民主的普遍主義與特殊主義張力：解析印尼的實踐 (2014-2024) | 學術產出

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題名	民主的普遍主義與特殊主義張力：解析印尼的實踐 (2014-2024) Navigating the Tension between Universalism and Particularism in Democracy: Unpacking Indonesia’s Practice (2014-2024)
作者	莊雁妮 Jenny
貢獻者	孫采薇 Sun, Tsai-Wei 莊雁妮 Jenny
關鍵詞	印尼民主特殊主義佐科·維多多非自由民主自成一格 Indonesian Democracy Particularism Joko Widodo Illiberal Democracy Sui Generis
日期	2026
上傳時間	2-二月-2026 12:28:30 (UTC+8)
摘要	本論文檢視了自由民主的普世概念與佐科·維多多（Joko Widodo）總統兩屆任期（2014-2024）下的印尼民主之間的張力。儘管印尼在1998年的民主轉型備受讚譽，但該國一直被歸類為面臨民主鞏固持續挑戰的「有缺陷的民主」（flawed democracy）。這一複雜的發展軌跡以採納非自由主義措施為標誌，在佐科總統的領導下尤為明顯。本研究旨在補充普世主義的觀點，探討該國的政治品質如何受其固有的「特殊主義」（particularism）所形塑。研究表明，印尼的獨特特徵不僅僅是民主化的障礙，而是定義其民主獨特且不斷演變之本質的基礎特徵。本研究採用質性方法，針對佐科政府下的行政擴權（executive aggrandizement）進行深入的案例研究，並建立了一個基於特殊主義四大支柱的理論框架。分析顯示：社會文化規範優先考慮群體和諧與共識，而非西方的對抗性競爭理想；宗教性表現為國家的積極管理和「虔誠的安全化」（securitization of piety）；精英政治由寡頭卡特爾（oligarchic cartels）和新家長制（neopatrimonialism）主導，而非唯才是用的制衡機制；而發展主義思維則利用「績效合法性」來為公民自由的從屬地位辯護。通過綜合這些發現，本研究證明印尼模式是依照一種內部邏輯運作的，即穩定與層級高於自由主義的程序主義。因此，本研究試圖彌合普世主義與特殊主義之間的理論鴻溝，提供對民主品質的細緻評估，超越以西方為中心的基準，以解釋推動印尼政治軌跡的韌性本土驅動力。 This thesis examines the tension between the universal concept of Liberal Democracy with Indonesian democracy under the two terms of President Joko Widodo (2014-2024). Despite its celebrated democratic transition in 1998, Indonesia has been consistently categorized as a "flawed democracy" facing persistent challenges to democratic consolidation. This complex trajectory, marked by the adoption of illiberal measures, has become particularly evident under President Jokowi's leadership. Complementing the universalist view, this research explores how the nation’s political quality is shaped by its inherent ‘particularism.’ The study suggests that Indonesia’s unique characteristics are not simply impediments to democratization, but rather foundational features that define the distinct and evolving nature of its democracy. Employing a qualitative methodology with an in-depth case study of executive aggrandizement under Jokowi administration, the study constructs a theoretical framework based on four pillars of particularism. The analysis reveals that socio-cultural norms prioritize communal harmony and consensus over the Western ideal of adversarial contestation; religiosity manifests as active state management and the “securitization of piety;” elite politics is governed by oligarchic cartels and neopatrimonialism rather than meritocratic checks and balances; and a developmentalist mindset leverages “performance legitimacy” to justify the subordination of civil liberties. By synthesizing these findings, the research demonstrates that the Indonesian model functions according to an internal logic where stability and hierarchy supersede liberal proceduralism. This research thus attempts to bridge the theoretical gap between universalism and particularism, offering a nuanced assessment of democratic quality that moves beyond Western-centric benchmarks to account for the resilient, indigenous drivers of Indonesia’s political trajectory.
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描述	博士國立政治大學亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS) 107265514
資料來源	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107265514
資料類型	thesis

dc.contributor.advisor	孫采薇	zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor	Sun, Tsai-Wei	en_US
dc.contributor.author (作者)	莊雁妮	zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者)	Jenny	en_US
dc.creator (作者)	莊雁妮	zh_TW
dc.creator (作者)	Jenny	en_US
dc.date (日期)	2026	en_US
dc.date.accessioned	2-二月-2026 12:28:30 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.available	2-二月-2026 12:28:30 (UTC+8)	-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間)	2-二月-2026 12:28:30 (UTC+8)	-
dc.identifier (其他識別碼)	G0107265514	en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI)	https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/161430	-
dc.description (描述)	博士	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	國立政治大學	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)	zh_TW
dc.description (描述)	107265514	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	本論文檢視了自由民主的普世概念與佐科·維多多（Joko Widodo）總統兩屆任期（2014-2024）下的印尼民主之間的張力。儘管印尼在1998年的民主轉型備受讚譽，但該國一直被歸類為面臨民主鞏固持續挑戰的「有缺陷的民主」（flawed democracy）。這一複雜的發展軌跡以採納非自由主義措施為標誌，在佐科總統的領導下尤為明顯。本研究旨在補充普世主義的觀點，探討該國的政治品質如何受其固有的「特殊主義」（particularism）所形塑。研究表明，印尼的獨特特徵不僅僅是民主化的障礙，而是定義其民主獨特且不斷演變之本質的基礎特徵。本研究採用質性方法，針對佐科政府下的行政擴權（executive aggrandizement）進行深入的案例研究，並建立了一個基於特殊主義四大支柱的理論框架。分析顯示：社會文化規範優先考慮群體和諧與共識，而非西方的對抗性競爭理想；宗教性表現為國家的積極管理和「虔誠的安全化」（securitization of piety）；精英政治由寡頭卡特爾（oligarchic cartels）和新家長制（neopatrimonialism）主導，而非唯才是用的制衡機制；而發展主義思維則利用「績效合法性」來為公民自由的從屬地位辯護。通過綜合這些發現，本研究證明印尼模式是依照一種內部邏輯運作的，即穩定與層級高於自由主義的程序主義。因此，本研究試圖彌合普世主義與特殊主義之間的理論鴻溝，提供對民主品質的細緻評估，超越以西方為中心的基準，以解釋推動印尼政治軌跡的韌性本土驅動力。	zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要)	This thesis examines the tension between the universal concept of Liberal Democracy with Indonesian democracy under the two terms of President Joko Widodo (2014-2024). Despite its celebrated democratic transition in 1998, Indonesia has been consistently categorized as a "flawed democracy" facing persistent challenges to democratic consolidation. This complex trajectory, marked by the adoption of illiberal measures, has become particularly evident under President Jokowi's leadership. Complementing the universalist view, this research explores how the nation’s political quality is shaped by its inherent ‘particularism.’ The study suggests that Indonesia’s unique characteristics are not simply impediments to democratization, but rather foundational features that define the distinct and evolving nature of its democracy. Employing a qualitative methodology with an in-depth case study of executive aggrandizement under Jokowi administration, the study constructs a theoretical framework based on four pillars of particularism. The analysis reveals that socio-cultural norms prioritize communal harmony and consensus over the Western ideal of adversarial contestation; religiosity manifests as active state management and the “securitization of piety;” elite politics is governed by oligarchic cartels and neopatrimonialism rather than meritocratic checks and balances; and a developmentalist mindset leverages “performance legitimacy” to justify the subordination of civil liberties. By synthesizing these findings, the research demonstrates that the Indonesian model functions according to an internal logic where stability and hierarchy supersede liberal proceduralism. This research thus attempts to bridge the theoretical gap between universalism and particularism, offering a nuanced assessment of democratic quality that moves beyond Western-centric benchmarks to account for the resilient, indigenous drivers of Indonesia’s political trajectory.	en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents	Acknowledgement i Abstract iii 摘要 iv Acronyms v Glossary vii Table of Contents x List of Tables xiii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research Questions 5 1.2. Research Framework 6 1.2.1. Socio-Cultural Aspect: Heterogeneity, Patrimonialism, and the Communitarian Tradition 7 1.2.2. Religiosity Aspect: From Religious Moderation to the Resurgence of Conservatism 8 1.2.3. Elite Politics Aspect: From Authoritarian Cronyism to Democratic Power-Sharing 10 1.2.4. Developmentalism Aspect: The Trade-off Between Economic Ambition and Democratic Norms 11 1.3. Methodology 12 1.3.1. Literature Review 12 1.3.2. Case Study 13 1.4. Structure of the Thesis 14 1.5. Contributions and Limitations 15 2. Literature Review 17 2.1. Socio-Cultural Aspect: Path Dependence and the Limits of Democratic Universalism 19 2.2. Religiosity Aspect: The Resilience of Faith and the Debate on Islamic Compatibility with Democracy 22 2.3. Elite Politics Aspect: Elite Pacts, Civil Society, and the Negotiation of Democratic Norms 25 2.4. Developmentalism Aspect: Economic Determinism, and the Democratic Decoupling 26 Conclusion 29 3. Indonesia’s Political Development (1945-2024) 31 3.1. Indonesia’s Pre-Democratization Era (1945-1998) 32 3.2. Indonesia’s Democratic Era – National Level (1998-2024) 38 3.3. Indonesia’s Democratic Era – Regional Level (2021-2024) 46 Conclusion 59 4. Jokowi’s Executive Actions (2014-2024) 63 4.1. Jokowi’s Illiberal Executive Actions 63 4.1.1. Jokowi vs. Civil Society 63 4.1.2. Jokowi vs. Legislative Institution 66 4.1.3. Jokowi vs. Law Enforcement Agency 68 4.1.4. Jokowi vs. Judicial Institution 74 4.1.5. Jokowi, the “Kingmaker” 75 4.2. Indonesia’s Particularisms in Jokowi’s Executive Actions 79 4.2.1. Socio-Cultural Aspect: Javanese Norms, Neopatrimonialism, and the Consolidation of Executive Power 79 4.2.2. Religiosity Aspect: The Securitization of Piety and the Instrumentalization of the ‘Islamist Threat’ 81 4.2.3. Elite Politics Aspect: Strategic Co-optation and the Hollowing of Democratic Checks and Balances 83 4.2.4. Developmentalism Aspect: Performance Legitimacy and the Subordination of Democratic Safeguards 85 Conclusion 87 5. The Tension between Universal Ideas of Democracy and Indonesian Democracy 89 5.1. Socio-Cultural Aspect: Harmony over Accountability 89 5.2. Religiosity Aspect: Co-optation, Securitization, and the Instrumentalization of Piety in Indonesian Politics 97 5.3. Elite Politics Aspect: Old Rules in New Institutions 105 5.4. Developmentalism Aspect: The Illiberal Trade-off and Performance Legitimacy 113 Conclusion 119 6. Conclusion 121 6.1. Purpose of the Thesis 121 6.2. Framework of the Thesis 123 6.2.1. Socio-Cultural Aspect 123 6.2.2. Religiosity Aspect 124 6.2.3. Elite Politics Aspect 124 6.2.4. Developmentalism Aspect 125 6.3. Findings 126 6.4. The Future Trajectory of Indonesian Democracy 128 References 131 English Sources 131 Indonesian Sources 150	zh_TW
dc.format.extent	2249491 bytes	-
dc.format.mimetype	application/pdf	-
dc.source.uri (資料來源)	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107265514	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	印尼民主	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	特殊主義	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	佐科·維多多	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	非自由民主	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	自成一格	zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Indonesian Democracy	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Particularism	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Joko Widodo	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Illiberal Democracy	en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞)	Sui Generis	en_US
dc.title (題名)	民主的普遍主義與特殊主義張力：解析印尼的實踐 (2014-2024)	zh_TW
dc.title (題名)	Navigating the Tension between Universalism and Particularism in Democracy: Unpacking Indonesia’s Practice (2014-2024)	en_US
dc.type (資料類型)	thesis	en_US
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