1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. Publications
  3. College of International Affairs
  4. Theses
  5. Item

Publications-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

NCCU Library

Citation Infomation

Related Publications in TAIR

題名 蘇聯到俄羅斯民族政策之轉變
The Transformation of Nationality Policies from the Soviet Union to Russia
作者 葉東磬
Yeh, Tung-Ching
貢獻者 連弘宜
Lien, Hung-I
葉東磬
Yeh, Tung-Ching
關鍵詞 民族聯邦制
不對稱聯邦制
權力垂直
中央集權
語言政策
非領土文化自治
Ethnofederalism
Asymmetric federalism
Power vertical
Centralization
Language policy
Non territorial cultural autonomy
日期 2025
上傳時間 1-Sep-2025 17:03:21 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文以「理念—制度—實踐」為主軸，長時段比較蘇聯與俄羅斯的民族政策，剖析多民族國家在「統一—多元」間的治理邏輯與風險。蘇聯在列寧時期以「政治集中、文化多元」與本土化扶植少數語言與菁英，按族群劃設共和國與自治單位，短期換得穩定；然名義自治與黨國集權並存，戰後俄語與俄族優位上升、史達林大清洗與整族流放加劇矛盾，民族被制度化為「準國家」，一旦中心鬆動即沿既定邊界動員。戈巴契夫改革使沉積的民族主義爆發，加上憲法退盟權提供法源，終致蘇聯解體。俄羅斯承繼多民族聯邦後，葉爾欽以《聯邦條約》與四十餘份雙邊協議推不對稱分權，韃靼斯坦透過「條約化自治」爭取資源與雙語地位，車臣拒絕妥協引發戰爭；法律體系碎片化、地方坐大，中央法令難以落地。 普京上台後再集中：設聯邦區與全權代表、改革聯邦委員會、取消州長直選、清理違憲地方法規，並終止特別權力條約（2017年韃靼協議失效為標誌），重建「權力垂直」。身分與語言政策上，以「全俄公民民族」與愛國教育、戰爭記憶與東正教敘事整合認同，同時確立俄語的一元地位（如要求官方語言以西里爾書寫、將共和國語由必修改自願），呈現「文化多元的非政治化」與「軟同化」。北高加索採「高壓＋懷柔」的卡德羅夫模式以換取效忠與穩定。綜合之，俄羅斯由九〇年代「協商式聯邦」轉為二十一世紀的集權型聯邦，分離主義烈度大幅下降，國家統一與治理能力回升；代價則是地方與少數民族政治空間收縮、語言文化權益受壓，整合更多依賴行政控制與象徵動員。本文提出「語言政策—文化自治—身份建構—安全治理」的四維框架，指出有效路徑在於以憲政法治確立不可分割的主權與對稱權責，同時以非領土的文化自治與資助維繫多樣，避免過度制度化族界。 結論認為，蘇聯之敗與俄國之穩均證成：國族認同建構是多民族國家的關鍵變數；俄羅斯雖降低解體風險，但更像「被管理的穩定」，深層張力未解，未來仍需在統一與多元間持續校準，並供各國決策借鏡與制度設計。
This dissertation explains the transformation of nationality policies from the Soviet Union to the Russian Federation through a triad of ideas–institutions–practices and a four dimensional framework—language policy, cultural autonomy, identity building, and security governance—to show how multiethnic states balance unity and diversity. It argues that Soviet ethnofederalism combined nominal self determination and exit rights with party–state centralism; when perestroika loosened coercion, nationalism mobilized along institutionalized borders and hastened dissolution. Post 1991 Russia first relied on asymmetric bargains—the 1992 Federation Treaty and 40 plus bilateral agreements—illustrated by Tatarstan’s treaty based autonomy versus Chechnya’s war and temporary de facto separation. Asymmetry blunted secession cascades but fragmented the legal order and empowered regional vetoes. From 2000, Putinrecentralized: federal districts and envoys, a reworked Federation Council, curtailed (later filtered) gubernatorial elections, legal harmonization, and retirement of “treaty federalism” (capped by Tatarstan’s 2017 expiry). Secession’s salience fell as state capacity rose, at the cost of local democracy and minority language space. Language and identity were pivotal: Cyrillic standardization and 2017–2018 reforms made many republic languages elective, consolidating Russian as lingua franca; identity shifted toward an all Russian civic nation (rossiiskaia natsiia). In the North Caucasus, a coercion plus cooptation template (Kadyrov) delivered managed stability. Mechanistically, jointly deploying the four levers can mute centrifugal mobilization but compress pluralism and invite selective legality. Normatively, symmetric constitutionalism plus non territorial cultural autonomy is more durable than ad hoc treaty federalism; Russia’s stability remains contingent, yet the framework travels to other multiethnic states facing the twin imperatives of unity and diversity.
參考文獻 一、 中文文獻（依姓氏筆畫順序） (一) 專書 張祥雲。《興衰之路：民族問題視域下的蘇聯民族國家建設研究》。北京：人民出版社，2011。 左鳳榮、劉顯忠。《從蘇聯到俄羅斯：民族區域自治問題研究》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2015。 (二) 書內篇章 左鳳榮、劉顯忠。〈分崩離析：民族問題的總爆發與蘇聯解體〉。載沈志華主編，《一個大國的崛起與崩潰：蘇聯歷史專題研究（1917–1991）》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2017。 (三) 期刊論文 崔皓旭。〈普京的聯邦制改革〉。《中國社會科學院研究生院學報》1（2009）：131–136。 崔琳。〈從族裔聯邦主義到公民中央集權：俄羅斯聯邦民族政策之研究〉。《歐洲國際評論》10（2014）：35–64。 馮紹雷。〈俄羅斯體制轉型的路徑依賴——從制度變遷和對外關係相關性視角的一種考察〉。《俄羅斯研究》2010年第6期：11–18。 邱顯平。〈變遷中的俄羅斯聯邦體制與民族問題〉。《俄羅斯研究》2005年第3期：21–24。 孫超、鈕維敢。〈俄羅斯聯邦民族—國家建設與分離主義的消弭〉。《俄羅斯研究》2018年第3期：131–168。 許菁芸、宋鎮照。〈俄羅斯的民主抉擇與統治菁英權力結構變化〉。《問題與研究》50, no. 2（2011）：1–34。 於洪君。〈極端民族主義和激進民主思潮是烏克蘭內外交困的兩大主因〉。《人民論壇·學術前沿》2021年第16期：98–105。 張嚴峻。〈從概念變化的視角理解「俄羅斯世界」〉。《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》2（2020）：111–138。 趙竹成。〈俄羅斯聯邦體制的不對稱性與「韃靼斯坦」模式〉。《國立政治大學學報》79（2002）：1–30。 周陸洋。〈蘇聯民族模式：駕馭民族主義的歷史實驗〉。《二十一世紀》雙月刊，2021年12月（總第188期）：22–37。香港：香港中文大學中國文化研究所。 (四) 評論 韓克敵。〈民族問題，蘇聯之殤——再談蘇聯解體的原因〉。愛 思想，2014-06-28。 二、 外文文獻 (ㄧ) 專書 Brubaker, Rogers. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. Bunce, Valerie. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Edgar, Adrienne Lynn. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Kolstø, Pål, and Helge Blakkisrud (eds.). The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000–2015. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Martin, Terry. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. Motyl, Alexander J. Sovietology, Rationality, Nationality: Coming to Grips with Nationalism in the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Prina, Federica. National Minorities in Putin’s Russia: Diversity and Assimilation. London: Routledge, 2016. Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. (二) 期刊論文 Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. “Demographic Sources of the Changing Ethnic Composition of the Soviet Union.” Population and Development Review 15, no. 4 (1989): 705–48. Beissinger, Mark R. “Soviet Empire as ‘Family Resemblance’.” Slavic Review 65, no. 2 (2006): 294–303. Beissinger, Mark R. “Self-Determination as a Technology of Imperialism: The Soviet and Russian Experiences.” Ethnopolitics 14, no. 5 (2015): 480. Bifolchi, Giuliano. “Assessment of the Russian Strategy to Contrast Terrorism and Jihadist Propaganda in the North Caucasus.” Janus.net, e-journal of International Relations 11, no. 2 (Nov 2020–Apr 2021): 19–32. Bilinsky, Yaroslav. “The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy.” Soviet Studies 14, no. 2 (1962): 138–57. Blakkisrud, Helge. “Russkii as the New Rossiiskii? Nation- Building in Russia after 1991.” Nationalities Papers 51, no. 4 (2023): 757–776. Brubaker, Rogers. “Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account.” Theory and Society 23, no. 1 (1994): 47–78. Busygina, Irina, and Mikhail Filippov. “The Cases of Authoritarian Regimes in Russia and Kazakhstan.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 51, no. 3 (2018): 233–243. Chebankova, Elena. “Adaptive Federalism and Federation in Putin’s Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 60, no. 6 (2008): 989–1009. Evangelista, Matthew. “The Chechen Conflict at 18: Historical and International Perspectives.” Quaderni di Relazioni Internazionali 8 (Oct 2008): 101–108. Goode, J. Paul. “Russia’s Ministry of Ambivalence: The Failure of Civic Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 35, no. 2 (2019): 140–160. Hale, Henry E. “Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse.” World Politics56, no. 2 (2004): 165–193. Jankiewicz, Sylwia, Natalia Knyaginina, and Federica Prina. “Linguistic Rights and Education in the Republics of the Russian Federation: Towards Unity Through Uniformity.” Review of Central and East European Law 45, no. 1 (2020): 59–91. Kraeva, Irina, and Natalia Guermanova. “Language Policy of the Russian Federation: Searching for Balance among 150 Languages.” European Journal of Language Policy 12, no. 2 (2020): 135–162. Martin, Terry. “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing.” Journal of Modern History 70, no. 4 (1998): 813–861. Paustyan, Emil. “A Treaty for the Rich and Politically Loyal? Explaining Asymmetry in Treaty Federalism under Yeltsin.” Russian Politics 6, no. 2 (2021): 185–214. Prina, Federica. “National in Form, Putinist in Content: Minority Institutions ‘Outside Politics.’” Europe-Asia Studies70, no. 8 (2018): 1236–1263. Suny, Ronald Grigor. “The Revenge of the Past: Socialism and Ethnic Conflict in Transcaucasia.” New Left ReviewI/184 (Nov–Dec 1990). Torode, N. “National-Cultural Autonomy in the Russian Federation: Implementation and Impact.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15, nos. 2–3 (2008): 179–193. Vujačić, Veljko. “Reexamining the ‘Serbian Exceptionalism’ Thesis.” Filozofija i društvo 21 (2003): 205–246. Whittington, Anna. “Contested Privilege: Ethnic Russians and the Unmaking of the Soviet Union.” The Journal of Modern History 95, no. 4 (Dec 2023): 887–927.     (三) 書內篇章 Baiburin, Albert. “Rituals of Identity: The Soviet Passport.” In Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities, ed. Mark Bassin and Catriona Kelly, 91–110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Bowring, Bill. “Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?” In The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, ed. Gabrielle Hogan-Brun and Bernadette O’Rourke, 73–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Devlet, Nadir. “Tataristan Cumhuriyeti.” In Türkler, vol. 20: Türk Dünyası, ed. Hasan Celâl Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, and Salim Koca, 48–57. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 2002. Rigby, T. H. “Khrushchev and the Rules of the Soviet Political Game.” In Khrushchev and the Communist World, ed. R. F. Miller and Ferenc Fehér. London: Croom Helm / Routledge reissue, 1984. (四) 經典思想與史料 Gorbachev, Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Goskomstat SSSR. Naselenie SSSR: Po dannym Vsesoiuznoi perepisi naseleniia 1989 g. Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1990. Lenin, Vladimir I. “To Maxim Gorky (February 1913).” In Collected Works, vol. 35. Lenin, Vladimir I. “Report to the Eighth Congress of the RCP(b).” Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.), March 18–23, 1919. (Marxists Internet Archive.) Lenin, V. I. “On the Question of National Policy.” In Collected Works, vol. 20, 221–25. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972. Lenin, Vladimir I. “Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and Colonial Questions.” In Collected Works, vol. 31, 144–151. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977. (五) 研究報告、媒體與百科 CSCE (U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe). Report on the Tatarstan Referendum on Sovereignty, April 14, 1992. President of the Russian Federation. “Ukaz No.849, On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District (May 13, 2000).” Kremlin Acts Bank. Putin, Vladimir. “Россия на рубеже тысячелетий [Russia at the Turn of the Millennium].” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, December 30, 1999. (六) 研究報告／媒體／百科 Aron, Leon. “The Emergence of a New Russian Narrative.” AEI Russian Outlook (Summer 2008). Encyclopaedia Iranica. “TAJIK ii. Tajik Persian.” New York: Columbia University, 2009. Encyclopedia.com. “Federation Treaties.” n.d. Accessed August 17, 2025. Forum of Federations. “Intergovernmental Relations in the Russian Federation.” 2001/2002；另有 n.d. 版（Accessed August 17, 2025）。 Human Rights Watch. Russian Federation: Ethnic Discrimination in Southern Russia. New York: HRW, 1998. Human Rights Watch. “Managing Civil Society: Are NGOs Next? Backgrounder—Dismantling the System of Checks and Balances.” 2005. openDemocracy. “Moscow Leaves Tatarstan Speechless.” December 8, 2017. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). “Tatarstan: Status Under Scrutiny as Lawmakers Change ….” March 4, 2002.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班
111981007
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111981007
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 連弘宜zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lien, Hung-Ien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 葉東磬zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yeh, Tung-Chingen_US
dc.creator (作者) 葉東磬zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yeh, Tung-Chingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2025 17:03:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2025 17:03:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2025 17:03:21 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0111981007en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159438-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國家安全與大陸研究碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 111981007zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文以「理念—制度—實踐」為主軸，長時段比較蘇聯與俄羅斯的民族政策，剖析多民族國家在「統一—多元」間的治理邏輯與風險。蘇聯在列寧時期以「政治集中、文化多元」與本土化扶植少數語言與菁英，按族群劃設共和國與自治單位，短期換得穩定；然名義自治與黨國集權並存，戰後俄語與俄族優位上升、史達林大清洗與整族流放加劇矛盾，民族被制度化為「準國家」，一旦中心鬆動即沿既定邊界動員。戈巴契夫改革使沉積的民族主義爆發，加上憲法退盟權提供法源，終致蘇聯解體。俄羅斯承繼多民族聯邦後，葉爾欽以《聯邦條約》與四十餘份雙邊協議推不對稱分權，韃靼斯坦透過「條約化自治」爭取資源與雙語地位，車臣拒絕妥協引發戰爭；法律體系碎片化、地方坐大，中央法令難以落地。 普京上台後再集中：設聯邦區與全權代表、改革聯邦委員會、取消州長直選、清理違憲地方法規，並終止特別權力條約（2017年韃靼協議失效為標誌），重建「權力垂直」。身分與語言政策上，以「全俄公民民族」與愛國教育、戰爭記憶與東正教敘事整合認同，同時確立俄語的一元地位（如要求官方語言以西里爾書寫、將共和國語由必修改自願），呈現「文化多元的非政治化」與「軟同化」。北高加索採「高壓＋懷柔」的卡德羅夫模式以換取效忠與穩定。綜合之，俄羅斯由九〇年代「協商式聯邦」轉為二十一世紀的集權型聯邦，分離主義烈度大幅下降，國家統一與治理能力回升；代價則是地方與少數民族政治空間收縮、語言文化權益受壓，整合更多依賴行政控制與象徵動員。本文提出「語言政策—文化自治—身份建構—安全治理」的四維框架，指出有效路徑在於以憲政法治確立不可分割的主權與對稱權責，同時以非領土的文化自治與資助維繫多樣，避免過度制度化族界。 結論認為，蘇聯之敗與俄國之穩均證成：國族認同建構是多民族國家的關鍵變數；俄羅斯雖降低解體風險，但更像「被管理的穩定」，深層張力未解，未來仍需在統一與多元間持續校準，並供各國決策借鏡與制度設計。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This dissertation explains the transformation of nationality policies from the Soviet Union to the Russian Federation through a triad of ideas–institutions–practices and a four dimensional framework—language policy, cultural autonomy, identity building, and security governance—to show how multiethnic states balance unity and diversity. It argues that Soviet ethnofederalism combined nominal self determination and exit rights with party–state centralism; when perestroika loosened coercion, nationalism mobilized along institutionalized borders and hastened dissolution. Post 1991 Russia first relied on asymmetric bargains—the 1992 Federation Treaty and 40 plus bilateral agreements—illustrated by Tatarstan’s treaty based autonomy versus Chechnya’s war and temporary de facto separation. Asymmetry blunted secession cascades but fragmented the legal order and empowered regional vetoes. From 2000, Putinrecentralized: federal districts and envoys, a reworked Federation Council, curtailed (later filtered) gubernatorial elections, legal harmonization, and retirement of “treaty federalism” (capped by Tatarstan’s 2017 expiry). Secession’s salience fell as state capacity rose, at the cost of local democracy and minority language space. Language and identity were pivotal: Cyrillic standardization and 2017–2018 reforms made many republic languages elective, consolidating Russian as lingua franca; identity shifted toward an all Russian civic nation (rossiiskaia natsiia). In the North Caucasus, a coercion plus cooptation template (Kadyrov) delivered managed stability. Mechanistically, jointly deploying the four levers can mute centrifugal mobilization but compress pluralism and invite selective legality. Normatively, symmetric constitutionalism plus non territorial cultural autonomy is more durable than ad hoc treaty federalism; Russia’s stability remains contingent, yet the framework travels to other multiethnic states facing the twin imperatives of unity and diversity.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝 I 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 文獻回顧 4 第三節 研究途徑與方法 11 第四節 研究範圍與限制 14 第五節 研究架構與章節安排 15 第二章 蘇聯民族政策的構建與矛盾 19 第一節 意識形態下的民族理念：列寧與史達林的建構差異 20 第二節 制度設計與權力邏輯：民族聯邦制的理想與現實 26 第三節 統一與離心之間：蘇聯民族政策的制度張力與政治反彈 34 第四節 小結 38 第三章 俄羅斯民族政策的轉型與延續 39 第一節 葉爾欽時期民族政策的特徵：地方分權與政治妥協 39 第二節 普京時期民族政策的變化： 50 中央集權、語言政策與國族整合 50 第三節 蘇聯民族制度與思維的延續與調整：聯邦體制、語言文化政策與治理邏輯 54 第四節 小結 56 第四章 蘇聯與俄羅斯民族政策之比較：延續與變革 57 第一節 政策理念與國族認同建構模式的延續與變革 57 第二節 制度架構與中央—地方權力安排的延續與變革 59 第三節 語言文化與身份政策的延續與變革 66 2018年起改為選修且每週最多2小時，需家長書面同意。 72 第四節 小結 75 第五章 結論 76 第一節 研究發現：機制、節點與效果的綜合 76 第二節 未來研究建議：從指標化到跨域比較 79 參考文獻 81zh_TW
dc.format.extent 4148395 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0111981007en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民族聯邦制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 不對稱聯邦制zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 權力垂直zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中央集權zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言政策zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 非領土文化自治zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ethnofederalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Asymmetric federalismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Power verticalen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Centralizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Language policyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Non territorial cultural autonomyen_US
dc.title (題名) 蘇聯到俄羅斯民族政策之轉變zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The Transformation of Nationality Policies from the Soviet Union to Russiaen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、 中文文獻（依姓氏筆畫順序） (一) 專書 張祥雲。《興衰之路：民族問題視域下的蘇聯民族國家建設研究》。北京：人民出版社，2011。 左鳳榮、劉顯忠。《從蘇聯到俄羅斯：民族區域自治問題研究》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2015。 (二) 書內篇章 左鳳榮、劉顯忠。〈分崩離析：民族問題的總爆發與蘇聯解體〉。載沈志華主編，《一個大國的崛起與崩潰：蘇聯歷史專題研究（1917–1991）》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2017。 (三) 期刊論文 崔皓旭。〈普京的聯邦制改革〉。《中國社會科學院研究生院學報》1（2009）：131–136。 崔琳。〈從族裔聯邦主義到公民中央集權：俄羅斯聯邦民族政策之研究〉。《歐洲國際評論》10（2014）：35–64。 馮紹雷。〈俄羅斯體制轉型的路徑依賴——從制度變遷和對外關係相關性視角的一種考察〉。《俄羅斯研究》2010年第6期：11–18。 邱顯平。〈變遷中的俄羅斯聯邦體制與民族問題〉。《俄羅斯研究》2005年第3期：21–24。 孫超、鈕維敢。〈俄羅斯聯邦民族—國家建設與分離主義的消弭〉。《俄羅斯研究》2018年第3期：131–168。 許菁芸、宋鎮照。〈俄羅斯的民主抉擇與統治菁英權力結構變化〉。《問題與研究》50, no. 2（2011）：1–34。 於洪君。〈極端民族主義和激進民主思潮是烏克蘭內外交困的兩大主因〉。《人民論壇·學術前沿》2021年第16期：98–105。 張嚴峻。〈從概念變化的視角理解「俄羅斯世界」〉。《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》2（2020）：111–138。 趙竹成。〈俄羅斯聯邦體制的不對稱性與「韃靼斯坦」模式〉。《國立政治大學學報》79（2002）：1–30。 周陸洋。〈蘇聯民族模式：駕馭民族主義的歷史實驗〉。《二十一世紀》雙月刊，2021年12月（總第188期）：22–37。香港：香港中文大學中國文化研究所。 (四) 評論 韓克敵。〈民族問題，蘇聯之殤——再談蘇聯解體的原因〉。愛 思想，2014-06-28。 二、 外文文獻 (ㄧ) 專書 Brubaker, Rogers. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. Bunce, Valerie. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Edgar, Adrienne Lynn. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Kolstø, Pål, and Helge Blakkisrud (eds.). The New Russian Nationalism: Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism 2000–2015. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Martin, Terry. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. Motyl, Alexander J. Sovietology, Rationality, Nationality: Coming to Grips with Nationalism in the USSR. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Prina, Federica. National Minorities in Putin’s Russia: Diversity and Assimilation. London: Routledge, 2016. Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. (二) 期刊論文 Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. “Demographic Sources of the Changing Ethnic Composition of the Soviet Union.” Population and Development Review 15, no. 4 (1989): 705–48. Beissinger, Mark R. “Soviet Empire as ‘Family Resemblance’.” Slavic Review 65, no. 2 (2006): 294–303. Beissinger, Mark R. “Self-Determination as a Technology of Imperialism: The Soviet and Russian Experiences.” Ethnopolitics 14, no. 5 (2015): 480. Bifolchi, Giuliano. “Assessment of the Russian Strategy to Contrast Terrorism and Jihadist Propaganda in the North Caucasus.” Janus.net, e-journal of International Relations 11, no. 2 (Nov 2020–Apr 2021): 19–32. Bilinsky, Yaroslav. “The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy.” Soviet Studies 14, no. 2 (1962): 138–57. Blakkisrud, Helge. “Russkii as the New Rossiiskii? Nation- Building in Russia after 1991.” Nationalities Papers 51, no. 4 (2023): 757–776. Brubaker, Rogers. “Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account.” Theory and Society 23, no. 1 (1994): 47–78. Busygina, Irina, and Mikhail Filippov. “The Cases of Authoritarian Regimes in Russia and Kazakhstan.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 51, no. 3 (2018): 233–243. Chebankova, Elena. “Adaptive Federalism and Federation in Putin’s Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 60, no. 6 (2008): 989–1009. Evangelista, Matthew. “The Chechen Conflict at 18: Historical and International Perspectives.” Quaderni di Relazioni Internazionali 8 (Oct 2008): 101–108. Goode, J. Paul. “Russia’s Ministry of Ambivalence: The Failure of Civic Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 35, no. 2 (2019): 140–160. Hale, Henry E. “Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse.” World Politics56, no. 2 (2004): 165–193. Jankiewicz, Sylwia, Natalia Knyaginina, and Federica Prina. “Linguistic Rights and Education in the Republics of the Russian Federation: Towards Unity Through Uniformity.” Review of Central and East European Law 45, no. 1 (2020): 59–91. Kraeva, Irina, and Natalia Guermanova. “Language Policy of the Russian Federation: Searching for Balance among 150 Languages.” European Journal of Language Policy 12, no. 2 (2020): 135–162. Martin, Terry. “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing.” Journal of Modern History 70, no. 4 (1998): 813–861. Paustyan, Emil. “A Treaty for the Rich and Politically Loyal? Explaining Asymmetry in Treaty Federalism under Yeltsin.” Russian Politics 6, no. 2 (2021): 185–214. Prina, Federica. “National in Form, Putinist in Content: Minority Institutions ‘Outside Politics.’” Europe-Asia Studies70, no. 8 (2018): 1236–1263. Suny, Ronald Grigor. “The Revenge of the Past: Socialism and Ethnic Conflict in Transcaucasia.” New Left ReviewI/184 (Nov–Dec 1990). Torode, N. “National-Cultural Autonomy in the Russian Federation: Implementation and Impact.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15, nos. 2–3 (2008): 179–193. Vujačić, Veljko. “Reexamining the ‘Serbian Exceptionalism’ Thesis.” Filozofija i društvo 21 (2003): 205–246. Whittington, Anna. “Contested Privilege: Ethnic Russians and the Unmaking of the Soviet Union.” The Journal of Modern History 95, no. 4 (Dec 2023): 887–927.     (三) 書內篇章 Baiburin, Albert. “Rituals of Identity: The Soviet Passport.” In Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities, ed. Mark Bassin and Catriona Kelly, 91–110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Bowring, Bill. “Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?” In The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, ed. Gabrielle Hogan-Brun and Bernadette O’Rourke, 73–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Devlet, Nadir. “Tataristan Cumhuriyeti.” In Türkler, vol. 20: Türk Dünyası, ed. Hasan Celâl Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, and Salim Koca, 48–57. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 2002. Rigby, T. H. “Khrushchev and the Rules of the Soviet Political Game.” In Khrushchev and the Communist World, ed. R. F. Miller and Ferenc Fehér. London: Croom Helm / Routledge reissue, 1984. (四) 經典思想與史料 Gorbachev, Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper & Row, 1987. Goskomstat SSSR. Naselenie SSSR: Po dannym Vsesoiuznoi perepisi naseleniia 1989 g. Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1990. Lenin, Vladimir I. “To Maxim Gorky (February 1913).” In Collected Works, vol. 35. Lenin, Vladimir I. “Report to the Eighth Congress of the RCP(b).” Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.), March 18–23, 1919. (Marxists Internet Archive.) Lenin, V. I. “On the Question of National Policy.” In Collected Works, vol. 20, 221–25. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972. Lenin, Vladimir I. “Preliminary Draft Theses on the National and Colonial Questions.” In Collected Works, vol. 31, 144–151. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977. (五) 研究報告、媒體與百科 CSCE (U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe). Report on the Tatarstan Referendum on Sovereignty, April 14, 1992. President of the Russian Federation. “Ukaz No.849, On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District (May 13, 2000).” Kremlin Acts Bank. Putin, Vladimir. “Россия на рубеже тысячелетий [Russia at the Turn of the Millennium].” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, December 30, 1999. (六) 研究報告／媒體／百科 Aron, Leon. “The Emergence of a New Russian Narrative.” AEI Russian Outlook (Summer 2008). Encyclopaedia Iranica. “TAJIK ii. Tajik Persian.” New York: Columbia University, 2009. Encyclopedia.com. “Federation Treaties.” n.d. Accessed August 17, 2025. Forum of Federations. “Intergovernmental Relations in the Russian Federation.” 2001/2002；另有 n.d. 版（Accessed August 17, 2025）。 Human Rights Watch. Russian Federation: Ethnic Discrimination in Southern Russia. New York: HRW, 1998. Human Rights Watch. “Managing Civil Society: Are NGOs Next? Backgrounder—Dismantling the System of Checks and Balances.” 2005. openDemocracy. “Moscow Leaves Tatarstan Speechless.” December 8, 2017. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). “Tatarstan: Status Under Scrutiny as Lawmakers Change ….” March 4, 2002.zh_TW