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題名 扭曲欲望是自主的嗎?實質性自主理論的建構
Are Deformed Desires Autonomous? A Reconstruction of a Substantive Theory of Autonomy
作者 劉晉呈
Liu, Chin-Cheng
貢獻者 王華
Wang, Hua
劉晉呈
Liu, Chin-Cheng
關鍵詞 扭曲欲望
適應性偏好
壓迫
自主
基本繁榮
Deformed Desire
Adaptive Preference
Oppression
Autonomy
Basic Flourishing
日期 2025
上傳時間 1-Sep-2025 16:41:29 (UTC+8)
摘要 我們一般會認為人們的欲望是自發的,是不由自主地發生在人們身上的。但是,Harry Frankfurt卻提出了欲望的自主理論:當人們的反思能力透過形成二階意志來認同一階欲望的時候,該欲望就是「屬於自己」的,因此也是自主的。此一理論掀起了關於自主條件的論爭,主要牽涉到某類在社會壓迫下形成的欲望是否自主的問題。這類欲望不僅在不理想的社會條件中產生,還會損害行動者的利益,學界將這類欲望稱為「扭曲欲望」或「適應性偏好」。許多學者認為扭曲欲望是不自主的,因為扭曲欲望是壓迫性社會「強加」給行動者的,很難說它是「屬於自己」的。本文將挑戰此一觀點,試圖以Paul Benson的強規範性能力理論為基礎,並導入Serene Khader對扭曲欲望範圍的釐清,重構為一種新的實質性自主理論,主張扭曲欲望在某些條件下可以是自主的。 首先,本文將說明,Frankfurt的自主理論可能將多數的扭曲欲望視為自主,若想將扭曲欲望判斷為不自主,將缺乏可靠的依據。為了解決Frankfurt的理論缺點,本文分析了兩派自主理論:「程序性」理論主張,存在特定的反思程序能夠辨識出扭曲欲望。例如,John Christman認為,行動者能夠透過反思欲望的形成過程,進而發現社會壓迫對欲望的不合理影響,將該欲望判斷為不自主。 然而,其它學者卻認為,人們的反思程序會合理化社會壓迫的影響,無法達到「程序性」理論所聲稱辨識扭曲欲望的效果。為解決此一問題,「實質性」理論主張在判斷欲望是否自主時,必須參考實質性規範。例如Benson主張,欲望自主要求行動者擁有規範性能力,能夠判斷(扭曲)欲望是否符合正當規範。Benson認為,壓迫性規範的內化並不總是破壞規範性能力,當人們擁有規範性能力時,就可以辨識出扭曲欲望。而當壓迫性規範的內化破壞規範性能力時,行動者則不具備足夠的規範性能力,無法將(扭曲)欲望判斷為不恰當,因此(扭曲)欲望是不自主的。值得注意的是,相較於「實質性」理論,「程序性」理論過於低估了壓迫性規範的內化對反思能力的破壞(後者甚至強調反思能力能夠發現社會壓迫的影響),因此後者在壓迫情境下是不適用的。 第二,本文將指出,若我們主張「扭曲欲望必然是不自主的」,則會產生進一步的理論缺點。要支持此一主張,必須採取直接限制欲望內容的實質性理論。例如Natalie Stoljar主張,欲望自主要求其內容不能夠與壓迫性規範一致。但這類理論引起了學者的批評:一方面,Benson認為受壓迫者的能動性將受到阻礙,若受壓迫者被社會視為不自主,將難以行使犯錯、反思與反抗的能力。另一方面,Khader批評,由於社會只承認一組特定的道德價值,政府可能藉「增加自主」的名義來干預受壓迫者的欲望內容,導致道德多樣性的損害。 第三,本文將說明,Benson的強規範性能力理論,由於允許存在自主的扭曲欲望,因此能夠避免上述缺點。Benson主張,只要行動者擁有規範性能力,能夠判斷(扭曲)欲望不符合正當規範,則該(扭曲)欲望即為自主的欲望,並不會要求行動者的欲望內容必須符合正當的規範。 第四,雖然如此,本文仍指出Benson理論的缺點:該理論無法準確地辨識扭曲欲望,只能透過辨識出不符合正當規範的欲望,將扭曲欲望一併揪出。筆者認為,Benson的理論之所以會有此一問題,其根本原因在於它並未明確定義扭曲欲望,並參考該定義作為辨識扭曲欲望的依據。 最後,為了解決Benson理論的問題,本文試圖援引Khader納入「基本繁榮」 (basic flourishing) 的考量而對扭曲欲望的範圍做出的釐清,將Benson的理論重構為一種基本繁榮版本的實質性理論。本文提出了一種能夠根據基本繁榮概念來辨識並懷疑扭曲欲望的規範性能力,並將其作為欲望自主的充分必要條件,藉以回應「扭曲欲望是否自主?」的問題。
參考文獻 外文書籍 Babbitt, Susan. E. (1993). “Feminism and Objective Interests: The Role of Transformation Experiences in Rational Deliberation,” in L. Alcoff and E. Potter (eds.), Feminist Epistemologies. (pp. 245–264). New York: Routledge. Benson, Paul (2005a). “Feminist Intuitions and the Normative Substance of Autonomy.” in J. Taylor (ed.), Personal Autonomy: New Essays on Personal Autonomy and its Role in Contemporary Moral Philosophy. (pp. 124–142). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Benson, Paul (2005b). Taking Ownership: Authority and Voice in Autonomous Agency. In: Christman J, Anderson J, eds. Autonomy and the Challenges to Liberalism: New Essays. (pp. 101–126). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cudd, Ann E. (2006). Analyzing Oppression. New York: Oxford University Press. Cudd, Ann E. (2014). “Adaptations to Oppression: Preference and Resistance” in Oshana, M.A.L. (ed.). Personal Autonomy and Social Oppression: Philosophical Perspectives. (pp. 142–160). Routledge. Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (1996). ‘‘Are Men Oppressed?’’ in Larry May, Robert Strikwerda, and Patrick D. Hopkins (ed.). Rethinking Masculinity. Rowman and Littlefield. Dworkin, Gerald (1981). “The Concept of Autonomy,” in Rudolph Haller, ed., Science and Ethics. (pp. 203–213). Amsterdam: Rodopi. Elster, Jon (2016). Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Frankfurt, Harry. G. (1988). The Importance of What We Care About: Philosophical Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friedman, Marilyn (2003). Autonomy, Gender, Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. Geuss, Raymond (1981). The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hill, Tomas (1991). Autonomy and Self-Respect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Khader, Serene J. (2011). Adaptive Preferences and Women’s Empowerment. New York: Oxford University Press Mackenzie, Catriona & Stoljar, Natalie (2000). “Introduction: Autonomy Refigured: Five Feminist Critiques of Autonomy” in Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self. (pp. 35–51). Oxford University Press. Meyers, Diana T. (1989). Self, Society, and Personal Choice. Columbia Universal Press. Meyers, Diana T. (2000a). “Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self: Opposites Attract!” in Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self. (pp. 151–180). New York: Oxford University Press. Nussbaum, Martha. C. (1999). Sex and social justice. New York: Oxford University Press. Nussbaum, Martha. C. (2011). Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press. Raz, Joseph (1986). The Morality of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. Stoljar, Natalie (2000). “Autonomy and the Feminist Intuition.” in Relational Autonomy, Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency & The Social Self. (pp. 94–111). Oxford University Press. Stoljar, Natalie (2014). “Autonomy and Adaptive Preference Formation” in Andrea Veltman, and Mark Piper (eds), Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender, Studies in Feminist Philosophy. (pp. 227–252). New York: Oxford University Press. Wolf, Susan (1988). “Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility”. in F. Schoeman (ed.), Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology (pp. 46–62). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 外文期刊論文 Benson, Paul (1987). Freedom and Value. The Journal of Philosophy, 84(9), 465–486. Benson, Paul (1991). Autonomy and Oppressive Socialization. Social Theory and Practice, 17(3), 385–408. Benson, Paul (1994). Free Agency and Self-Worth. The Journal of Philosophy, 91(12), 650–668. Bruckner, Donald W. (2009). In Defense of Adaptive Preferences. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 142(3), 307–324. Christman, John (1987). Autonomy: A Defense of the Split-level Self. Southern Journal of Philosophy 25, 281–93. Christman, John (1991a). Autonomy and Personal History. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 21(1), 1–24. Christman, John (1991b). Liberalism and Individual Positive Freedom. Ethics, 101(2), 343–359. Dworkin, Gerald (1976). Autonomy and Behavior Control. The Hastings Center Report, 6(1), 23–28. Frankfurt, Harry. G. (1971). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The Journal of Philosophy, 68 (1), 5–20. Friedman, Marilyn (1986). Autonomy and the Split-Level Self. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 24, 19–35. Superson, Anita (2005). Deformed Desires and Informed Desire Tests. Hypatia, 20(4), 109–126. Westlund, Andrea (2003). Selflessness and Responsibility for Self: Is Deference Compatible with Autonomy? The Philosophical Review, 112(4), 483–523. 外文網路資源 Stoljar, Natalie (2022). &quot;Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy&quot; in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 Edition). Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.). URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/feminism-autonomy/>。查閱日期:2023年3月31日。 Superson, Anita (2023). &quot;Feminist Moral Psychology&quot; in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 Edition). Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.). URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/feminism-moralpsych/>。查閱日期:2024年10月6日。 Zwolinski, Matt, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer, &quot;Exploitation&quot;, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/exploitation/>。查閱日期:2024年10月21日。 中文書籍 Berger, John(2023),《觀看的方式》。吳莉群譯。三版。台北市:麥田出版。 Berlin, Isaiah(1986),〈兩種自由概念〉,載於《自由四論》。陳曉林譯。225–296。台北市:聯經。 Johnson, Allan G.(2008),《性別打結:拆除父權違建》。成令方等譯。台北市:群學。 Lukes, Steven(2021),《權力:基進觀點》。林葦芸、陳雅馨譯。三版。台北市:商周。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學系
109154004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109154004
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 王華zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wang, Huaen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 劉晉呈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Liu, Chin-Chengen_US
dc.creator (作者) 劉晉呈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Liu, Chin-Chengen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2025 16:41:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2025 16:41:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2025 16:41:29 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109154004en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159352-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 哲學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109154004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 我們一般會認為人們的欲望是自發的,是不由自主地發生在人們身上的。但是,Harry Frankfurt卻提出了欲望的自主理論:當人們的反思能力透過形成二階意志來認同一階欲望的時候,該欲望就是「屬於自己」的,因此也是自主的。此一理論掀起了關於自主條件的論爭,主要牽涉到某類在社會壓迫下形成的欲望是否自主的問題。這類欲望不僅在不理想的社會條件中產生,還會損害行動者的利益,學界將這類欲望稱為「扭曲欲望」或「適應性偏好」。許多學者認為扭曲欲望是不自主的,因為扭曲欲望是壓迫性社會「強加」給行動者的,很難說它是「屬於自己」的。本文將挑戰此一觀點,試圖以Paul Benson的強規範性能力理論為基礎,並導入Serene Khader對扭曲欲望範圍的釐清,重構為一種新的實質性自主理論,主張扭曲欲望在某些條件下可以是自主的。 首先,本文將說明,Frankfurt的自主理論可能將多數的扭曲欲望視為自主,若想將扭曲欲望判斷為不自主,將缺乏可靠的依據。為了解決Frankfurt的理論缺點,本文分析了兩派自主理論:「程序性」理論主張,存在特定的反思程序能夠辨識出扭曲欲望。例如,John Christman認為,行動者能夠透過反思欲望的形成過程,進而發現社會壓迫對欲望的不合理影響,將該欲望判斷為不自主。 然而,其它學者卻認為,人們的反思程序會合理化社會壓迫的影響,無法達到「程序性」理論所聲稱辨識扭曲欲望的效果。為解決此一問題,「實質性」理論主張在判斷欲望是否自主時,必須參考實質性規範。例如Benson主張,欲望自主要求行動者擁有規範性能力,能夠判斷(扭曲)欲望是否符合正當規範。Benson認為,壓迫性規範的內化並不總是破壞規範性能力,當人們擁有規範性能力時,就可以辨識出扭曲欲望。而當壓迫性規範的內化破壞規範性能力時,行動者則不具備足夠的規範性能力,無法將(扭曲)欲望判斷為不恰當,因此(扭曲)欲望是不自主的。值得注意的是,相較於「實質性」理論,「程序性」理論過於低估了壓迫性規範的內化對反思能力的破壞(後者甚至強調反思能力能夠發現社會壓迫的影響),因此後者在壓迫情境下是不適用的。 第二,本文將指出,若我們主張「扭曲欲望必然是不自主的」,則會產生進一步的理論缺點。要支持此一主張,必須採取直接限制欲望內容的實質性理論。例如Natalie Stoljar主張,欲望自主要求其內容不能夠與壓迫性規範一致。但這類理論引起了學者的批評:一方面,Benson認為受壓迫者的能動性將受到阻礙,若受壓迫者被社會視為不自主,將難以行使犯錯、反思與反抗的能力。另一方面,Khader批評,由於社會只承認一組特定的道德價值,政府可能藉「增加自主」的名義來干預受壓迫者的欲望內容,導致道德多樣性的損害。 第三,本文將說明,Benson的強規範性能力理論,由於允許存在自主的扭曲欲望,因此能夠避免上述缺點。Benson主張,只要行動者擁有規範性能力,能夠判斷(扭曲)欲望不符合正當規範,則該(扭曲)欲望即為自主的欲望,並不會要求行動者的欲望內容必須符合正當的規範。 第四,雖然如此,本文仍指出Benson理論的缺點:該理論無法準確地辨識扭曲欲望,只能透過辨識出不符合正當規範的欲望,將扭曲欲望一併揪出。筆者認為,Benson的理論之所以會有此一問題,其根本原因在於它並未明確定義扭曲欲望,並參考該定義作為辨識扭曲欲望的依據。 最後,為了解決Benson理論的問題,本文試圖援引Khader納入「基本繁榮」 (basic flourishing) 的考量而對扭曲欲望的範圍做出的釐清,將Benson的理論重構為一種基本繁榮版本的實質性理論。本文提出了一種能夠根據基本繁榮概念來辨識並懷疑扭曲欲望的規範性能力,並將其作為欲望自主的充分必要條件,藉以回應「扭曲欲望是否自主?」的問題。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 導論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究動機與目的 22 第三節 章節安排 23 第一章 程序性自主理論 25 第一節 Frankfurt的等級理論 27 第二節 Friedman的雙向整合理論 36 第三節 Christman的歷史性理論 39 第四節 對程序性理論的批判 46 第五節 程序性理論能夠提供給自主討論的資源 58 第六節 小結 68 第二章 實質性理論 70 第一節 自主價值至上理論 74 第二節 Benson的強規範性能力理論 82 第三節 對強的實質性理論之批判 97 第四節 綜合討論 108 第五節 小結 114 第三章 重構實質性自主理論 116 第一節 從壓迫之特質說明扭曲欲望的缺乏自主 117 第二節 自主概念的充分必要條件 134 第三節 筆者提議之自主理論的辯護 154 第四節 重新診斷扭曲欲望案例 158 第五節 小結 170 第四章 結論 173 第一節 自主理論之回顧與比較 173 第二節 貢獻與展望 180 參考書目 181zh_TW
dc.format.extent 3632556 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109154004en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 扭曲欲望zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 適應性偏好zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 壓迫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自主zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 基本繁榮zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Deformed Desireen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Adaptive Preferenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Oppressionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Autonomyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Basic Flourishingen_US
dc.title (題名) 扭曲欲望是自主的嗎?實質性自主理論的建構zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Are Deformed Desires Autonomous? A Reconstruction of a Substantive Theory of Autonomyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 外文書籍 Babbitt, Susan. E. (1993). “Feminism and Objective Interests: The Role of Transformation Experiences in Rational Deliberation,” in L. Alcoff and E. Potter (eds.), Feminist Epistemologies. (pp. 245–264). New York: Routledge. Benson, Paul (2005a). “Feminist Intuitions and the Normative Substance of Autonomy.” in J. Taylor (ed.), Personal Autonomy: New Essays on Personal Autonomy and its Role in Contemporary Moral Philosophy. (pp. 124–142). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Benson, Paul (2005b). Taking Ownership: Authority and Voice in Autonomous Agency. In: Christman J, Anderson J, eds. Autonomy and the Challenges to Liberalism: New Essays. (pp. 101–126). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cudd, Ann E. (2006). Analyzing Oppression. New York: Oxford University Press. Cudd, Ann E. (2014). “Adaptations to Oppression: Preference and Resistance” in Oshana, M.A.L. (ed.). Personal Autonomy and Social Oppression: Philosophical Perspectives. (pp. 142–160). Routledge. Clatterbaugh, Kenneth (1996). ‘‘Are Men Oppressed?’’ in Larry May, Robert Strikwerda, and Patrick D. Hopkins (ed.). Rethinking Masculinity. Rowman and Littlefield. Dworkin, Gerald (1981). “The Concept of Autonomy,” in Rudolph Haller, ed., Science and Ethics. (pp. 203–213). Amsterdam: Rodopi. Elster, Jon (2016). Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Frankfurt, Harry. G. (1988). The Importance of What We Care About: Philosophical Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friedman, Marilyn (2003). Autonomy, Gender, Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. Geuss, Raymond (1981). The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hill, Tomas (1991). Autonomy and Self-Respect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Khader, Serene J. (2011). Adaptive Preferences and Women’s Empowerment. New York: Oxford University Press Mackenzie, Catriona & Stoljar, Natalie (2000). “Introduction: Autonomy Refigured: Five Feminist Critiques of Autonomy” in Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self. (pp. 35–51). Oxford University Press. Meyers, Diana T. (1989). Self, Society, and Personal Choice. Columbia Universal Press. Meyers, Diana T. (2000a). “Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self: Opposites Attract!” in Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self. (pp. 151–180). New York: Oxford University Press. Nussbaum, Martha. C. (1999). Sex and social justice. New York: Oxford University Press. Nussbaum, Martha. C. (2011). Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press. Raz, Joseph (1986). The Morality of Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. Stoljar, Natalie (2000). “Autonomy and the Feminist Intuition.” in Relational Autonomy, Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency & The Social Self. (pp. 94–111). Oxford University Press. Stoljar, Natalie (2014). “Autonomy and Adaptive Preference Formation” in Andrea Veltman, and Mark Piper (eds), Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender, Studies in Feminist Philosophy. (pp. 227–252). New York: Oxford University Press. Wolf, Susan (1988). “Sanity and the Metaphysics of Responsibility”. in F. Schoeman (ed.), Responsibility, Character, and the Emotions: New Essays in Moral Psychology (pp. 46–62). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 外文期刊論文 Benson, Paul (1987). Freedom and Value. The Journal of Philosophy, 84(9), 465–486. Benson, Paul (1991). Autonomy and Oppressive Socialization. Social Theory and Practice, 17(3), 385–408. Benson, Paul (1994). Free Agency and Self-Worth. The Journal of Philosophy, 91(12), 650–668. Bruckner, Donald W. (2009). In Defense of Adaptive Preferences. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 142(3), 307–324. Christman, John (1987). Autonomy: A Defense of the Split-level Self. Southern Journal of Philosophy 25, 281–93. Christman, John (1991a). Autonomy and Personal History. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 21(1), 1–24. Christman, John (1991b). Liberalism and Individual Positive Freedom. Ethics, 101(2), 343–359. Dworkin, Gerald (1976). Autonomy and Behavior Control. The Hastings Center Report, 6(1), 23–28. Frankfurt, Harry. G. (1971). Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The Journal of Philosophy, 68 (1), 5–20. Friedman, Marilyn (1986). Autonomy and the Split-Level Self. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 24, 19–35. Superson, Anita (2005). Deformed Desires and Informed Desire Tests. Hypatia, 20(4), 109–126. Westlund, Andrea (2003). Selflessness and Responsibility for Self: Is Deference Compatible with Autonomy? The Philosophical Review, 112(4), 483–523. 外文網路資源 Stoljar, Natalie (2022). &quot;Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy&quot; in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 Edition). Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.). URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/feminism-autonomy/>。查閱日期:2023年3月31日。 Superson, Anita (2023). &quot;Feminist Moral Psychology&quot; in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 Edition). Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.). URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/feminism-moralpsych/>。查閱日期:2024年10月6日。 Zwolinski, Matt, Benjamin Ferguson, and Alan Wertheimer, &quot;Exploitation&quot;, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/exploitation/>。查閱日期:2024年10月21日。 中文書籍 Berger, John(2023),《觀看的方式》。吳莉群譯。三版。台北市:麥田出版。 Berlin, Isaiah(1986),〈兩種自由概念〉,載於《自由四論》。陳曉林譯。225–296。台北市:聯經。 Johnson, Allan G.(2008),《性別打結:拆除父權違建》。成令方等譯。台北市:群學。 Lukes, Steven(2021),《權力:基進觀點》。林葦芸、陳雅馨譯。三版。台北市:商周。zh_TW