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題名 農村到城市重新分類對貧困與不平等的影響：來自菲律賓的證據
Effects of rural-to-urban reclassification on Poverty and Inequality: Evidence from the Philippines作者 迦那湄
Casquero, Edna Mae Pastrana貢獻者 傅健豪
Fu, Chien-Hao
迦那湄
Casquero, Edna Mae Pastrana關鍵詞 貧窮
不平等
都市化
分權化
事件研究法架構
差異中的差異（DiD）分析
Poverty
Inequality
Urbanization
Decentralization
Event Study Framework
Difference-in-Differences日期 2025 上傳時間 1-Sep-2025 15:22:09 (UTC+8) 摘要 由農村地區重新劃分為都市地區所推動的都市化，可被視為經濟成長、發展與減貧的重要催化劑。然而，這類重新劃分在社會經濟層面的影響，特別是在貧窮與所得不均方面，在菲律賓的研究仍然相當有限。因此，本研究探討農村轉為都市的重新劃分對主要社會經濟結果的影響，包括絕對貧窮、相對貧窮以及以基尼係數衡量的所得不均。本研究採用差異中的差異方法結合事件研究設計，分析都市化對地方貧窮與不平等的影響。 本研究假設，透過都市重新劃分所推動的都市化可能會增加絕對與相對貧窮，但對所得不均的影響不顯著。本研究有助於深化對菲律賓都市化與地方分權的理解，並提供農村轉為都市重新劃分在社會經濟層面上的實證證據。整體而言，研究結果具備重要的政策意涵，指出若要確保都市化的效益能夠公平分配，則必須在都市化政策中納入包容性的規劃、有效的治理，以及財政均衡的機制。
Urbanization, driven by the reclassification of rural areas as urban, can be considered as one of the catalysts for economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. However, the socioeconomic impacts of such reclassification, particularly regarding poverty and income inequality, remain underexplored in the Philippine context. Thus, this study examines the effects of rural-to-urban reclassification on key socioeconomic outcomes, including absolute poverty, relative poverty, and income inequality, as measured by the Gini index. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach combined with an event study framework, the research investigates the impacts of urbanization on local poverty and inequality. The study hypothesizes that while urbanization through city reclassification may increase absolute poverty and relative poverty, it will not have a significant effect on income inequality. This research contributes to the understanding of urbanization and decentralization in the Philippines, providing empirical evidence on the socioeconomic consequences of rural-to-urban reclassification. Overall, the findings have significant policy implications, suggesting that to ensure the benefits of urbanization are shared equitably, inclusive planning, effective governance, and fiscal equalization mechanisms are essential for effective urbanization policies.參考文獻 Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829828 Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2019). Asian Development Outlook 2019: Strengthening Disaster Resilience. https://www.adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2019-strengthening-disaster-resilience Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2019). Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, Drivers, and Policy Implications. https://www.adb.org/publications/inequality-asia-and-pacific Asian Development Bank. (2019). Fostering quality urbanization in the Philippines: Towards a more inclusive and resilient urban future. https://www.adb.org/publications/fostering-quality-urbanization-philippines Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2022). Poverty in the Philippines: Causes, constraints and opportunities. https://www.adb.org Autor, D. H. (2003). Outsourcing at will: The contribution of unjust dismissal doctrine to the growth of employment outsourcing. Journal of Labor Economics, 21(1), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1086/344122 Balisacan, A. M., & Edillon, R. G. (2003). Urban Poverty in the Philippines: Nature, Causes and Policy Measures. Asian Development Bank. Balisacan, A. M., & Bacawag, J. M. (2002). Urban-rural disparities and the role of infrastructure and human capital. In Philippine Social Science Council (Ed.), The Philippine Human Development Report 2002 (pp. 39–56). Philippine Social Science Council. Balisacan, A. M., & Pernia, E. M. (2002). Probing beneath cross-national averages: Poverty, inequality, and growth in the Philippines. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, (7). https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28441/wp007.pdf Ballesteros, M. M. (2010). Linking poverty and the environment: Evidence from slums in Philippine cities. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Bangsal, N. T., & Estrada, M. A. R. (2020). The role of fiscal decentralization in reducing poverty and inequality: Empirical evidence using the Regional Authority Index. Congressional Policy and Budget Research Department (CPBRD) Discussion Paper Series No. 2020-01. https://cpbrd.congress.gov.ph Bertrand, M., Duflo, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). How much should we trust differences-in-differences estimates? 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國立政治大學
應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES)
112266013資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112266013 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 傅健豪 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Fu, Chien-Hao en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 迦那湄 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Casquero, Edna Mae Pastrana en_US dc.creator (作者) 迦那湄 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Casquero, Edna Mae Pastrana en_US dc.date (日期) 2025 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2025 15:22:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Sep-2025 15:22:09 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2025 15:22:09 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112266013 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159149 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 應用經濟與社會發展英語碩士學位學程(IMES) zh_TW dc.description (描述) 112266013 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 由農村地區重新劃分為都市地區所推動的都市化，可被視為經濟成長、發展與減貧的重要催化劑。然而，這類重新劃分在社會經濟層面的影響，特別是在貧窮與所得不均方面，在菲律賓的研究仍然相當有限。因此，本研究探討農村轉為都市的重新劃分對主要社會經濟結果的影響，包括絕對貧窮、相對貧窮以及以基尼係數衡量的所得不均。本研究採用差異中的差異方法結合事件研究設計，分析都市化對地方貧窮與不平等的影響。 本研究假設，透過都市重新劃分所推動的都市化可能會增加絕對與相對貧窮，但對所得不均的影響不顯著。本研究有助於深化對菲律賓都市化與地方分權的理解，並提供農村轉為都市重新劃分在社會經濟層面上的實證證據。整體而言，研究結果具備重要的政策意涵，指出若要確保都市化的效益能夠公平分配，則必須在都市化政策中納入包容性的規劃、有效的治理，以及財政均衡的機制。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Urbanization, driven by the reclassification of rural areas as urban, can be considered as one of the catalysts for economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. However, the socioeconomic impacts of such reclassification, particularly regarding poverty and income inequality, remain underexplored in the Philippine context. Thus, this study examines the effects of rural-to-urban reclassification on key socioeconomic outcomes, including absolute poverty, relative poverty, and income inequality, as measured by the Gini index. Using a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach combined with an event study framework, the research investigates the impacts of urbanization on local poverty and inequality. The study hypothesizes that while urbanization through city reclassification may increase absolute poverty and relative poverty, it will not have a significant effect on income inequality. This research contributes to the understanding of urbanization and decentralization in the Philippines, providing empirical evidence on the socioeconomic consequences of rural-to-urban reclassification. Overall, the findings have significant policy implications, suggesting that to ensure the benefits of urbanization are shared equitably, inclusive planning, effective governance, and fiscal equalization mechanisms are essential for effective urbanization policies. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 4 1.3 Hypothesis of the Study 5 1.3.1 Hypothesis 1: Absolute Poverty 5 1.3.2 Hypothesis 2: Relative Poverty 6 1.3.3 Hypothesis 3: Gini Index 6 1.4 Significance of the Study 7 2. Review of Related Literature 8 2.1 Urbanization and Development Outcomes 8 2.1.1 Urbanization and Poverty 8 2.1.2 Urbanization and Inequality 8 2.1.3. Philippine Context – Urbanization, Cityhood, and Local Development 9 2.2. Estimating the Effects of Policy Interventions: Methodological Approaches 11 2.2.1 Reclassification as a Policy Shock 11 2.2.2 Event Study for Testing Parallel Trends 12 2.2.3 Difference-in-Differences Estimation 12 2.3 Importance of Control Variables 13 2.3.1. Total Local Resources and Expenditure 13 2.3.2. Population 14 2.4 Synthesis and Gaps 15 3. Data and Methods 18 3.1 Study Area 18 3.2 Policy Impact – The Treatment 19 3.3 Research Design 25 3.3.1 Pre-treatment Validation Using an Event Study Framework 26 3.3.2 Differences in Differences 27 3.4 Robustness Check 29 3.4.1 Adding Fixed Effects 29 3.4.2 Incorporating Cities before the treatment Period 30 3.4.3 Post-Treatment Event Study Specification 31 3.5 Data Sources and Collection 32 3.6 List of Variables 33 3.6.1 Outcome Variables 33 3.6.2 Treatment Variable 34 3.6.3. Control Variables 36 3.7 Summary Statistics 39 4. Empirical Analysis 43 4.1 The Parallel Trend Assumption 44 4.1.1 Absolute Poverty 44 4.1.2 Relative Poverty 45 4.1.3 Gini Index 46 4.2 Main Estimation Result 48 4.2.1 Absolute Poverty 48 4.2.2 Relative Poverty 49 4.2.3 Gini Index 50 4.3 Robustness Check 53 4.3.1 Adding Fixed Effects 53 4.3.2 Incorporating cities before the treatment Period 56 4.3.3 Post-Treatment Event Study Specification 59 5. Key Findings, Implications, and Conclusions 63 5.1 Key finding 63 5.2 Interpretation and Theoretical Implications 65 5.3 Policy Implications 66 5.3.1 Re-evaluate the Criteria and Transition Support for Urbanization 66 5.3.2 Monitor and Evaluate Post-Reclassification Outcomes 67 5.3.3 Strengthen Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers 67 5.4 Recommendations for Future Research 67 5.4.1 Long-Term Effects 67 5.4.2 Alternative Causal Inference Methods 68 5.4.3 Broader Welfare Indicators and Institutional Quality Assessment 68 5.5 Conclusion 69 6. References 70 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1555994 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112266013 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 貧窮 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 不平等 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 都市化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分權化 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 事件研究法架構 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 差異中的差異（DiD）分析 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Poverty en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Inequality en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Urbanization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Decentralization en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Event Study Framework en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Difference-in-Differences en_US dc.title (題名) 農村到城市重新分類對貧困與不平等的影響：來自菲律賓的證據 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Effects of rural-to-urban reclassification on Poverty and Inequality: Evidence from the Philippines en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400829828 Asian Development Bank (ADB). 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