Capital Models. Sex Roles, 68(3–4), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0165-z Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of gender. Yale University Press. Lorber, J. (2018). The social construction of gender. Inequality in the 21st Century, 347–352. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-61 Marsh, R. M. (1998). Gender and Pay in Taiwan: Men's Attitudes in 1963 and 1991. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39(1), 115. https://proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/gender-pay-taiwan-mens-attitudes-1963-1991/docview/1299981612/se-2 McDonald, P. (2006). Low Fertility and the State: The Efficacy of Policy. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 485–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00134.x OECD (2019), Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/689afed1-en. R Core Team (2025). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265269 (Original work published 2004) Takeuchi, M., & Tsutsui, J. (2016). Combining Egalitarian Working Lives with Traditional Attitudes: Gender Role Attitudes in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. International Journal of Japanese Sociology : IJJS, 25(1), 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijjs.12039 Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2009). Economic development. Pearson education. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). Human development report 2020: The next frontier – Human development and the Anthropocene. http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report United Nations Development Programme. (2023). Human development report 2023/24: Breaking the gridlock—Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24 Van Vianen, A. E. M., & Fischer, A. H. (2002). Illuminating the glass ceiling: The role of organizational culture preferences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 315–337. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369730 World Economic Forum. (2023). Global gender gap report 2023. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2023/ Wu, C.-I. (2023). 2022 Taiwan Social Change Survey (Round 8, Year 3): Gender (C00395_2) [Data set]. Available from Survey Research Data Archive (SRDA), Academia Sinica. https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00395_2-1 Yang, C.-L., Weng, K., & Renn, S.-L. (2020). Does Taiwan have a Gender Revolution? Assessment Based on Gender Role Attitude, Housework Division and Marriage Matching. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.7-3-2
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
108266009
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108266009
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蘇昱璇zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Su, Yu-Hsuanen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 羅伊瑪zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Nahima Lopez Lagunaen_US
dc.creator (作者) 羅伊瑪zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Laguna, Nahima Lopezen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2025 15:21:13 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2025 15:21:13 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2025 15:21:13 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0108266009en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159144-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 108266009zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 這篇論文運用「臺灣社會變遷基本調查」（TSCS）資料，探討臺灣民眾的性別角色信念與個人所得之關係。儘管臺灣在多項國際指標上表現亮眼，傳統的性別角色觀仍深植於社會諸多面向。本文報告持傳統性別角色信念者進入較高所得階層的勝算，並檢視此勝算是否因性別而異。 本研究採用序位羅吉斯迴歸（ordinal logistic regression）模型，評估在持傳統性別角色態度時，進入較高所得等級的勝算是否較低。模型納入性別與各性別角色態度變項之交互作用，以檢驗相較於男性，持傳統信念的女性是否特別不利。結果顯示，在十一項性別角色題項中，有四項呈現出持傳統觀點者進入較高所得階層的勝算較低；此現象尤以相信「女性應優先家庭責任」或「男性應為主要家計負擔者」的信念最為明顯。此外，在十一個與性別的交互作用中，有三項顯示負向關聯對女性尤為顯著，凸顯持上述三種傳統信念的女性在經濟上更處於不利地位。 研究結果指出，傳統性別態度與有限的經濟機會可並存，且在某些情況下對女性尤為明顯；此亦支持縮減所得不平等的重要性。上述發現可為關注臺灣與東亞性別、意識形態與經濟發展交會議題的政策制定者、教育工作者與學者提供參考。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis investigates individuals’ gender role beliefs and personal income in Taiwan, utilizing data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS). Traditional views on gender roles remain embedded in many aspects of the Taiwanese society, even after achieving high scores on international indexes. This study reports the odds of being in a higher income bracket for individuals holding traditional beliefs about gender roles, and whether these odds vary by gender. Ordinal logistic regression models were conducted to assess whether negative odds of being in a higher income level occur when holding traditional gender role attitudes. Interaction terms between gender and each gender role attitude variable were included, to examine whether the odds of being in a higher income bracket are particularly negative for women who hold traditional beliefs, compared to men. Individuals who hold traditional views on 4 out of the 11 gender role items have lower odds of being in higher income brackets. This is particularly evident when holding beliefs that women should prioritize family responsibilities or that men should be the primary earners in the household. Moreover, 3 out of the 11 interaction terms with gender show that the negative association is especially pronounced among women, highlighting a gender-specific negative economic situation of women who hold to these 3 traditional beliefs. The results suggest that holding traditional gender attitudes and limited economic opportunities coexists, in some cases especially for women, and support the importance of reducing income inequality. These findings offer insights for policymakers, educators, and scholars interested in the intersection of gender, ideology, and economic development in Taiwan and East Asia.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement i Abstract ii 摘要 iii List of Figures v List of Tables vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 5 2.1 Social Role Theory and Gender Stratification Theory 5 2.2 Taiwan’s Road to Modernization 7 2.3 International Measurements of Gender Equality 10 2.4 Taiwan GII and GGI Measurements 13 2.5 Gender Roles Attitudes in Taiwan 14 3. Methodology 19 3.1 Data Source 19 3.2 Sample 19 3.3 Variables and Operationalization 20 3.4 Data Analysis 28 4. Results 41 5. Conclusions 49 6. References 53zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108266009en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別角色態度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 所得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 亞洲女性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別平等zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender Roles Attitudeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Incomeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Genderen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asia Womenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gender Equalityen_US
dc.title (題名) 性別平等信念與收入：來自台灣的實證研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Gender Equality Beliefs and Income: Evidence from Taiwanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bedford, O., & Hwang, K.-K. (2003). Guilt and shame in Chinese culture: A cross-cultural framework from the perspective of morality and identity. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00210 Bertrand, Marianne. (2011). New Perspectives on Gender. In Ashenfelter and Card, ed. Handbook of Labor Economics, 4:1543-1590. North Holland: Elsevier. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26303306 Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender Discrimination at Work: Connecting Gender Stereotypes, Institutional Policies, and Gender Composition of Workplace. Gender & Society, 25(6), 764-786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211424741 (Original work published 2011) Chang, Doris T. (2018) Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Policies in Contemporary Taiwan. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 19(6), Article 22. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol19/iss6/22 Chang, C.-F. (2023). The Effects of Gender Equality Law on Gender Wage Differentials: Evidence from Taiwan. Taipei Economic Inquiry, 59(1), 111–167. Chin, T.-F. (2018). Everyday gender at work in Taiwan. Palgrave Macmillan. Chiang, Y.-L., & Liu, R. (2024). Egalitarian penalty or reward? A longitudinal study of adolescent gender attitudes and adulthood income. Social Science Research, 119, 103000–103000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103000 Chuang, Y., & Lai, W. (2017). RETURNS TO HUMAN CAPITAL AND WAGE INEQUALITY: THE CASE OF TAIWAN. Journal of Economic Development, 42(3), 61-88. https://proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/returns-human-capital-wage-inequality-case-taiwan/docview/1953851379/se-2 Chuang, H.-L., & Lee, H. (2003). The Return on Women’s Human Capital and the Role of Male Attitudes toward Working Wives: Gender Roles, Work Interruption, and Women’s Earnings in Taiwan. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 62(2), 435–459. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3487921 Chung, W. Y. (2021). Gendering distance, gendered housework: examining the gendered power dynamics through housework allocation in Taiwanese homes. Gender, Place & Culture, 29(11), 1594–1615. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2021.1974355 Clark, C., Clark, J., & Chen, Y. (2017). Factors Promoting Women’s Participation in Taiwan’s Politics. In (En)Gendering Taiwan (pp. 95–113). Springer International Publishing AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63219-3_7 Davis, S. N., & Greenstein, T. N. (2009). Gender Ideology: Components, Predictors, and Consequences. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 87–105. Department of Gender Quality, Executive Yuan. (2022). 2022 Gender at a glance in ROC (Taiwan). Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. (2023). The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, 2022 [data file]. Available from SRDA - 學術調查研究資料庫 https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-AA170047-1. Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic literature, 50(4), 1051-1079. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles. The American Psychologist, 54(6), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408 Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573 Eberharter, V. V. (2001). Gender roles, labour market participation and household income position. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 12(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(01)00021-2 Fiorent, R. (1993). Theories of Gender Stratification: Assumptions, Evidence, and “Agency” and “Equity” Implications. Rationality and Society, 5(3), 341-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463193005003004 (Original work published 1993) Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015). The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 207–239. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24639356 Haspels, N., & Majurin, E. (2008). Work, income and gender equality in East Asia: Action guide. Subregional Office for East Asia. Iida, A. (2023). How Do Traditional Gender Roles Influence Women’s Lives in Taiwan? An Investigation of Highly Educated Women’s Willingness to Create Families. East Asia (Piscataway, N.J.), 40(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-022-09392-3 Lee, Y. F. L. (2008). Economic growth and income inequality: The modern Taiwan experience. Journal of Contemporary China, 17(55), 361-374. Lips, H. M. (2020). Sex and gender: An introduction. Waveland Press. Lips, H. M. (2013). The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging the Rationalizations. Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the Limits of Human Capital Models. Sex Roles, 68(3–4), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0165-z Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of gender. Yale University Press. Lorber, J. (2018). The social construction of gender. Inequality in the 21st Century, 347–352. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499821-61 Marsh, R. M. (1998). Gender and Pay in Taiwan: Men's Attitudes in 1963 and 1991. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39(1), 115. https://proxyone.lib.nccu.edu.tw/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/gender-pay-taiwan-mens-attitudes-1963-1991/docview/1299981612/se-2 McDonald, P. (2006). Low Fertility and the State: The Efficacy of Policy. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 485–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00134.x OECD (2019), Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/689afed1-en. R Core Team (2025). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204265269 (Original work published 2004) Takeuchi, M., & Tsutsui, J. (2016). Combining Egalitarian Working Lives with Traditional Attitudes: Gender Role Attitudes in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. International Journal of Japanese Sociology : IJJS, 25(1), 100–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijjs.12039 Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2009). Economic development. Pearson education. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). Human development report 2020: The next frontier – Human development and the Anthropocene. http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report United Nations Development Programme. (2023). Human development report 2023/24: Breaking the gridlock—Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24 Van Vianen, A. E. M., & Fischer, A. H. (2002). Illuminating the glass ceiling: The role of organizational culture preferences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(3), 315–337. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317902320369730 World Economic Forum. (2023). Global gender gap report 2023. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2023/ Wu, C.-I. (2023). 2022 Taiwan Social Change Survey (Round 8, Year 3): Gender (C00395_2) [Data set]. Available from Survey Research Data Archive (SRDA), Academia Sinica. https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00395_2-1 Yang, C.-L., Weng, K., & Renn, S.-L. (2020). Does Taiwan have a Gender Revolution? Assessment Based on Gender Role Attitude, Housework Division and Marriage Matching. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.7-3-2zh_TW