Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 「Chicanx」：美國墨西哥裔之社會、文化與制度建構
The Evolving Definition of Chicanx: A Social, Cultural, and Institutional Construction of Mexican Descendants in the United States作者 顧修齊
Gutierrez, Xochitl貢獻者 何浩慈
Hao-Tzu Ho
顧修齊
Gutierrez, Xochitl關鍵詞 墨西哥裔美國人
批判種族理論
邊境理論
奇卡諾人
雙文化主義
Mexican American
Critical Race Theory
Borderlands Theory
Chicanx
Biculturalism日期 2025 上傳時間 1-Sep-2025 15:21:56 (UTC+8) 摘要 本論文探討「奇卡諾人」(Chicanx) 一詞如何從貶義標籤演變為抵抗與文化自豪的象徵， 此一轉變受到美國社會、政治與制度性力量的深刻影響。本論文運用批判種族理論與邊境 理論，分析「墨西哥裔美國人」在不同地域與世代背景下如何被建構、辯論、與表達。透 過深度訪談、參與觀察等研究方法，研究揭示受訪者在語言、宗教、民族主義、性別角色 與文化再現等層面的異質多元觀點。研究指出，族裔概念並非靜態不變，而是一個受到歷 史創傷、地理環境與社群內部動態影響的流動過程。本研究強調，對「奇卡諾人」 (Chicanx) 理解須採取交織性的視角，兼顧其延續性與變化性.
This thesis investigates how the term Chicanx has evolved from a derogatory label to a symbol of resistance and cultural pride, shaped by social, political, and institutional forces in the United States. Drawing on Critical Race Theory and Borderlands Theory, the study explores how “Mexican American” is constructed, contested, and expressed in different regional and generational contexts. Through a combination of in-depth interviews and participant observation, the research uncovers nuanced perspectives on language, religion, nationalism, gender roles, and cultural representation. Findings show that ethnic identification is not static but fluid, shaped by historical trauma, geographical setting, and internal community dynamics. The study emphasizes the need for an intersectional understanding of Chicanx that acknowledges both continuity and change.參考文獻 Guerrero, A. M., Saldate, M. IV, & Baldenegro, S. R. (1999). Chicano: The term and its meanings. Arizona Association of Chicanos for Higher Education. Archived October 22, 2007 Aigner-Varoz, E. (2000). Metaphors of a Mestiza Consciousness: Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera. MELUS, 25(2), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/468218 Altman, Ida, S. L. Cline, Juan Javier Pescador (2003)., The Early History of Greater Mexico, Prentice Hall. Anzaldúa, Gloria. 1987. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books. Anzaldúa, Gloria (1995). Borderlands: La Frontera – The New Mestiza. 2nd ed., Aunt Lute Books, Anaya, Rudolfo, Francisco A. Lomelí, and Enrique R. Lamadrid. (1989) “Aztlán: Essays on the About · Bracero History Archive. (n.d.). https://braceroarchive.org/about Chicano Homeland, Revised and Expanded Edition”. El Norte Publications, pp. 131- 141. Arredondo, Gabriela F., et al. (2002) Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader. 2nd ed., Duke University Press. Aparicio, F. R. (2009). Cultural Twins and National Others: Allegories of Intralatino Subjectivities in U.S. Latino/a Literature. Identities, 16(5), 622–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10702890903172777. Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press. Arciniega, G. M., Anderson, T. C., Tovar-Blank, Z. G., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2008). Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 0167.55.1.19 Balderrama E. Francisco, Rodríguez, Raymond (2006). Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s, University of New Mexico Press, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. (n.d.). Mexican Catholicism: conquest, faith, and resistance. https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/mexican-catholicism- conquest-faith-and-resistance Britton, John A. The History Teacher 45, no. 2 (2012): 311–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23265935. Campos Carr, Irene. (1990) “Women’s Voices Grow Stronger: Politics and Feminism in Latin America.” NWSA Journal 2. Calcutta, Kitty. (2010) Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I.N.S., Quid Pro Books. California Legislature, S.B No. 670. Apology Act for the 1930s Mexican Repatriation Program, 2005-2006 Castillo, Ana (1994). Massacre of the Dreamers, New York: Plume/Penguin Books. Carbado DW, Crenshaw KW, Mays VM, Tomlinson B. (2013) INTERSECTIONALITY: Mapping the Movements of a Theory. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. Carrasco, V. (n.d.). Caballerismo in Latinx men in higher education. Digital Commons @ DU. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/2101?utm_source=digitalcommons.du.edu%2Fetd%2 F2101&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages Comaroff, J. (1985). The Meaning of the Body: A Cultural History of Colonialism. University of Chicago Press. Condon , J. ( 1985 ). Good neighbors: Communicating with the Mexicans . Yarmouth , ME : Intercultural Press . Contreras, F. (2019). Los Tigres del Norte retrace Johnny Cash’s steps in “Folsom Prison” documentary. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2019/10/18/771255113/los- tigres-del-norte-retrace-johnny-cashs-steps-in-folsom-prison-documentary CPI Inflation Calculator. (n.d.). Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2015). “Why Intersectionality Can't Wait”. Dane Reid Media. (2017, March 15). Liberty & Slavery Clip #2 Voiceover by Dane Reid [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81hRzlIF2E4 Dávila, Arlene. Latino Spin: Public Image and the Whitewashing of Race. NYU Press, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg938. Delgado, F. (1998). When the silenced speak: The textualization and complications of Latina/o identity. Western Journal of Communication, 62, 420 – 438. De Estadística Y Geografía, I. N. (n.d.). Religión. https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados De Genova, Nicholas (2005). Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and "Illegality" in Mexican Chicago. Ukraine: Duke University Press. Duderija, A. (2007). Literature Review: Identity Construction in the context of being a Minority Immigrant Religion: The case of Western-born Muslims. Immigrants & Minorities, 25(2), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619280802018132 Esparza, Jesse. 2021. "The Roots of Oppression: Worker Exploitation, Survival, and Storytelling of the Bracero Program," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 59: Iss. 1, Article 4. Ewing, K. P. (1990). The illusion of wholeness: culture, self and the experience of inconsistency. Ethos, 18(3), 251–278. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1990.18.3.02a00020 Fernández, E. C. (2007). Mexican-American Catholics. Paulist Press. Foley, Neil. 2014. Mexicans in the Making of America. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qdtbj. Galenson, David W. 1984. "The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis". The Journal of Economic History. 44 (1): 1– 26. doi:10.1017/s002205070003134x. S2CID 154682898. Gamio, Manuel (1930). Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Study of Human Migration and Adjustment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garcia T. Mario (ed.), “Introduction,” The Chicano Movement: Perspectives from the Twenty-First Century (New York: Routledge, 2014), 2. Garcia, Alma M.. “The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970- 1980.” Gender & Society 3 (2): 1989, 217–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124389003002004. Geertz, Clifford. (1973). Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture. Basic Books. García, J. A. (1982). Ethnicity and Chicanos: Measurement of ethnic identification, identity, and consciousness. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 4 , 295 – 314 . Geertz, Clifford. (1983). From the native's point of view: On the nature of anthropological understanding. In Local knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology (pp. 55-70). Basic Books. “General Information About Mexico.” n.d. https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/australia/index.php/infomexieng. Gershon, Livia.“The Foundations of Chicana Feminism.” JSTOR Daily, March. 2022. https://daily.jstor.org/the-foundations-of-chicana-feminism/. Gonzales G. Manuel. Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States, Indiana University Press, 2009. Gonzales, Roberto G.. Lives in Limbo: Undocumented and Coming of Age in America. United States: University of California Press, 2016. Gonzales, Rodolfo and Alberto Urista [Alaurista, pseud.] “El plan espiritual de Aztlán.” El grito del Norte, Albuquerque, New Mexico, vol. II, no. 9 (July 6, 1969): 5. Gratton, Brian, Merchant, Emily. “Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–19501”, IMR Volume 47 Number 4 (Winter 2013):944–975. Guardino, Peter. The Dead March, President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2017. Gutiérrez, David G.. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity. United Kingdom: University of California Press, 1995. Hall, Stuart. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Sage Publications. Hayes-Bautista, D. & Chapa, J. (1987). Latino terminology: Conceptual bases for standardized terminology. American Journal of Public Health , 77 , 61 – 68 . Hidalgo, J. (2024, January 27). Beyond Aztlán: Latina/o/x Students Let Go of Their Mythic Homeland. Contending Modernities. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global- currents/beyond-aztlan/ Hirschman, C. (2004). The role of religion in the origins and adaptation of immigrant groups in the United States. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1206–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00233.x Hecht, M. L., Ribeau, S., & Sedano, M. (1990). A Mexican American perspective on interethnic communication . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 14 , 31 – 55. Ho, Ha-Tzu (2019) Cosmopolitan Food Localism: Emergence of Global Local Food Movements in Postcolonial Hong Kong, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13207/ Hernández-Truyol, E. Berta. (1997). Borders (en)gendered: Normativities, Latinas and a LatCrit paradigm. New York University Law Review, 72, 882-927. Hurtado, Aída. “Sitios y Lenguas: Chicanas Theorize Feminisms.” Hypatia 13, no. 2 (1998): 134–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810642. Intersectional feminism: what it means and why it matters right now. (2020, July 1). UN Women – Headquarters. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/6/explainer- intersectional-feminism-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters Kenny, M. G. (1999). The Language of Kinship: Personal Memory and Collective Identity. University of Chicago Press. Lacomba, C. (2023). Hispanic Map of the United States 2022. Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 84, pp. 1–116. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports Los Tigres del Norte. (n.d.). http://www.lostigresdelnorte.com/ Lopez, Ian Haney. White by Law 10th Anniversary Edition: The Legal Construction of Race. United Kingdom: NYU Press, 2006. Macías, Anthony (2008). Mexican American Mojo: Popular Music, Dance, and Urban Culture in Los Angeles, 1935–1968. Duke University Press. p. 9. Malinchismo y malinchista - Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. (n.d.). https://www.academia.org.mx/consultas/consultas-frecuentes/item/malinchismo-y- malinchista Machismo and caballerismo scale. (2025, May 19). https://elcentro.sonhs.miami.edu/research/measures-library/macs/index.html Martinelli, P. C. (1993). Mexican American identity: An interdisciplinary approach. In M. E. Bernal & P. C. Martinelli (Eds.), Mexican American identity (pp. 19–31). Encino, CA: Floricanto Press McIntosh, K. (2020, November 6). The untold story of California Missions – Confluence. https://confluence.gallatin.nyu.edu/sections/research/the-untold-story-of-california- missions Melville, M. B. (1988). Hispanics: Race, class, or ethnicity? Journal of Ethnic Studies, 16, 67 – 83. Migrant Workers – Health is a Human Right. (n.d.). https://exhibits.library.gsu.edu/health-is-a- human-right/a-nation-of-immigrants/migrant-workers Mirandé , A. & Tanno , D. V. ( 1993a ). Labels, researcher perspective, and contextual validation: A commentary. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17, 149 – 155. Mora, G. Cristina. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press, 2014. Moraga, Cherrié, Queer Aztlan: the reformation of Chicano tribe. 1992 Moraga, Cherrié and Gloria Anzaldúa, This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color San Francisco: Aunt Lute Press, 1981. Moraga, Cherrié. n.d. “Queer Aztlán.” In Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland, Revised and Expanded Edition. El Norte Publications.1989. Moraga, Cherrié. “Queer Aztlán: The Re-formation of Chicano Tribe”. Presented at the First National LLEGO Conference in Houston Texas, 1992. Menchaca, Martha. The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California. N.p.: University of Texas Press, 2010. Nadeem, R., & Nadeem, R. (2024, July 19). 1. A brief statistical portrait of U.S. Hispanics. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/06/14/a-brief-statistical- portrait-of-u-s-hispanics/ National Archives. “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848),” September 21, 2022. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe- hidalgo?_ga=2.116509894.1543918148.1733052889-462541972.1732763221 Nieto-Gomez, Ana. "La Feminista," Encuentro Femenil 1:2. 1974. Niemann, Y. L., Romero, A. J., Arredondo, J., & Rodríguez, V. (1999). What does it mean to be “Mexican”?: Social construction of an ethnic identity.Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21 , 47 – 60 . Ordóñez, Elizabeth. “Sexual Politics and the Theme of Sexuality in Chicana Poetry.” Letras Femeninas 32, no. 1 (2006): 67–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23024113. Peralta, S. (2020, September 15). Antes del sueño Americano. El Programa Bracero en México- Estados Unidos (1942-1964). El Estado. Net. https://elestado.net/2020/07/21/antes-sueno-americano-programa-bracero-mexico-estados-unidos-1942-1964/ Pérez, E. Daniel. “Toward a Mariposa Consciousness: Reimagining Queer Chicano and Latino Identities”. University of California Regents. 2014. Phillips, Lynne, and Sally Cole. “Feminist Flows, Feminist Fault Lines: Women’s Machineries and Women’s Movements in Latin America.” Signs 35. 2009. Popli, N., & Cortellessa, E. (2024, April 30). Time. Retrieved from Time: https://time.com/6972270/donald-trump-anti-white-bias-exclusive/ Portes, Alejandro., Rumbaut, Rube ́n G.. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. United Kingdom: University of California Press, 2001. Portes, Alejandro., Zhou, Min. “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Nov., 1993, Vol. 530, Interminority Affairs in the U. S.: Pluralism at the Crossroads (Nov., 1993), pp. 74-96 Religious syncretism in colonial Mexico City. (2024, May 29). https://www.oerproject.com/. https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit6/Religious-Syncretism-in-Colonial-Mexico-City/970L Rinderle , S. ( 2006 ). Quiénes son/quiénes somos: A critical look at the changing names for people of Mexican descent across history . International and Intercultural Communication Annual , 28 , 143 – 165 . ROBINSON, ROBERT S. “Taking The Fair Deal to the Fields: Truman’s Commission on Migratory Labor, Public Law 78, and the Bracero Program, 1950–1952.” Agricultural History 84, no. 3 (2010): 381–402. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868998. Robinson W. William. Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Script, Homesteads, University of California Press, 1948. Rodriguez, Roberto, “The Origins and History of the Chicano Movement.” JSRI Occasional Paper #7. The Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 1996. Roe, J. E. a. M. (n.d.). Critical Race Theory – Theoretical models for teaching and research. https://opentext.wsu.edu/theoreticalmodelsforteachingandresearch/chapter/critical-race- theory/ Rosales, F. Arturo. Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Arte Público Press, 1997. Rosas, Ana Elizabeth. "1. Bracero Recruitment in the Mexican Countryside, 1942–1947" In Abrazando el Espiritu: Bracero Families Confront the US-Mexico Border, 19-39. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520958654- 004 Roque, J. M. (2015, October 14). Machismo versus caballerismo – How a man is defined in the Latino community. The Chivalrous Economist. https://thechivalrouseconomist.wordpress.com/2015/10/13/machismo-versus- caballerismo-how-a-man-is-defined-in-the-latino-community/ Safa, H. Women's Social Movements in Latin America. Gender and Society. 1990. Sandoval, C, Methodology of the Oppressed (First edition). Univ Of Minnesota Press. 2000. Shepherd, J. E. (2018, June 25). How Becky G had a midlife crisis at nine and hit with pitbull by 17. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/how-becky-g-had-a- midlife-crisis-at-nine-and-hit-with-pitbull-by-17-100694/ Simonett, H. (2004). Subcultura musical: el narcocorrido comercial y el narcocorrido por encargo. Caravelle, 82(1), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.3406/carav.2004.1465 Smith, Barbara, Toward a Black Feminist Criticism, University of Illinois Press. 1978 Solorzano, D. G., and Bernal, D. D. (2001). “Examining Transformational Resistance Through a Critical Race and Latcrit Theory Framework: Chicana and Chicano Students in an Urban Context”. Urban Education, 36(3), 308-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085901363002 State Lands Commission, "Grants of Land in California Made by Spanish or Mexican Authorities" (1983). California Agencies. Paper 117. http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/117 Stevens, P. Evelyn. Machismo and marianismo. Soc 10, 57–63 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695282 Tanno, D. (1994). Names, narratives and the evolution of ethnic identity. In A. Gonzalez, M. Houston , & V. Chen (Eds.), Our voices: Essays in culture, ethnicity and communication . Los Angeles , CA : Roxbury . Ting-Toomey, S., Yee-Jung, K. K., Shapiro, R. B., Garcia, W., Wright, T. J. , & Oetzel, J. (2000). Ethnic/cultural identity salience and conflict styles in four U.S. ethnic groups . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 24 , 47 – 81 . Thompson, B. Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism. Feminist Studies. 2002 The University of Texas at Austin Department of History. “ Mexican Repatriation (1929-1936) Immigration History.” Immigration History, February 1, 2020. https://immigrationhistory.org/item/%e2%80%8bmexican-repatriation/ The problem with Latinidad | The nation. (2019, September 16). The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/hispanic-heritage-month-latinidad/ Treviño, R. R. (2006). The church in the barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston. Univ of North Carolina Press. U.S. Census Bureau. “Data.” Census.gov, September 26, 2024. https://www.census.gov/data.html. U.S. Congress. Recommendation of the Public Land Commission for Legislation as to Private Land Claims, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880, House Executive Document 46, pp. 1116-17. Valdez, Francisco. (1996). Forward: Latina/o ethnicities, critical race theory and post-identity politics in postmodern legal culture: From practices to possibilities. La Raza Law Journal, 9, 1-31. Valencia R. Richard. “Chicano School Failure and Success: Past, Present, and Future”. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2011. Valdeon, Roberto. “The use of Latin American, Hispanic and Latino in US academic articles, 2000–2010”. Terminology. 2013. 19. 10.1075/term.19.1.05val. Vatican. (n.d.). http://www.vatican.va/ Velez-I, C. G., Avendaño, F., Bacalski-Martínez, R. R., Ballesteros, D., Burciaga, J. A., de la Garza, R. O., Chávez, E. G. y, Gonzales, S. A., Guerra, M. H., Lux, G., Ramos, M. A., Ramos, R., & Vigil, M. E. (1979). Ourselves Through the Eyes of An Anthropologist. In A. D. Trejo (Ed.), The Chicanos: As We See Ourselves (pp. 37–48). University of Arizona Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvss3xpw.8 Veléz, Lupe (2010). From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture. University of Texas Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 9780292778498. Vidal, Mirta. "Chicanas Speak Out. Women: New Voice of La Raza" in Feminism and Socialism New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972. Walsh, A. S. (2004). The Mexican American religious experience. In BRILL eBooks (pp. 11–41). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004496583_006 What is the connection between the concha guitar and the armadillo? (n.d.). https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/spanish-invasion/connection-between-the-concha- guitar-and-the-armadillo#:~:text=The%20instrument%20is%20called%20%E2%80%9Cla,standardized %20in%20the%20Conchero%20tradition Waylen, G, Women's Movements and Democratisation in Latin America. Third World Quarterly. 1993. Yosso J. Tara. (2005) “Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth, Race Ethnicity and Education”, 8:1, 69-91, doi: 10.1080/1361332052000341006 Zines, U. (2023, November 27). “Latinidad” as Erasure: Words from a Critical Discussion on the Single Narrative of Latinidad — up//root zines. Up//Root Zines. https://www.uproot.space/features/latinidad-as-erasure 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
112266012資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112266012 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 何浩慈 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Hao-Tzu Ho en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 顧修齊 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Gutierrez, Xochitl en_US dc.creator (作者) 顧修齊 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Gutierrez, Xochitl en_US dc.date (日期) 2025 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2025 15:21:56 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Sep-2025 15:21:56 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2025 15:21:56 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112266012 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159148 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 112266012 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文探討「奇卡諾人」(Chicanx) 一詞如何從貶義標籤演變為抵抗與文化自豪的象徵， 此一轉變受到美國社會、政治與制度性力量的深刻影響。本論文運用批判種族理論與邊境 理論，分析「墨西哥裔美國人」在不同地域與世代背景下如何被建構、辯論、與表達。透 過深度訪談、參與觀察等研究方法，研究揭示受訪者在語言、宗教、民族主義、性別角色 與文化再現等層面的異質多元觀點。研究指出，族裔概念並非靜態不變，而是一個受到歷 史創傷、地理環境與社群內部動態影響的流動過程。本研究強調，對「奇卡諾人」 (Chicanx) 理解須採取交織性的視角，兼顧其延續性與變化性. zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis investigates how the term Chicanx has evolved from a derogatory label to a symbol of resistance and cultural pride, shaped by social, political, and institutional forces in the United States. Drawing on Critical Race Theory and Borderlands Theory, the study explores how “Mexican American” is constructed, contested, and expressed in different regional and generational contexts. Through a combination of in-depth interviews and participant observation, the research uncovers nuanced perspectives on language, religion, nationalism, gender roles, and cultural representation. Findings show that ethnic identification is not static but fluid, shaped by historical trauma, geographical setting, and internal community dynamics. The study emphasizes the need for an intersectional understanding of Chicanx that acknowledges both continuity and change. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgments 2 摘要 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 1.1 Research Motivation 8 1.2 Research Background 10 Figure 1.1 Federal Republic of Mexico in 1824 11 Figure 1.2 Bracero Program Approval Process 12 Figure 1.3 Bracero Living Quarters 13 1.3 The Chicano Movement 14 1.3.1 Etymology: A Sociocultural Perspective of Chicanx 15 Figure 1.4 Etymology of Chicanx 15 Table 1.1 Differentiating the Terms 17 1.4 Chicano Nationalism 18 1.5 Research Questions 19 Chapter 2: Literature Review 21 2.1 Understanding Race to Understand Critical Race Theory 22 2.1.1 Race as a Social Construct 23 Table 2.1 Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality 24 2.2 Critical Race Theory 25 Figure 2.1 Cycle of Racism 26 Figure 2.2 Model of Critical Race Theory 26 2.3 Anzaldúa’s Borderlands Theory 27 2.3.1 Intersectional Feminism 30 2.4 Homogenized Latino Identity 34 Table 2.2 Latinidad and Related Concepts 35 Chapter 3: Methodology 37 3.1 Research Methods 38 3.1.1 Participant Observation 38 3.1.2 In-depth Interview 39 3.1.3 Interview Structure 39 3.1.4 Interviewee Selection 40 Table 3.1 Descriptive Characteristics of Interviewees 41 3.1.5 Content Analysis 42 3.2 Research Ethics 43 3.2.1 Potential Harm and Confidentiality 43 3.2.2 Communication of Findings 44 3.3 Data Analysis and Techniques 45 Figure 3.1 Society, Culture, and Institutions 45 Figure 3.2 Main Themes 48 Chapter 4: Data and Analysis 50 4.1 Nationalism 50 4.2 Language 53 4.3 Religion 56 4.4 Machismo 59 4.5 Geography and Appearance 63 4.6 Music: A Content Analysis 67 4.6.1 Becky from the Block 68 4.6.2 Yo Si Soy de Aquí, Y Soy de Allá 69 4.6.3 Somo Más Americanos 72 4.7 Chicanx, Hispanic, Latine or Mexican American? 74 Chapter 5: Conclusion 80 Figure 5.1 Construction of Self-Definition Through Racial Labeling 82 5.1 Limitations of the Research 84 5.2 Recommendations for Future Research 85 References 88 Appendix 99 Appendix A: Informed Consent Form 99 Appendix B: Outline of Interview 100 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2987441 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112266012 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 墨西哥裔美國人 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 批判種族理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 邊境理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 奇卡諾人 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙文化主義 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mexican American en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Critical Race Theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Borderlands Theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Chicanx en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Biculturalism en_US dc.title (題名) 「Chicanx」：美國墨西哥裔之社會、文化與制度建構 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Evolving Definition of Chicanx: A Social, Cultural, and Institutional Construction of Mexican Descendants in the United States en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Guerrero, A. M., Saldate, M. IV, & Baldenegro, S. R. (1999). Chicano: The term and its meanings. Arizona Association of Chicanos for Higher Education. Archived October 22, 2007 Aigner-Varoz, E. (2000). Metaphors of a Mestiza Consciousness: Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera. MELUS, 25(2), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/468218 Altman, Ida, S. L. Cline, Juan Javier Pescador (2003)., The Early History of Greater Mexico, Prentice Hall. Anzaldúa, Gloria. 1987. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books. Anzaldúa, Gloria (1995). Borderlands: La Frontera – The New Mestiza. 2nd ed., Aunt Lute Books, Anaya, Rudolfo, Francisco A. Lomelí, and Enrique R. Lamadrid. (1989) “Aztlán: Essays on the About · Bracero History Archive. (n.d.). https://braceroarchive.org/about Chicano Homeland, Revised and Expanded Edition”. El Norte Publications, pp. 131- 141. Arredondo, Gabriela F., et al. (2002) Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader. 2nd ed., Duke University Press. Aparicio, F. R. (2009). Cultural Twins and National Others: Allegories of Intralatino Subjectivities in U.S. Latino/a Literature. Identities, 16(5), 622–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10702890903172777. Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press. Arciniega, G. M., Anderson, T. C., Tovar-Blank, Z. G., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2008). Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 0167.55.1.19 Balderrama E. Francisco, Rodríguez, Raymond (2006). Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s, University of New Mexico Press, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. (n.d.). Mexican Catholicism: conquest, faith, and resistance. https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/mexican-catholicism- conquest-faith-and-resistance Britton, John A. The History Teacher 45, no. 2 (2012): 311–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23265935. Campos Carr, Irene. (1990) “Women’s Voices Grow Stronger: Politics and Feminism in Latin America.” NWSA Journal 2. Calcutta, Kitty. (2010) Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the I.N.S., Quid Pro Books. California Legislature, S.B No. 670. Apology Act for the 1930s Mexican Repatriation Program, 2005-2006 Castillo, Ana (1994). Massacre of the Dreamers, New York: Plume/Penguin Books. Carbado DW, Crenshaw KW, Mays VM, Tomlinson B. (2013) INTERSECTIONALITY: Mapping the Movements of a Theory. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. Carrasco, V. (n.d.). Caballerismo in Latinx men in higher education. Digital Commons @ DU. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/2101?utm_source=digitalcommons.du.edu%2Fetd%2 F2101&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages Comaroff, J. (1985). The Meaning of the Body: A Cultural History of Colonialism. University of Chicago Press. Condon , J. ( 1985 ). Good neighbors: Communicating with the Mexicans . Yarmouth , ME : Intercultural Press . Contreras, F. (2019). Los Tigres del Norte retrace Johnny Cash’s steps in “Folsom Prison” documentary. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/altlatino/2019/10/18/771255113/los- tigres-del-norte-retrace-johnny-cashs-steps-in-folsom-prison-documentary CPI Inflation Calculator. (n.d.). Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2015). “Why Intersectionality Can't Wait”. Dane Reid Media. (2017, March 15). Liberty & Slavery Clip #2 Voiceover by Dane Reid [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81hRzlIF2E4 Dávila, Arlene. Latino Spin: Public Image and the Whitewashing of Race. NYU Press, 2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg938. Delgado, F. (1998). When the silenced speak: The textualization and complications of Latina/o identity. Western Journal of Communication, 62, 420 – 438. De Estadística Y Geografía, I. N. (n.d.). Religión. https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados De Genova, Nicholas (2005). Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and "Illegality" in Mexican Chicago. Ukraine: Duke University Press. Duderija, A. (2007). Literature Review: Identity Construction in the context of being a Minority Immigrant Religion: The case of Western-born Muslims. Immigrants & Minorities, 25(2), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619280802018132 Esparza, Jesse. 2021. "The Roots of Oppression: Worker Exploitation, Survival, and Storytelling of the Bracero Program," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 59: Iss. 1, Article 4. Ewing, K. P. (1990). The illusion of wholeness: culture, self and the experience of inconsistency. Ethos, 18(3), 251–278. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1990.18.3.02a00020 Fernández, E. C. (2007). Mexican-American Catholics. Paulist Press. Foley, Neil. 2014. Mexicans in the Making of America. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qdtbj. Galenson, David W. 1984. "The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis". The Journal of Economic History. 44 (1): 1– 26. doi:10.1017/s002205070003134x. S2CID 154682898. Gamio, Manuel (1930). Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Study of Human Migration and Adjustment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garcia T. Mario (ed.), “Introduction,” The Chicano Movement: Perspectives from the Twenty-First Century (New York: Routledge, 2014), 2. Garcia, Alma M.. “The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970- 1980.” Gender & Society 3 (2): 1989, 217–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124389003002004. Geertz, Clifford. (1973). Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture. Basic Books. García, J. A. (1982). Ethnicity and Chicanos: Measurement of ethnic identification, identity, and consciousness. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 4 , 295 – 314 . Geertz, Clifford. (1983). From the native's point of view: On the nature of anthropological understanding. In Local knowledge: Further essays in interpretive anthropology (pp. 55-70). Basic Books. “General Information About Mexico.” n.d. https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/australia/index.php/infomexieng. Gershon, Livia.“The Foundations of Chicana Feminism.” JSTOR Daily, March. 2022. https://daily.jstor.org/the-foundations-of-chicana-feminism/. Gonzales G. Manuel. Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States, Indiana University Press, 2009. Gonzales, Roberto G.. Lives in Limbo: Undocumented and Coming of Age in America. United States: University of California Press, 2016. Gonzales, Rodolfo and Alberto Urista [Alaurista, pseud.] “El plan espiritual de Aztlán.” El grito del Norte, Albuquerque, New Mexico, vol. II, no. 9 (July 6, 1969): 5. Gratton, Brian, Merchant, Emily. “Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–19501”, IMR Volume 47 Number 4 (Winter 2013):944–975. Guardino, Peter. The Dead March, President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2017. Gutiérrez, David G.. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity. United Kingdom: University of California Press, 1995. Hall, Stuart. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Sage Publications. Hayes-Bautista, D. & Chapa, J. (1987). Latino terminology: Conceptual bases for standardized terminology. American Journal of Public Health , 77 , 61 – 68 . Hidalgo, J. (2024, January 27). Beyond Aztlán: Latina/o/x Students Let Go of Their Mythic Homeland. Contending Modernities. https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global- currents/beyond-aztlan/ Hirschman, C. (2004). The role of religion in the origins and adaptation of immigrant groups in the United States. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1206–1233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00233.x Hecht, M. L., Ribeau, S., & Sedano, M. (1990). A Mexican American perspective on interethnic communication . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 14 , 31 – 55. Ho, Ha-Tzu (2019) Cosmopolitan Food Localism: Emergence of Global Local Food Movements in Postcolonial Hong Kong, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13207/ Hernández-Truyol, E. Berta. (1997). Borders (en)gendered: Normativities, Latinas and a LatCrit paradigm. New York University Law Review, 72, 882-927. Hurtado, Aída. “Sitios y Lenguas: Chicanas Theorize Feminisms.” Hypatia 13, no. 2 (1998): 134–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810642. Intersectional feminism: what it means and why it matters right now. (2020, July 1). UN Women – Headquarters. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/6/explainer- intersectional-feminism-what-it-means-and-why-it-matters Kenny, M. G. (1999). The Language of Kinship: Personal Memory and Collective Identity. University of Chicago Press. Lacomba, C. (2023). Hispanic Map of the United States 2022. Estudios del Observatorio / Observatorio Studies, 84, pp. 1–116. https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/en/reports Los Tigres del Norte. (n.d.). http://www.lostigresdelnorte.com/ Lopez, Ian Haney. White by Law 10th Anniversary Edition: The Legal Construction of Race. United Kingdom: NYU Press, 2006. Macías, Anthony (2008). Mexican American Mojo: Popular Music, Dance, and Urban Culture in Los Angeles, 1935–1968. Duke University Press. p. 9. Malinchismo y malinchista - Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. (n.d.). https://www.academia.org.mx/consultas/consultas-frecuentes/item/malinchismo-y- malinchista Machismo and caballerismo scale. (2025, May 19). https://elcentro.sonhs.miami.edu/research/measures-library/macs/index.html Martinelli, P. C. (1993). Mexican American identity: An interdisciplinary approach. In M. E. Bernal & P. C. Martinelli (Eds.), Mexican American identity (pp. 19–31). Encino, CA: Floricanto Press McIntosh, K. (2020, November 6). The untold story of California Missions – Confluence. https://confluence.gallatin.nyu.edu/sections/research/the-untold-story-of-california- missions Melville, M. B. (1988). Hispanics: Race, class, or ethnicity? Journal of Ethnic Studies, 16, 67 – 83. Migrant Workers – Health is a Human Right. (n.d.). https://exhibits.library.gsu.edu/health-is-a- human-right/a-nation-of-immigrants/migrant-workers Mirandé , A. & Tanno , D. V. ( 1993a ). Labels, researcher perspective, and contextual validation: A commentary. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17, 149 – 155. Mora, G. Cristina. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press, 2014. Moraga, Cherrié, Queer Aztlan: the reformation of Chicano tribe. 1992 Moraga, Cherrié and Gloria Anzaldúa, This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color San Francisco: Aunt Lute Press, 1981. Moraga, Cherrié. n.d. “Queer Aztlán.” In Aztlán: Essays on the Chicano Homeland, Revised and Expanded Edition. El Norte Publications.1989. Moraga, Cherrié. “Queer Aztlán: The Re-formation of Chicano Tribe”. Presented at the First National LLEGO Conference in Houston Texas, 1992. Menchaca, Martha. The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California. N.p.: University of Texas Press, 2010. Nadeem, R., & Nadeem, R. (2024, July 19). 1. A brief statistical portrait of U.S. Hispanics. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/06/14/a-brief-statistical- portrait-of-u-s-hispanics/ National Archives. “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848),” September 21, 2022. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe- hidalgo?_ga=2.116509894.1543918148.1733052889-462541972.1732763221 Nieto-Gomez, Ana. "La Feminista," Encuentro Femenil 1:2. 1974. Niemann, Y. L., Romero, A. J., Arredondo, J., & Rodríguez, V. (1999). What does it mean to be “Mexican”?: Social construction of an ethnic identity.Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21 , 47 – 60 . Ordóñez, Elizabeth. “Sexual Politics and the Theme of Sexuality in Chicana Poetry.” Letras Femeninas 32, no. 1 (2006): 67–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23024113. Peralta, S. (2020, September 15). Antes del sueño Americano. El Programa Bracero en México- Estados Unidos (1942-1964). El Estado. Net. https://elestado.net/2020/07/21/antes-sueno-americano-programa-bracero-mexico-estados-unidos-1942-1964/ Pérez, E. Daniel. “Toward a Mariposa Consciousness: Reimagining Queer Chicano and Latino Identities”. University of California Regents. 2014. Phillips, Lynne, and Sally Cole. “Feminist Flows, Feminist Fault Lines: Women’s Machineries and Women’s Movements in Latin America.” Signs 35. 2009. Popli, N., & Cortellessa, E. (2024, April 30). Time. Retrieved from Time: https://time.com/6972270/donald-trump-anti-white-bias-exclusive/ Portes, Alejandro., Rumbaut, Rube ́n G.. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. United Kingdom: University of California Press, 2001. Portes, Alejandro., Zhou, Min. “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Nov., 1993, Vol. 530, Interminority Affairs in the U. S.: Pluralism at the Crossroads (Nov., 1993), pp. 74-96 Religious syncretism in colonial Mexico City. (2024, May 29). https://www.oerproject.com/. https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit6/Religious-Syncretism-in-Colonial-Mexico-City/970L Rinderle , S. ( 2006 ). Quiénes son/quiénes somos: A critical look at the changing names for people of Mexican descent across history . International and Intercultural Communication Annual , 28 , 143 – 165 . ROBINSON, ROBERT S. “Taking The Fair Deal to the Fields: Truman’s Commission on Migratory Labor, Public Law 78, and the Bracero Program, 1950–1952.” Agricultural History 84, no. 3 (2010): 381–402. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27868998. Robinson W. William. Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Script, Homesteads, University of California Press, 1948. Rodriguez, Roberto, “The Origins and History of the Chicano Movement.” JSRI Occasional Paper #7. The Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 1996. Roe, J. E. a. M. (n.d.). Critical Race Theory – Theoretical models for teaching and research. https://opentext.wsu.edu/theoreticalmodelsforteachingandresearch/chapter/critical-race- theory/ Rosales, F. Arturo. Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Arte Público Press, 1997. Rosas, Ana Elizabeth. "1. Bracero Recruitment in the Mexican Countryside, 1942–1947" In Abrazando el Espiritu: Bracero Families Confront the US-Mexico Border, 19-39. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520958654- 004 Roque, J. M. (2015, October 14). Machismo versus caballerismo – How a man is defined in the Latino community. The Chivalrous Economist. https://thechivalrouseconomist.wordpress.com/2015/10/13/machismo-versus- caballerismo-how-a-man-is-defined-in-the-latino-community/ Safa, H. Women's Social Movements in Latin America. Gender and Society. 1990. Sandoval, C, Methodology of the Oppressed (First edition). Univ Of Minnesota Press. 2000. Shepherd, J. E. (2018, June 25). How Becky G had a midlife crisis at nine and hit with pitbull by 17. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/how-becky-g-had-a- midlife-crisis-at-nine-and-hit-with-pitbull-by-17-100694/ Simonett, H. (2004). Subcultura musical: el narcocorrido comercial y el narcocorrido por encargo. Caravelle, 82(1), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.3406/carav.2004.1465 Smith, Barbara, Toward a Black Feminist Criticism, University of Illinois Press. 1978 Solorzano, D. G., and Bernal, D. D. (2001). “Examining Transformational Resistance Through a Critical Race and Latcrit Theory Framework: Chicana and Chicano Students in an Urban Context”. Urban Education, 36(3), 308-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085901363002 State Lands Commission, "Grants of Land in California Made by Spanish or Mexican Authorities" (1983). California Agencies. Paper 117. http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/117 Stevens, P. Evelyn. Machismo and marianismo. Soc 10, 57–63 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695282 Tanno, D. (1994). Names, narratives and the evolution of ethnic identity. In A. Gonzalez, M. Houston , & V. Chen (Eds.), Our voices: Essays in culture, ethnicity and communication . Los Angeles , CA : Roxbury . Ting-Toomey, S., Yee-Jung, K. K., Shapiro, R. B., Garcia, W., Wright, T. J. , & Oetzel, J. (2000). Ethnic/cultural identity salience and conflict styles in four U.S. ethnic groups . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 24 , 47 – 81 . Thompson, B. Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism. Feminist Studies. 2002 The University of Texas at Austin Department of History. “ Mexican Repatriation (1929-1936) Immigration History.” Immigration History, February 1, 2020. https://immigrationhistory.org/item/%e2%80%8bmexican-repatriation/ The problem with Latinidad | The nation. (2019, September 16). The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/hispanic-heritage-month-latinidad/ Treviño, R. R. (2006). The church in the barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston. Univ of North Carolina Press. U.S. Census Bureau. “Data.” Census.gov, September 26, 2024. https://www.census.gov/data.html. U.S. Congress. Recommendation of the Public Land Commission for Legislation as to Private Land Claims, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880, House Executive Document 46, pp. 1116-17. Valdez, Francisco. (1996). Forward: Latina/o ethnicities, critical race theory and post-identity politics in postmodern legal culture: From practices to possibilities. La Raza Law Journal, 9, 1-31. Valencia R. Richard. “Chicano School Failure and Success: Past, Present, and Future”. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2011. Valdeon, Roberto. “The use of Latin American, Hispanic and Latino in US academic articles, 2000–2010”. Terminology. 2013. 19. 10.1075/term.19.1.05val. Vatican. (n.d.). http://www.vatican.va/ Velez-I, C. G., Avendaño, F., Bacalski-Martínez, R. R., Ballesteros, D., Burciaga, J. A., de la Garza, R. O., Chávez, E. G. y, Gonzales, S. A., Guerra, M. H., Lux, G., Ramos, M. A., Ramos, R., & Vigil, M. E. (1979). Ourselves Through the Eyes of An Anthropologist. In A. D. Trejo (Ed.), The Chicanos: As We See Ourselves (pp. 37–48). University of Arizona Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvss3xpw.8 Veléz, Lupe (2010). From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture. University of Texas Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 9780292778498. Vidal, Mirta. "Chicanas Speak Out. Women: New Voice of La Raza" in Feminism and Socialism New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972. Walsh, A. S. (2004). The Mexican American religious experience. In BRILL eBooks (pp. 11–41). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004496583_006 What is the connection between the concha guitar and the armadillo? (n.d.). https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/spanish-invasion/connection-between-the-concha- guitar-and-the-armadillo#:~:text=The%20instrument%20is%20called%20%E2%80%9Cla,standardized %20in%20the%20Conchero%20tradition Waylen, G, Women's Movements and Democratisation in Latin America. Third World Quarterly. 1993. Yosso J. Tara. (2005) “Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth, Race Ethnicity and Education”, 8:1, 69-91, doi: 10.1080/1361332052000341006 Zines, U. (2023, November 27). “Latinidad” as Erasure: Words from a Critical Discussion on the Single Narrative of Latinidad — up//root zines. Up//Root Zines. https://www.uproot.space/features/latinidad-as-erasure zh_TW
