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題名 製茶產業中的族群關係與性別角色：泰北美斯樂鄉的生命史研究
Ethnic Groups and Gender Roles Under the Development of the Local Tea Industry: A Life Story Study of Doi Mae Salong in Northern Thailand
作者 李盈萱
Lee, Ying-Hsuan
貢獻者 吳考甯
Courtney Work
李盈萱
Lee, Ying-Hsuan
關鍵詞 茶產業
阿卡族
性別勞動
族群關係
公共人類學
Tea industry
Akha
Gendered labor
Ethnic relations
Public Anthropology
日期 2025
上傳時間 1-Sep-2025 17:04:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究以泰國北部清萊省美斯樂鄉的製茶產業為田野場域，結合生命史訪談與參與式觀察，探討族群與性別如何在地區發展過程中被形塑與再生產。美斯樂為一多族群聚落，主要由雲南裔漢人與阿卡族等構成，當地經濟歷經由傳統輪耕與罌粟種植，逐步轉型為茶業與觀光導向的產業結構。 研究發現，儘管漢人社群多掌握土地與資源，阿卡族勞動者，特別是女性，則多從事茶葉採收、包裝與銷售等基層工作，長期處於「可見卻無聲」的邊緣位置。然而，其中的「族群與性別」並非靜態的身份標籤，而透過土地權益、勞動型態、語言能力、教育資源等條件交織互動，動態生成與轉變。在這樣的交織結構中，資源分配、社會位置與文化認同彼此纏繞，共同構成地方產業的樣貌與權力關係。 本研究運用生命史方法，重視敘事的情境與受訪者的主體能動性，呈現不同族群與性別背景的行動者，如何在農業轉型與發展壓力下展現生活智慧與策略性應對，並挑戰主流發展話語中被遮蔽的結構性不平等。本文進一步指出：製茶產業並非單純的經濟行動，而是國家政策、資本邏輯與在地倫理交織下的社會實踐空間。其中，「在地倫理」涵括地方群體在長期生活與互動中累積的價值判準與行動規範，如土地共享、語言混用、性別互補與互助勞動等，這些未被主流發展治理納入的實踐方式，正是多元群體在張力中共構發展、協商關係與共同塑造地方未來的關鍵。 最終，本文回應公共人類學的使命，主張發展不應僅由自上而下的規劃邏輯主導，而應納入地方知識、無聲勞動與多元世界觀的價值。唯有透過與在地群體建立信任、對話與共構的關係，才能真正理解那些身處邊陲的行動者，如何在重重限制中，以自己的方式參與並重塑地方發展的可能性。
This thesis examines the intersections of ethnicity, gender, and labor within the tea industry of Doi Mae Salong, a multi-ethnic settlement in Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand. Drawing on life story interviews and participant observation, the research explores how local development processes shape and reproduce social hierarchies, especially between Yunnanese Han Chinese and Akha communities. Once sustained by swidden agriculture and opium cultivation, the region has transitioned toward tea production and tourism, creating new configurations of work, identity, and belonging. While Han Chinese actors often control land, processing factories, and marketing channels, Akha laborers, especially women, are concentrated in lower-tier tasks such as tea-picking, packaging, and retail sales. Their roles, although highly visible, remain socially undervalued and structurally constrained. However, ethnicity and gender are not fixed identities; they emerge through interlocking conditions—language fluency, access to education, land rights, and labor regimes—that shape one’s capacity to participate in development. Within these entanglements, power relations, cultural recognition, and livelihood strategies become co-produced. Using a life story approach, this research centers the narrative agency of local actors, tracing how individuals navigate economic pressures and social expectations with creativity and resilience. Through intergenerational stories of Han Chinese and Akha women and men, the study argues that the tea industry is not merely an economic domain, but a socially embedded space where national policies, capital logics, and local moralities intersect. Local ethics, such as shared labor, gender complementarity, linguistic pluralism, and collective land use, are not peripheral traditions but key drivers of pluralistic development. Ultimately, this thesis aligns with the aims of public anthropology by advocating for development models that recognize the agency, knowledge, and labor of marginalized actors. Development must be approached not as a universal blueprint but as a situated, co-constructed practice. It is through relationships of dialogue and engagement that we can understand how those on the margins shape the futures they inhabit, often challenging, reworking, or refusing dominant paradigms.
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Chang, W.-C. (2001). From war refugees to immigrants: The case of the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand. The International Migration Review, 35(4), 1086–1105. Chang, W.-C. (2002). Identification of leadership among the KMT Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 33(1), 123–146. Chang, W.-C. (2006). Home away from home: Migrant Yunnanese Chinese in Northern Thailand. International Journal of Asian Studies, 3(1), 49–76. Chang, W.-C. (2017). Military, gender, and trade: The story of Auntie Duan of the Northern Thai Borderlands. Southeast Asian Studies, 6(3), 423–445. Choo, H. Y., & Ferree, M. M. (2010). Practicing intersectionality in sociological research: A critical analysis of inclusions, interactions, and institutions. Gender & Society, 24(1), 63–88. Clifford, J., & Marcus, G. E. (Eds.). (1986). Writing culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography. University of California Press. Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Polity Press. DeLanda, M. (2006). A new philosophy of society: Assemblage theory and social complexity. Continuum. Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Ducourtieux, O., Laffort, J. R., & Sacklokham, S. (2005). Land policy and farming practices in Laos. Development and Change, 36(3), 499–526. Ellis, C. (2007). Telling secrets, revealing lives: Relational ethics in research with intimate others. Qualitative Inquiry, 13(1), 3–29. Elmhirst, R. (2011). Introducing new feminist political ecologies. Geoforum, 42(2), 129–132. Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press. Escobar, A. (2011). Sustainability: Design for the pluriverse. Development, 54(2), 137–140. Ferguson, J. (1994). The anti-politics machine: Development, depoliticization, and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. University of Minnesota Press. Forsyth, T., & Walker, A. (2008). Forest guardians, forest destroyers: The politics of environmental knowledge in northern Thailand. University of Washington Press. Frank, A. W. (2010). Letting stories breathe: A socio-narratology. University of Chicago Press. Gladney, D. C. (1994). Representing nationality in China: Refiguring majority/minority identities. The Journal of Asian Studies, 53(1), 92–123. Haraway, D. J. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599. Hemment, J. (2007). Public anthropology and the paradoxes of participation: Participatory action research and critical ethnography in provincial Russia. Human Organization, 66(3), 301–314. Hsieh, S.-C. (2001, May 17). Agricultural technology transfer to developing countries: Case studies on highland agricultural development in northern Thailand [Unpublished report]. Thailand Report. Huang, S.-M. (2005). The articulation of culture, agriculture, and the environment of Chinese in northern Thailand. Ethnology, 44(1), 1–11. Ingold, T. (2011). Being alive: Essays on movement, knowledge and description. Routledge. Jonsson, H. (2005). Mien relations: Mountain people and state control in Thailand. Cornell University Press. Maharani, C. D., Moeliono, M., Wong, G. Y., Brockhaus, M., Carmenta, R., & Kallio, M. (2019). Development and equity: A gendered inquiry in a swidden landscape. Forest Policy and Economics, 101, 120–128. McCoy, A. W. (2013). The politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug trade. Lawrence Hill Books. McKinnon, K. (2005). (Im)Mobilization and hegemony: ‘Hill tribe’ subjects and the ‘Thai’ state. Social & Cultural Geography, 6(1), 31–46. Moore, H. L. (1988). Feminism and anthropology. University of Minnesota Press. Morton, M. F., Wang, J., & Li, H. (2016). Decolonizing methods: Akha articulations of indigeneity in the Upper Mekong Region. Asian Ethnicity, 17(4), 580–595. Nagar, R. (2014). Muddying the waters: Coauthoring feminisms across scholarship and activism. University of Illinois Press. Panomtaranichagul, M., & Huang, S.-M. (2007). Implications of Yunnan Chinese land-use practices for sustainable hill farming in northern Thailand. Taiwan Journal of Anthropology, 5(2), 123–147. Phongpaichit, P., & Baker, C. (Eds.). (2015). Unequal Thailand: Aspects of income, wealth and power. NUS Press. Renard, R. D. (2001). Opium reduction in Thailand 1970–2000: A thirty-year journey. Silkworm Books. Schmidt-Vogt, D. (2001). Secondary forests in swidden agriculture in the highlands of Thailand. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 13(4), 748–767. Scott, J. C. (1976). The moral economy of the peasant: Rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press. Scott, J. C. (2009). The art of not being governed: An anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. Silvey, R. M. (2000). Stigmatized spaces: Gender and mobility under crisis in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Gender, Place & Culture, 7(2), 143–161. Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). University of Illinois Press. Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. Bloomsbury Academic. Sturgeon, J. C. (2005). Border landscapes: The politics of Akha land use in China and Thailand. University of Washington Press. Sturgeon, J. C. (2021). Landscape plasticity and its erasure. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(1), 658–678. Tan, C. C., & Sitikarn, B. (2018). Coffee-and-tea-based and social entrepreneurship-oriented community-based tourism (CBT) in Northern Thailand: Contributing towards a theory. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Temple, B., & Young, A. (2004). Qualitative research and translation dilemmas. Qualitative Research, 4(2), 161–178. Truong, T., & Chhachhi, A. (2018). Gender, poverty, and social justice. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. Tsing, A. L. (2015). The mushroom at the end of the world: On the possibility of life in capitalist ruins. Princeton University Press. West, P. (2012). From modern production to imagined primitive: The social world of coffee from Papua New Guinea. Duke University Press.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
民族學系
109259001
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109259001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 吳考甯zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Courtney Worken_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李盈萱zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lee, Ying-Hsuanen_US
dc.creator (作者) 李盈萱zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lee, Ying-Hsuanen_US
dc.date (日期) 2025en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Sep-2025 17:04:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Sep-2025 17:04:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Sep-2025 17:04:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0109259001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/159442-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 民族學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 109259001zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究以泰國北部清萊省美斯樂鄉的製茶產業為田野場域，結合生命史訪談與參與式觀察，探討族群與性別如何在地區發展過程中被形塑與再生產。美斯樂為一多族群聚落，主要由雲南裔漢人與阿卡族等構成，當地經濟歷經由傳統輪耕與罌粟種植，逐步轉型為茶業與觀光導向的產業結構。 研究發現，儘管漢人社群多掌握土地與資源，阿卡族勞動者，特別是女性，則多從事茶葉採收、包裝與銷售等基層工作，長期處於「可見卻無聲」的邊緣位置。然而，其中的「族群與性別」並非靜態的身份標籤，而透過土地權益、勞動型態、語言能力、教育資源等條件交織互動，動態生成與轉變。在這樣的交織結構中，資源分配、社會位置與文化認同彼此纏繞，共同構成地方產業的樣貌與權力關係。 本研究運用生命史方法，重視敘事的情境與受訪者的主體能動性，呈現不同族群與性別背景的行動者，如何在農業轉型與發展壓力下展現生活智慧與策略性應對，並挑戰主流發展話語中被遮蔽的結構性不平等。本文進一步指出：製茶產業並非單純的經濟行動，而是國家政策、資本邏輯與在地倫理交織下的社會實踐空間。其中，「在地倫理」涵括地方群體在長期生活與互動中累積的價值判準與行動規範，如土地共享、語言混用、性別互補與互助勞動等，這些未被主流發展治理納入的實踐方式，正是多元群體在張力中共構發展、協商關係與共同塑造地方未來的關鍵。 最終，本文回應公共人類學的使命，主張發展不應僅由自上而下的規劃邏輯主導，而應納入地方知識、無聲勞動與多元世界觀的價值。唯有透過與在地群體建立信任、對話與共構的關係，才能真正理解那些身處邊陲的行動者，如何在重重限制中，以自己的方式參與並重塑地方發展的可能性。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis examines the intersections of ethnicity, gender, and labor within the tea industry of Doi Mae Salong, a multi-ethnic settlement in Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand. Drawing on life story interviews and participant observation, the research explores how local development processes shape and reproduce social hierarchies, especially between Yunnanese Han Chinese and Akha communities. Once sustained by swidden agriculture and opium cultivation, the region has transitioned toward tea production and tourism, creating new configurations of work, identity, and belonging. While Han Chinese actors often control land, processing factories, and marketing channels, Akha laborers, especially women, are concentrated in lower-tier tasks such as tea-picking, packaging, and retail sales. Their roles, although highly visible, remain socially undervalued and structurally constrained. However, ethnicity and gender are not fixed identities; they emerge through interlocking conditions—language fluency, access to education, land rights, and labor regimes—that shape one’s capacity to participate in development. Within these entanglements, power relations, cultural recognition, and livelihood strategies become co-produced. Using a life story approach, this research centers the narrative agency of local actors, tracing how individuals navigate economic pressures and social expectations with creativity and resilience. Through intergenerational stories of Han Chinese and Akha women and men, the study argues that the tea industry is not merely an economic domain, but a socially embedded space where national policies, capital logics, and local moralities intersect. Local ethics, such as shared labor, gender complementarity, linguistic pluralism, and collective land use, are not peripheral traditions but key drivers of pluralistic development. Ultimately, this thesis aligns with the aims of public anthropology by advocating for development models that recognize the agency, knowledge, and labor of marginalized actors. Development must be approached not as a universal blueprint but as a situated, co-constructed practice. It is through relationships of dialogue and engagement that we can understand how those on the margins shape the futures they inhabit, often challenging, reworking, or refusing dominant paradigms.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 10 1.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 12 1.2.1 Research Questions and Objectives 12 1.2.2 Research Site, Target Groups, and Informants 13 1.2.3 Research Methods 19 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 22 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 22 2.1.1 Ethnic Settlement and the Development of Doi Mae Salong 22 2.1.2 Agrarian Transformation and the Tea–Coffee Economy 23 2.1.3 Life Story Method and Situated Voice 26 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 27 2.2.1 Gender, Ethnicity, and Intersectionality in Labor 28 2.2.2 Life Story Theory 31 CHAPTER 3: DOI MAE SALONG AND THE TEA INDUSTRY 35 3.1 POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BACKGROUND 35 3.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEA ECONOMY 37 3.3 EVERYDAY LIFE AND LABOR STRUCTURES ACROSS ETHNIC COMMUNITIES 40 3.4 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 43 CHAPTER 4: THE FLOW OF TEA 44 4.1 TEA PLANTATION 45 4.1.1 The Operation of a Tea Plantation 45 4.1.2 Workers on the Tea Plantation, Tea Farmers, and Tea Pickers 47 4.1.3 Current Challenges of Tea Plantations 50 4.2 TEA FACTORIES 53 4.2.1 The Operation of the Tea Factory 53 4.2.2 Workers in the Tea Factory, Tea Makers, and Tea Workers 56 4.2.3 Challenges of the Tea Factory 58 4.3 TEA STORES 60 4.3.1 The Operation of Tea Stores 60 4.3.2 Workers in the Tea Stores, Owners, and Helpers 62 4.3.3 Challenges of Tea Stores 64 4.4 THE FLOW OF TEA 68 4.5 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 72 CHAPTER 5: NEGOTIATING DEVELOPMENT: LAND, IDENTITY, AND LABOR TRANSITIONS 73 5.1 LAND WITHOUT OWNERSHIP: FOREST POLICIES AND INFORMAL RIGHTS 73 5.1.1 Historical and Legal Context 73 5.1.2 Legal Recognition and Differential Access 74 5.1.3 Local Mediation and Policy Ambiguity 74 5.1.4 Ethnic Disparities and Intersectional Inequality 75 5.1.5 Everyday Agency and Public Anthropology 75 5.2 STATELESSNESS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN DEVELOPMENT LANDSCAPES 76 5.3 COFFEE, HOPE, AND THE RECONFIGURATION OF LABOR 78 5.4 AGENCY AT THE MARGINS 80 5.5 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 82 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION—WALKING TOWARD PLURAL FUTURES 83 6.1 WORK, LAND, AND BELONGING: DEVELOPMENT AS A LOCAL PRACTICE 83 6.2 PLURAL DEVELOPMENT: BEYOND A SINGLE PATH 83 6.3 MARKET, STATE, AND COMMUNITY ENTANGLEMENTS 84 6.4 CONTRIBUTIONS: THEORY AND METHOD 84 6.5 TOWARD PLURAL FUTURES: PUBLIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT RETHOUGHT 85 REFERENCES 86 APPENDIX 91zh_TW
dc.format.extent 9441972 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109259001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 茶產業zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 阿卡族zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別勞動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族群關係zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 公共人類學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Tea industryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Akhaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Gendered laboren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ethnic relationsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Public Anthropologyen_US
dc.title (題名) 製茶產業中的族群關係與性別角色：泰北美斯樂鄉的生命史研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Ethnic Groups and Gender Roles Under the Development of the Local Tea Industry: A Life Story Study of Doi Mae Salong in Northern Thailanden_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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