Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 死亡意識型態、捐款和消費意圖：死亡焦慮與生命意義的雙重效應分析
Mortality Mindset, Donation and Consumption Intentions: A Dual-Path Analysis of Death Anxiety and Life Meaning作者 許晉笙
Hsu, Chin-Shen貢獻者 林淑芳
Lin, Shu-Fang
許晉笙
Hsu, Chin-Shen關鍵詞 災難
恐懼管理理論
死亡反思
死亡焦慮感
生命意義感
捐款
消費意圖
Disaster
Terror Management Theory
Death Reflection
Death Anxiety
Meaning in Life
Donation
Consumption Intention日期 2026 上傳時間 2-Feb-2026 12:32:36 (UTC+8) 摘要 近年全球災難頻傳，再加上網路以及社群媒體的快速擴張，使大眾更頻繁接觸與死亡相關的影像與訊息，進而可能影響個體的情緒反應與行為選擇。在此脈絡下，本研究以恐懼管理理論（Terror Management Theory）為基礎，探討在觀看完災難影像後，有無死亡反思對於捐款行為與四種消費意圖（炫耀性、衝動性、道德性、體驗性）的影響，並進一步分析死亡焦慮感與生命意義感在其中所扮演的心理機制。 研究採用實驗法，以地震災難影片誘發死亡顯著性，並將參與者隨機分派至「有死亡反思引導組」和「沒有死亡反思引導組」，最終取得71名有效樣本。研究結果發現，有死亡反思引導組的捐款金額比例顯著高於沒有死亡反思引導組，但兩組在四種消費意圖上並未呈現差異。另外，死亡焦慮感與生命意義感皆未在死亡反思與捐款金額和消費意圖間發揮中介效果；然而，生命意義感與道德消費意圖有正向關聯。 本研究在學術上自死亡反思的觀點補充在災難情境下個體的捐款和消費意圖；在實務上則是提供未來災難報導或公益宣傳可結合生命反思元素，以促進大眾的利他動機。未來研究可進一步納入其他可能的心理歷程，以更完整呈現死亡反思的作用機制。
Recent global disasters, together with the rapid expansion of the internet and social media, have increased public exposure to death-related images and information, potentially shaping individuals’ emotional and behavioral responses. Drawing on Terror Management Theory (TMT), this study examines whether death reflection following exposure to disaster imagery influences donation behavior and four types of consumption intentions (conspicuous, impulsive, ethical, and experiential). Using an experimental design, mortality salience was induced through an earthquake disaster video, after which participants were randomly assigned to either a death-reflection condition or a no-reflection condition. Data from 71 participants were analyzed. Results showed that participants in the death-reflection condition donated a significantly higher proportion of money than those in the no-reflection condition, whereas no significant differences were observed across the four consumption intentions. Meaning in life was positively associated with ethical consumption intention. These findings extend TMT research by highlighting the role of death reflection in promoting altruistic behavior in disaster contexts. Practically, the results suggest that incorporating elements of life reflection into disaster reporting or prosocial campaigns may help foster altruistic motivation.參考文獻 一、中文部分 于立平、宋慧昱和張嘉和（2025年4月3日）。〈解析實皆斷層｜釐清緬甸地震資訊｜ft.台灣地震科學中心【聽專家怎麼說】〉，《我們的島》。取自https://ourisland.pts.org.tw/content/11372 中央流行疫情指揮中心（2023年11月18日）。〈全球-嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎〉（2024年4月18日更新）。衛生福利部疾病管制署。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/TravelEpidemic/Detail/4x3Ks7o9L_pvqjGI6c5N1Q?epidemicId=72nLHYwSgDp6DRdq9ROXGA 黃泓瑜（2024年12月31日）。〈回顧2024全球十大極端氣候事件：從乾旱到洪災，全球暖化首度突破1.5度C關卡〉，《ESG遠見》。取自https://esg.gvm.com.tw/article/78265 蔡明璋、陳志柔（2023）。物質主義，後物質主義與新政治：世界價值觀第 七波的台灣調查與亞洲國家的比較（C00344）【原始數據】。取自中央研究院 人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫 https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00344-1 謝思熹（2023）。從「死亡」再思「生命」的可能——結連他者的悲傷，一起好好過，《社創校園》。取自https://www.sense-program.hk/post/從「死亡」再思「生命」的可能-結連他者的悲傷，一起好好過 二、英文部分 Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2004). The Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety (ASDA): Its development, validation, and results in three Arab countries. Death Studies, 28(5), 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180490437572 Abdollahi, A., Pyszczynski, T., Maxfield, M., & Luszczynska, A. (2011). Posttraumatic Stress Reactions as a Disruption in Anxiety-Buffer Functioning: Dissociation and Responses to Mortality Salience as Predictors of Severity of Posttraumatic Symptoms. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 3(4), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021084 Adamczyk, G., Capetillo-Ponce, J., & Szczygielski, D. (2022). Links between types of value orientations and consumer behaviours. An empirical study. Plos One, 17(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264185 Ahmad, S., Mazhar, A., Almerico, L., & Senese, V. P. (2025). Network analysis of secondary traumatic stress, coping, and post-traumatic growth in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Current Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07597-2 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Alfuqaha, O. A., Al-masarwah, U. M., Farah, R. I., Yasin, J. A., Alkuttob, L. A., Muslieh, N. I., Hammouri, M., Jawabreh, A. E., Aladwan, D. A., Barakat, R. O., & Alshubbak, N. H. (2023). The Impact of Turkey and Syria Earthquakes on University Students: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Meaning in Life, and Social Support. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070587 Andreoni, J. (1990). Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving. The Economic Journal, 100(401), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234133 Arendsen, J. L., Brugman, B. C., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Fransen, M. L. (2025). Terror Management Theory in the Consumer Domain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Mortality Salience Driven Consumer Responses. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(3), 40, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70056 Arndt, J., Schimel, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2003). Death can be good for your health: Fitness intentions as a proximal and distal defense against mortality salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(8), 1726-1746. Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge: A terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(3), 198-212. Aruga, K., & Bolt, T. (2020). Is the willingness to support disaster regions through consumption related to altruism? A discrete choice experiment. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101876. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101876 Baños, R. M., Desdentado, L., Vara, M. D., Escrivá-Martínez, T., Herrero, R., Miragall, M., & Tomás, J. M. (2023). How the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Consequences Affect the Presence of and Search for Meaning of Life: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(1), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00592-5 Beatty, S. E., & Ferrell, M. E. (1998). Impulse buying: Modeling its precursors. Journal of Retailing, 74(2), 169-191. Becker, E (1973).The Denial of Death, New York: Free Press. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927 Blackie, L. E., Cozzolino, P. J., & Sedikides, C. (2016). Specific and individuated death reflection fosters identity integration. PloS one, 11(5), e0154873. Bolderdijk, J. W., Steg, L., Geller, E. S., Lehman, P. K., & Postmes, T. (2013). Comparing the effectiveness of monetary versus moral motives in environmental campaigning. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 413–416. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1767 Bourdieu, P. (1984). A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, MA. Bradley, K. I., Kennison, S. M., Burke, A. L., & Chaney, J. M. (2012). The Effect of Mortality Salience on Implicit Bias. Death Studies, 36(9), 819-831. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.605987 Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010). Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 155-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352321 Cachón-Rodríguez, G., Blanco-González, A., Prado-Román, C., & Fernández-Portillo, A. (2024). How compulsive and impulsive buying affect consumer emotional regulation. Is anxiety a differential element? European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 19. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-06-2023-0172 Cai, Y. Y., Wang, M. M., Huang, H. Y., & Jiang, Q. Y. (2023). Which brands do consumers become attached to? The roles of brand concepts and brand positioning in the context of COVID-19. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 32(6), 892-907. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-05-2022-3998 Chaudhuri, H. R., Mazumdar, S., & Ghoshal, A. (2011). Conspicuous consumption orientation: Conceptualisation, scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10(4), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.364 Chopik, W. J., & Edelstein, R. S. (2014). Death of a salesman: Webpage-based manipulations of mortality salience. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.022 Connolly, J., & Shaw, D. (2006). Identifying fair trade in consumption choice. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 14(4), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652540600960675 Conte, H. R., Weiner, M. B., & Plutchik, R. (1982). Measuring death anxiety: Conceptual, psychometric, and factor-analytic aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(4), 775-785. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.4.775 Copeland, A., Jones, A., Acuff, S. F., Murphy, J. G., & Field, M. (2023). Meaning in life: investigating protective and risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction Research & Theory, 31(3), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2022.2134991 Cozzolino, P. J. (2006). Death Contemplation, Growth, and Defense: Converging Evidence of Dual-Existential Systems? Psychological Inquiry, 17(4), 278-287. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20447339 Cozzolino, P. J., & Blackie, L. E. (2013). I die, therefore I am: The pursuit of meaning in the light of death. The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies, 31-45. Cozzolino, P. J., Staples, A. D., Meyers, L. S., & Samboceti, J. (2004). Greed, death, and values: From terror management to transcendence management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 278-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203260716 Cribari-Neto, F. (2004). Asymptotic inference under heteroskedasticity of unknown form. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 45(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00366-3 Curseu, P. L., Coman, A. D., Panchenko, A., Fodor, O. C., & Ratiu, L. (2023). Death anxiety, death reflection and interpersonal communication as predictors of social distance towards people infected with COVID 19. Current Psychology, 42(2), 1490-1503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01171-8 Çuvadar, A., & Aksoy, B. (2024). The effects of earthquakes on midwifery students' fear of death, anxiety and sense of life meaning. Current Psychology, 43(37), 29784-29792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06605-1 Deng, Q., Liu, Y., Liu, X. D., Zhang, H., & Deng, X. L. (2020). Social Media Usage During Disasters: Exploring the Impact of Location and Distance on Online Engagement. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(2), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.36 DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications, Inc. Dittmar, H., & Bond, R. (2010). I want it and I want it now: Using a temporal discounting paradigm to examine predictors of consumer impulsivity. British Journal of Psychology, 101(4), 751-776. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609X484658 Doran, C. J. (2009). The Role of Personal Values in Fair Trade Consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(4), 549-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9724-1 Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (1996). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 16(2), 181–191. Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 731-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00429.x Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press. Frankl, V. E. (1965). The doctor and the soul: From psychotherapy to logotherapy. New York: Vintage Books. Frias, A., Watkins, P. C., Webber, A. C., & Froh, J. J. (2011). Death and gratitude: Death reflection enhances gratitude. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.558848 Fu, Y. N., Feng, R. D., Liu, Q., He, Y. M., Turel, O., Zhang, S. Y., & He, Q. H. (2022). Awe and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Presence of Meaning in Life and the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116466 Geiger-Oneto, S., & Shehryar, O. (2025). Consumer fantasies, feelings, fun …, and death? How mortality salience invokes consumers' fantastical thoughts about luxury products. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 24(1), 58-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2406 Gilovich, T., Kumar, A., & Jampol, L. (2015). A wonderful life: experiential consumption and the pursuit of happiness. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.08.004 Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008). The Implications of Death for Health: A Terror Management Health Model for Behavioral Health Promotion. Psychological Review, 115(4), 1032-1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013326 Goldenberg, J. L., McCoy, S. K., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). The body as a source of self-esteem: The effect of mortality salience on identification with one's body, interest in sex, and appearance monitoring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.118 Grant, A. M., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. (2009). The hot and cool of death awareness at work: Mortality cues, aging, and self-protective and prosocial motivations. Academy of Management Review, 34(4), 600-622. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amr.34.4.zok600 Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self‐esteem: A terror management theory. In Public Self and Private Self , ed. R. F. Baumeister, Springer‐Verlag, 189-212. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In P. M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61–141). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Burling, J., Simon, L., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Lyon, D., & Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 913-922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913 Greyson, B. (1992). Reduced death threat in near-death experiencers. Death Studies, 16(6), 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189208252596 Grouzet, F. M. E., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Dols, J. M. F., Kim, Y., Lau, S., Ryan, R. M., Saunders, S., Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. M. (2005). The Structure of Goal Contents Across 15 Cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 800–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.800 Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010). Signaling Status with Luxury Goods: The Role of Brand Prominence. Journal of Marketing, 74(4), 15-30. Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.24 Hashemi, M., & Mahmoudzadeh, M. (2025). The lived experiences of childhood trauma in war: has post-traumatic growth occurred? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 16(1), 11, Article 2468605. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2468605 Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Williams, T. J., Howard, A. L., Webber, D., & Faucher, E. H. (2015). Worldview Accommodation: Selectively Modifying Committed Beliefs Provides Defense Against Worldview Threat. Self and Identity, 14(5), 521-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1036919 Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1152 Heanoy, E. Z., & Brown, N. R. (2024). Impact of Natural Disasters on Mental Health: Evidence and Implications. Healthcare, 12(18), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181812 Hooker, S. A., Masters, K. S., & Park, C. L. (2018). A Meaningful Life Is a Healthy Life: A Conceptual Model Linking Meaning and Meaning Salience to Health. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000115 Howell, R. T., Paulina, P., & and Iyer, R. (2012). The preference for experiences over possessions: Measurement and construct validation of the Experiential Buying Tendency Scale. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.626791 Hu, C. S. (2026). Beyond sorrow and terror management Theories: A dual-emotion model of death reflection after mortality salience across cultures and time. New Ideas in Psychology, 80, 6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101211 Hu, J. (2025). Dispositional awe, meaning in life, and socially responsible consumption. Service Industries Journal, 45(1), 27-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.2154757 Huang, M., Mikkilineni, S. D., Lee, J., & Duboise, M. (2024). The effects of augmented reality on prosocial behavior intentions in the disaster news context: The mediating role of physical presence and empathy. New Media & Society, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241252594 Huang, Z. Q., Huang, X., & Jiang, Y. W. (2018). The Impact of Death-Related Media Information on Consumer Value Orientation and Scope Sensitivity. Journal of Marketing Research, 55(3), 432-445. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.16.0282 Ill, K. E. V., Arndt, J., Motyl, M., & Pyszczynski, T. (2012). The aftermath of destruction: Images of destroyed buildings increase support for war, dogmatism, and death thought accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.004 Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., & Menzies, R. E. (2014). Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(7), 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.002 Jia, F., & Krettenauer, T. (2017). Recognizing moral identity as a cultural construct. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 412. Jiang, D., Liu, S., Lee, J. C. K., & Li, L. M. W. (2021). Do People Become More or Less Materialistic during Disasters? The Mediating Roles of Mortality Salience and Gratitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168566 Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 1342–1353. Jonas, E., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (2013). Generosity, greed, norms, and death—Differential effects of mortality salience on charitable behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 35, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.02.003 Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2016). Putting the Terror in Terror Management Theory: Evidence That the Awareness of Death Does Cause Anxiety and Undermine Psychological Well-Being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(2), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415625218 Karimzadeh, S., & Boström, M. (2025). Cross-cultural perspectives on ethical consumption: A study of Swedish and Iranian citizens. Journal of Consumer Culture, 25(1), 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/14695405241290920 Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.410 Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296223006 Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2000). Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior. Psychological Science, 11(4), 348-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00269 Kemp, E., Kennett-Hensel, P. A., & Williams, K. H. (2014). The Calm before the Storm: Examining Emotion Regulation Consumption in the Face of an Impending Disaster. Psychology & Marketing, 31(11), 933-945. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20744 Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 610. Khoo, G. S., & Oh, J. (2024). Imagine That You Died. Would You Still Smoke?: How Death Reflection Affects Health Message Reception Through Personal Growth and Identification. Health Communication, 39(10), 2163-2173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2257944 Kim, S., & Chang, H. J. (2023). Mechanism of retail therapy during stressful life events: The psychological compensation of revenge consumption toward luxury brands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103508 King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 Király, G., & Köves, A. (2023). Facing finitude: Death-awareness and sustainable transitions. Ecological Economics, 205, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107729 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 Koçyiğit Kavak, H., & Karagözoğlu, Ş. (2025). Examining the Relationship Between Death Anxiety and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among Nursing Students and Nurses: A Comparative Study. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228251356080 Koole, S. L., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing Science to the Psychology of the Soul: Experimental Existential Psychology: Experimental Existential Psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00438.x Kouchaki, M., & Desai, S. D. (2015). Anxious, Threatened, and Also Unethical: How Anxiety Makes Individuals Feel Threatened and Commit Unethical Acts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 360-375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037796 Kyutoku, Y., Tada, R., Umeyama, T., Harada, K., Kikuchi, S., Watanabe, E., Liegey-Dougall, A., & Dan, I. (2012). Cognitive and Psychological Reactions of the General Population Three Months After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. Plos One, 7(2), 10, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031014 Lades, L. K. (2014). Impulsive consumption and reflexive thought: Nudging ethical consumer behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 41, 114-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.01.003 Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Solomon, S. (2004). A function of form: Terror management and structuring the social world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 190-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.190 Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268 Li, L. F., Wang, Z. Q., Zhang, Q. P., & Wen, H. (2020). Effect of anger, anxiety, and sadness on the propagation scale of social media posts after natural disasters. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102313 Li, M., Zhao, T. Y., Huang, E. S., & Li, J. N. (2020). How Does a Public Health Emergency Motivate People's Impulsive Consumption? An Empirical Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145019 Li, P. F. J., Wong, Y. J., Granderson, R. M., & Jackson, D. (2022). Comprehension, purpose, and mattering? A latent profile analysis of laypeople's beliefs about meaning in life. Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(6), 909-923. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1991445 Li, X., & He, Y. (2024). Research on the death psychology among Chinese during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3005. Lin, S. T., & Niu, H. J. (2018). Green consumption: Environmental knowledge, environmental consciousness, social norms, and purchasing behavior. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1679-1688. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2233 Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, gain and hedonic goal frames guiding environmental behavior. Journal of Social issues, 63(1), 117-137. Longmire, S. J., Chan, E. Y., & Lawry, C. A. (2021). Find me strength in things: Fear can explain materialism. Psychology & Marketing, 38(12), 2247-2258. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21561 Lykins, E. L. B., Segerstrom, S. C., Averill, A. J., Evans, D. R., & Kemeny, M. E. (2007). Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8), 1088-1099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207303015 Mandel, N., & Heine, S. J. (1999). Terror management and marketing: He who dies with the most toys wins. Advances in consumer research, 26, 527-532. Mandel, N., & Smeesters, D. (2008). The sweet escape: Effects of mortality salience on consumption quantities for high- and low-self-esteem consumers. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(2), 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1086/587626 McLarney, C., & Chung, E. (1999). Post‐materialism’s “silent revolution” in consumer research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 17(6), 288-297. Merlhiot, G., Mermillod, M., Le Pennec, J. L., & Mondillon, L. (2018). Introduction and validation of the Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS). Plos One, 13(8), 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201942 Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Birnbaum, G., & Malishkevich, S. (2002). The death-anxiety buffering function of close relationships: Exploring the effects of separation reminders on death-thought accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 287-299. Naeem, M. (2021). Do social media platforms develop consumer panic buying during the fear of Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102226 Naeem, M. (2021). Understanding the customer psychology of impulse buying during COVID-19 pandemic: implications for retailers. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 49(3), 377-393. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-08-2020-0317 Neimeyer, R. A. (2004). Constructions of death and loss: Evolution of a research program. Personal Construct Theory & Practice, 1(1), 8-22. Neimeyer, R. A. (2004). Fostering posttraumatic growth: A narrative elaboration. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 53-59. Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Mehta, T. (2008). Meaning reconstruction in later life: Toward a cognitive-constructivist approach to grief therapy. Handbook of behavioral and cognitive therapies with older adults, 264-277. Ngo, T. T. A., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, H. P., Mai, H. T. A., Mai, T. H. T., & Hoang, P. L. (2024). A comprehensive study on factors influencing online impulse buying behavior: Evidence from Shopee video platform. Heliyon, 10(15), 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35743 Norenzayan, A., & Hansen, I. G. (2006). Belief in Supernatural Agents in the Face of Death. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280251 Oren, G., Shani, A., & Poria, Y. (2019). Mortality salience - shedding light on the dark experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(5-6), 574-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873x.2019.1585438 Ostafin, B. D., & Feyel, N. (2019). The effects of a brief meaning in life intervention on the incentive salience of alcohol. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.035 Park, C. L. (2010). Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301 Park, N., Park, M., & Peterson, C. (2010). When is the Search for Meaning Related to Life Satisfaction? Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being, 2(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01024.x Patra, I., Muda, I., Dwijendra, N. K. A., Najm, M. A. A., Alshahrani, S. H., Kadhim, S. S., Hameed, N. M., Alnassar, Y. S., Mohammed, N. M., Mustafa, Y. F., & Shojaeimotlagh, V. (2025). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Death Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 91(3), 1079-1097. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221144791 Peattie, K. (2010). Green consumption: Behavior and norms. Annual review of environment and resources, 35(1), 195-228. Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of clinical psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254. Prayag, G., Buda, D. M., & Jordan, E. J. (2021). Mortality salience and meaning in life for residents visiting dark tourism sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1508-1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1823398 Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1997). Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human social motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 8(1), 1-20. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106(4), 835-845. Pyszczynski, T., Lockett, M., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2021). Terror Management Theory and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820959488 Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10478-000 Richins, M. L. (1994). Special possessions and the expression of material values. Journal of consumer research, 21(3), 522-533. Rieger, D. (2016). Meaning, mortality salience, and media use. The Routledge Handbook of Media Use and Well-Being, 93-105. Rindfleisch , A., Burroughs, J. E., & Wong, N. (2009). The Safety of Objects: Materialism, Existential Insecurity, and Brand Connection. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1086/595718 Ring , K.(1984). Heading toward Omega: In search of the meaning of the near-death experience, New York : Morrow . Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247-291. Rook, D. W., & Fisher, R. J. (1995). Normative influences on impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1086/209452 Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(4), 681. Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2004). A time to tan: Proximal and distal effects of mortality salience on sun exposure intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(10), 1347-1358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264056 Santini, F. D., Ladeira, W., Jr., Vieira, V. A., Araujo, C. F., & Sampaio, C. H. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of impulse buying: a meta-analytic study. Rausp Management Journal, 54(2), 178-204. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-07-2018-0037 Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Sharp, M. (2019). Chapter 1 - A Consideration of Three Critical Hypotheses. In C. Routledge & M. Vess (Eds.), Handbook of Terror Management Theory (pp. 1-30). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811844-3.00001-9 Schimel, J., Hayes, J., Williams, T., & Jahrig, J. (2007). Is death really the worm at the core? Converging evidence that worldview threat increases death-thought accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.789 Schnell, T., & Hoof, M. (2012). Meaningful commitment: Finding meaning in volunteering. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 33(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2012.650029 Shaw, D., Grehan, E., Shiu, E., Hassan, L., & Thomson, J. (2005). An exploration of values in ethical consumer decision making. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(3), 185-200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.3 Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.531 Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833 Smith, G., Thompson, A. R., McCulloch, A., & Moses, J. (2025). Safety, acceptance and enablement in a shaken world: The role of relationships in post traumatic growth development following spinal cord injury. Journal of Health Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053251315891 Sneath, J. Z., Lacey, R., & Kennett-Hensel, P. A. (2009). Coping with a natural disaster: Losses, emotions, and impulsive and compulsive buying. Marketing Letters, 20(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-008-9049-y Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93–159. Starr, M. A. (2009). The social economics of ethical consumption: Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(6), 916-925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.07.006 Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 199-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2008). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 660-678. Stillman, T. F., Fincham, F. D., Vohs, K. D., Lambert, N. M., & Phillips, C. A. (2012). The material and immaterial in conflict: Spirituality reduces conspicuous consumption. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.08.012 Stone, P. R. (2012). Dark tourism and significant other death: Towards a Model of Mortality Mediation. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1565-1587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.04.007 Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A Thanatological Perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003 Sudbury-Riley, L., & Kohlbacher, F. (2016). Ethically minded consumer behavior: Scale review, development, and validation. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2697-2710. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.005 Suzuki, T., Kobayashi, T., Boase, J., Tanaka, Y., Wakimoto, R., & Suzuki, T. (2022). Mortality Salience and Mobile Voice Calling: A Case of a Massive Natural Disaster. Communication Research, 49(4), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220911809 Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson. Tanrikulu, C. (2021). Theory of consumption values in consumer behaviour research: A review and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(6), 1176-1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12687 Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2011). Is the meaning of life also the meaning of death? A terror management perspective reply. Journal of happiness studies, 12, 385-399. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1988). Elements of death anxiety and meanings of death. Journal of clinical psychology, 44(5), 691-701. Tilikidou, I., & Delistavrou, A. (2018). Fumbling the Greek Ethical Consumers' Profile. Journal of Research for Consumers, (32), 32-69. Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2003). To Do or to Have? That Is the Question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1193-1202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1193 Van Tongeren, D. R., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., & Hulsey, T. L. (2016). Prosociality enhances meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1048814 Veblen, T. (1992). The Theory of the Leisure Class. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135373 Wang, C. K., Lin, C. Y., Hoang, N. C., & Hai, L. N. (2025). Exploring Behavioral Dynamics in Sustainable Choices: Ethical Insights from an Emerging Market. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 100332. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063. Webber, D., Schimel, J., Faucher, E. H., Hayes, J., Zhang, R., & Martens, A. (2015). Emotion as a necessary component of threat-induced death thought accessibility and defensive compensation. Motivation and Emotion, 39(1), 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9426-1 Weems, C. F., Russell, J. D., Neill, E. L., Berman, S. L., & Scott, B. G. (2016). Existential Anxiety Among Adolescents Exposed to Disaster: Linkages Among Level of Exposure, PTSD, and Depression Symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(5), 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22128 Weingarten, E., & Goodman, J. K. (2021). Re-examining the Experiential Advantage in Consumption: A Meta-Analysis and Review. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(6), 855-877. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa047 Weun, S., Jones, M. A., & Beatty, S. E. (1998). Development and validation of the impulse buying tendency scale. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 1123-1133. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3c.1123 White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 817–838. White, K., Habib, R., & Hardisty, D. J. (2019). How to SHIFT Consumer Behaviors to be More Sustainable: A Literature Review and Guiding Framework. Journal of Marketing, 83(3), 22-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919825649 Wong, N. Y., & Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and western societies. Psychology & Marketing, 15(5), 423-441. Wong, P. T. (2010). What is existential positive psychology. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3(1) Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. S. K. (2008). The Negative Impact of Death Anxiety on Self-Efficacy and Willingness to Donate Organs Among Chinese Adults. Death Studies, 33(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802494172 Xie, Q., Yan, Y. Q., Lai, J., & Wei, M. T. (2024). Mortality salience and helping behavior amidst public crisis: cross-sectional evidence during COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 8, Article 1455818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1455818 Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books/Hachette Book Group. Yeung, N. C. Y., Lau, J. T. F., Yu, N. X., Zhang, J. P., Xu, Z. N., Choi, K. C., Zhang, Q., Mak, W. W. S., & Lui, W. W. S. (2018). Media Exposure Related to the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake Predicted Probable PTSD Among Chinese Adolescents in Kunming, China: A Longitudinal Study. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 10(2), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000121 Yi, Y. X., Luo, Z. W., Wang, W. S., Li, J., & Han, B. (2024). Getting away from death fear: How disease threat drives consumers' colorfulness seeking. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 23(3), 1087-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2262 Yin, Y., Zhao, H. X., & Xu, S. H. (2024). The influence of fear on consumers' experiential consumption preferences during public health crises: Testing multiple mediation models. International Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2706 Yuan, Z. Y., Baranik, L. E., Sinclair, R. R., Sliter, M. T., Rand, K. L., & Salyers, M. P. (2019). Memento Mori: The development and validation of the Death Reflection Scale. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(4), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2339 Zagefka, H., & James, T. (2015). The Psychology of Charitable Donations to Disaster Victims and Beyond. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 155-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12013 Zagefka, H., Noor, M., Brown, R., de Moura, G. R., & Hopthrow, T. (2011). Donating to disaster victims: Responses to natural and humanly caused events. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(3), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.781 Zhang, J. C., Xie, C. W., Li, W. T., & Huang, S. S. (2025). Does mortality salience produce positive effects on hotel employee behaviors? A temporal distance perspective. Tourism Management, 110, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105193 Zhang, X. K., Zhang, H. L., Zhu, M. X., Wu, M. S., Huang, Y. T., & Qin, Z. M. (2024). The mediating effects of death reflection on death literacy and death anxiety among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82421-8 Zhang, X., Yuan, M., Yue, Y. F., & Duan, X. Y. (2025). Fear of cancer recurrence and coping strategies among patients with oral cancer: the impact on post-traumatic growth. Bmc Psychology, 13(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02499-1 Zhao, N., & Zhou, G. Y. (2020). Social Media Use and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Moderator Role of Disaster Stressor and Mediator Role of Negative Affect. Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being, 12(4), 1019-1038. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12226 Zhu, C., Su, R., Zhang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Relation between narcissism and meaning in life: The role of conspicuous consumption. Heliyon, 7(9). 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程
112464044資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112464044 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 林淑芳 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lin, Shu-Fang en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許晉笙 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Chin-Shen en_US dc.creator (作者) 許晉笙 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Chin-Shen en_US dc.date (日期) 2026 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Feb-2026 12:32:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Feb-2026 12:32:36 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Feb-2026 12:32:36 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0112464044 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/161441 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 112464044 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 近年全球災難頻傳，再加上網路以及社群媒體的快速擴張，使大眾更頻繁接觸與死亡相關的影像與訊息，進而可能影響個體的情緒反應與行為選擇。在此脈絡下，本研究以恐懼管理理論（Terror Management Theory）為基礎，探討在觀看完災難影像後，有無死亡反思對於捐款行為與四種消費意圖（炫耀性、衝動性、道德性、體驗性）的影響，並進一步分析死亡焦慮感與生命意義感在其中所扮演的心理機制。 研究採用實驗法，以地震災難影片誘發死亡顯著性，並將參與者隨機分派至「有死亡反思引導組」和「沒有死亡反思引導組」，最終取得71名有效樣本。研究結果發現，有死亡反思引導組的捐款金額比例顯著高於沒有死亡反思引導組，但兩組在四種消費意圖上並未呈現差異。另外，死亡焦慮感與生命意義感皆未在死亡反思與捐款金額和消費意圖間發揮中介效果；然而，生命意義感與道德消費意圖有正向關聯。 本研究在學術上自死亡反思的觀點補充在災難情境下個體的捐款和消費意圖；在實務上則是提供未來災難報導或公益宣傳可結合生命反思元素，以促進大眾的利他動機。未來研究可進一步納入其他可能的心理歷程，以更完整呈現死亡反思的作用機制。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) Recent global disasters, together with the rapid expansion of the internet and social media, have increased public exposure to death-related images and information, potentially shaping individuals’ emotional and behavioral responses. Drawing on Terror Management Theory (TMT), this study examines whether death reflection following exposure to disaster imagery influences donation behavior and four types of consumption intentions (conspicuous, impulsive, ethical, and experiential). Using an experimental design, mortality salience was induced through an earthquake disaster video, after which participants were randomly assigned to either a death-reflection condition or a no-reflection condition. Data from 71 participants were analyzed. Results showed that participants in the death-reflection condition donated a significantly higher proportion of money than those in the no-reflection condition, whereas no significant differences were observed across the four consumption intentions. Meaning in life was positively associated with ethical consumption intention. These findings extend TMT research by highlighting the role of death reflection in promoting altruistic behavior in disaster contexts. Practically, the results suggest that incorporating elements of life reflection into disaster reporting or prosocial campaigns may help foster altruistic motivation. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第二章 文獻探討 5 第一節 恐懼管理理論 5 第二節 自然災難與死亡顯著性 7 第三節 死亡反思 9 第四節 死亡意識形態、捐款行為和消費意圖類型 10 第五節 死亡意識形態、死亡焦慮、捐款行為與消費意圖類型 15 第六節 死亡意識形態、生命意義感、捐款行為和消費意圖類型 19 第三章 研究方法 24 第一節 研究架構與假設 24 第二節 研究方法與研究設計 26 第三節 研究變項測量 28 第四節 問卷前測 39 第四章 研究結果 45 第一節 樣本與描述性統計 45 第二節 量表信度分析47 第三節 操弄檢定 48 第四節 初步檢驗 49 第五節 假設檢驗 51 第六節 研究結果小結 59 第五章 結論 61 第一節 研究發現與討論 61 第二節 學術與實務貢獻 68 第三節 研究限制與研究建議 70 參考文獻 73 附錄 90 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4097891 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112464044 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 災難 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 恐懼管理理論 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 死亡反思 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 死亡焦慮感 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 生命意義感 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 捐款 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 消費意圖 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Disaster en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Terror Management Theory en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Death Reflection en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Death Anxiety en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Meaning in Life en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Donation en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Consumption Intention en_US dc.title (題名) 死亡意識型態、捐款和消費意圖：死亡焦慮與生命意義的雙重效應分析 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Mortality Mindset, Donation and Consumption Intentions: A Dual-Path Analysis of Death Anxiety and Life Meaning en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 一、中文部分 于立平、宋慧昱和張嘉和（2025年4月3日）。〈解析實皆斷層｜釐清緬甸地震資訊｜ft.台灣地震科學中心【聽專家怎麼說】〉，《我們的島》。取自https://ourisland.pts.org.tw/content/11372 中央流行疫情指揮中心（2023年11月18日）。〈全球-嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎〉（2024年4月18日更新）。衛生福利部疾病管制署。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/TravelEpidemic/Detail/4x3Ks7o9L_pvqjGI6c5N1Q?epidemicId=72nLHYwSgDp6DRdq9ROXGA 黃泓瑜（2024年12月31日）。〈回顧2024全球十大極端氣候事件：從乾旱到洪災，全球暖化首度突破1.5度C關卡〉，《ESG遠見》。取自https://esg.gvm.com.tw/article/78265 蔡明璋、陳志柔（2023）。物質主義，後物質主義與新政治：世界價值觀第 七波的台灣調查與亞洲國家的比較（C00344）【原始數據】。取自中央研究院 人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫 https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00344-1 謝思熹（2023）。從「死亡」再思「生命」的可能——結連他者的悲傷，一起好好過，《社創校園》。取自https://www.sense-program.hk/post/從「死亡」再思「生命」的可能-結連他者的悲傷，一起好好過 二、英文部分 Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2004). The Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety (ASDA): Its development, validation, and results in three Arab countries. Death Studies, 28(5), 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180490437572 Abdollahi, A., Pyszczynski, T., Maxfield, M., & Luszczynska, A. (2011). Posttraumatic Stress Reactions as a Disruption in Anxiety-Buffer Functioning: Dissociation and Responses to Mortality Salience as Predictors of Severity of Posttraumatic Symptoms. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 3(4), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021084 Adamczyk, G., Capetillo-Ponce, J., & Szczygielski, D. (2022). Links between types of value orientations and consumer behaviours. An empirical study. Plos One, 17(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264185 Ahmad, S., Mazhar, A., Almerico, L., & Senese, V. P. (2025). Network analysis of secondary traumatic stress, coping, and post-traumatic growth in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Current Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07597-2 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Alfuqaha, O. A., Al-masarwah, U. M., Farah, R. I., Yasin, J. A., Alkuttob, L. A., Muslieh, N. I., Hammouri, M., Jawabreh, A. E., Aladwan, D. A., Barakat, R. O., & Alshubbak, N. H. (2023). The Impact of Turkey and Syria Earthquakes on University Students: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Meaning in Life, and Social Support. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070587 Andreoni, J. (1990). Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving. The Economic Journal, 100(401), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234133 Arendsen, J. L., Brugman, B. C., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Fransen, M. L. (2025). Terror Management Theory in the Consumer Domain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Mortality Salience Driven Consumer Responses. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(3), 40, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70056 Arndt, J., Schimel, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2003). Death can be good for your health: Fitness intentions as a proximal and distal defense against mortality salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(8), 1726-1746. Arndt, J., Solomon, S., Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2004). The urge to splurge: A terror management account of materialism and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(3), 198-212. Aruga, K., & Bolt, T. (2020). Is the willingness to support disaster regions through consumption related to altruism? A discrete choice experiment. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101876. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101876 Baños, R. M., Desdentado, L., Vara, M. D., Escrivá-Martínez, T., Herrero, R., Miragall, M., & Tomás, J. M. (2023). How the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Consequences Affect the Presence of and Search for Meaning of Life: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 24(1), 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00592-5 Beatty, S. E., & Ferrell, M. E. (1998). Impulse buying: Modeling its precursors. Journal of Retailing, 74(2), 169-191. Becker, E (1973).The Denial of Death, New York: Free Press. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927 Blackie, L. E., Cozzolino, P. J., & Sedikides, C. (2016). Specific and individuated death reflection fosters identity integration. PloS one, 11(5), e0154873. Bolderdijk, J. W., Steg, L., Geller, E. S., Lehman, P. K., & Postmes, T. (2013). Comparing the effectiveness of monetary versus moral motives in environmental campaigning. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 413–416. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1767 Bourdieu, P. (1984). A social critique of the judgement of taste. Cambridge, MA. Bradley, K. I., Kennison, S. M., Burke, A. L., & Chaney, J. M. (2012). The Effect of Mortality Salience on Implicit Bias. Death Studies, 36(9), 819-831. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.605987 Burke, B. L., Martens, A., & Faucher, E. H. (2010). Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 155-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352321 Cachón-Rodríguez, G., Blanco-González, A., Prado-Román, C., & Fernández-Portillo, A. (2024). How compulsive and impulsive buying affect consumer emotional regulation. Is anxiety a differential element? European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 19. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-06-2023-0172 Cai, Y. Y., Wang, M. M., Huang, H. Y., & Jiang, Q. Y. (2023). Which brands do consumers become attached to? The roles of brand concepts and brand positioning in the context of COVID-19. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 32(6), 892-907. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-05-2022-3998 Chaudhuri, H. R., Mazumdar, S., & Ghoshal, A. (2011). Conspicuous consumption orientation: Conceptualisation, scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10(4), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.364 Chopik, W. J., & Edelstein, R. S. (2014). Death of a salesman: Webpage-based manipulations of mortality salience. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.022 Connolly, J., & Shaw, D. (2006). Identifying fair trade in consumption choice. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 14(4), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652540600960675 Conte, H. R., Weiner, M. B., & Plutchik, R. (1982). Measuring death anxiety: Conceptual, psychometric, and factor-analytic aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(4), 775-785. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.4.775 Copeland, A., Jones, A., Acuff, S. F., Murphy, J. G., & Field, M. (2023). Meaning in life: investigating protective and risk factors for harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction Research & Theory, 31(3), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2022.2134991 Cozzolino, P. J. (2006). Death Contemplation, Growth, and Defense: Converging Evidence of Dual-Existential Systems? Psychological Inquiry, 17(4), 278-287. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20447339 Cozzolino, P. J., & Blackie, L. E. (2013). I die, therefore I am: The pursuit of meaning in the light of death. The experience of meaning in life: Classical perspectives, emerging themes, and controversies, 31-45. Cozzolino, P. J., Staples, A. D., Meyers, L. S., & Samboceti, J. (2004). Greed, death, and values: From terror management to transcendence management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(3), 278-292. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203260716 Cribari-Neto, F. (2004). Asymptotic inference under heteroskedasticity of unknown form. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 45(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00366-3 Curseu, P. L., Coman, A. D., Panchenko, A., Fodor, O. C., & Ratiu, L. (2023). Death anxiety, death reflection and interpersonal communication as predictors of social distance towards people infected with COVID 19. Current Psychology, 42(2), 1490-1503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01171-8 Çuvadar, A., & Aksoy, B. (2024). The effects of earthquakes on midwifery students' fear of death, anxiety and sense of life meaning. Current Psychology, 43(37), 29784-29792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06605-1 Deng, Q., Liu, Y., Liu, X. D., Zhang, H., & Deng, X. L. (2020). Social Media Usage During Disasters: Exploring the Impact of Location and Distance on Online Engagement. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(2), 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.36 DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications, Inc. Dittmar, H., & Bond, R. (2010). I want it and I want it now: Using a temporal discounting paradigm to examine predictors of consumer impulsivity. British Journal of Psychology, 101(4), 751-776. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609X484658 Doran, C. J. (2009). The Role of Personal Values in Fair Trade Consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(4), 549-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9724-1 Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (1996). Altruism in anonymous dictator games. Games and Economic Behavior, 16(2), 181–191. Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 731-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00429.x Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press. Frankl, V. E. (1965). The doctor and the soul: From psychotherapy to logotherapy. New York: Vintage Books. Frias, A., Watkins, P. C., Webber, A. C., & Froh, J. J. (2011). Death and gratitude: Death reflection enhances gratitude. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.558848 Fu, Y. N., Feng, R. D., Liu, Q., He, Y. M., Turel, O., Zhang, S. Y., & He, Q. H. (2022). Awe and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Presence of Meaning in Life and the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116466 Geiger-Oneto, S., & Shehryar, O. (2025). Consumer fantasies, feelings, fun …, and death? How mortality salience invokes consumers' fantastical thoughts about luxury products. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 24(1), 58-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2406 Gilovich, T., Kumar, A., & Jampol, L. (2015). A wonderful life: experiential consumption and the pursuit of happiness. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(1), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.08.004 Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008). The Implications of Death for Health: A Terror Management Health Model for Behavioral Health Promotion. Psychological Review, 115(4), 1032-1053. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013326 Goldenberg, J. L., McCoy, S. K., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). The body as a source of self-esteem: The effect of mortality salience on identification with one's body, interest in sex, and appearance monitoring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.118 Grant, A. M., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A. (2009). The hot and cool of death awareness at work: Mortality cues, aging, and self-protective and prosocial motivations. Academy of Management Review, 34(4), 600-622. https:// doi.org/10.5465/amr.34.4.zok600 Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self‐esteem: A terror management theory. In Public Self and Private Self , ed. R. F. Baumeister, Springer‐Verlag, 189-212. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In P. M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61–141). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Burling, J., Simon, L., Solomon, S., Rosenblatt, A., Lyon, D., & Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self-esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 913-922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.913 Greyson, B. (1992). Reduced death threat in near-death experiencers. Death Studies, 16(6), 523–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189208252596 Grouzet, F. M. E., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Dols, J. M. F., Kim, Y., Lau, S., Ryan, R. M., Saunders, S., Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. M. (2005). The Structure of Goal Contents Across 15 Cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 800–816. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.800 Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010). Signaling Status with Luxury Goods: The Role of Brand Prominence. Journal of Marketing, 74(4), 15-30. Harmon-Jones, E., Simon, L., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & McGregor, H. (1997). Terror management theory and self-esteem: Evidence that increased self-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.24 Hashemi, M., & Mahmoudzadeh, M. (2025). The lived experiences of childhood trauma in war: has post-traumatic growth occurred? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 16(1), 11, Article 2468605. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2468605 Hayes, J., Schimel, J., Williams, T. J., Howard, A. L., Webber, D., & Faucher, E. H. (2015). Worldview Accommodation: Selectively Modifying Committed Beliefs Provides Defense Against Worldview Threat. Self and Identity, 14(5), 521-548. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1036919 Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.64.6.1152 Heanoy, E. Z., & Brown, N. R. (2024). Impact of Natural Disasters on Mental Health: Evidence and Implications. Healthcare, 12(18), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181812 Hooker, S. A., Masters, K. S., & Park, C. L. (2018). A Meaningful Life Is a Healthy Life: A Conceptual Model Linking Meaning and Meaning Salience to Health. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000115 Howell, R. T., Paulina, P., & and Iyer, R. (2012). The preference for experiences over possessions: Measurement and construct validation of the Experiential Buying Tendency Scale. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.626791 Hu, C. S. (2026). Beyond sorrow and terror management Theories: A dual-emotion model of death reflection after mortality salience across cultures and time. New Ideas in Psychology, 80, 6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101211 Hu, J. (2025). Dispositional awe, meaning in life, and socially responsible consumption. Service Industries Journal, 45(1), 27-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2022.2154757 Huang, M., Mikkilineni, S. D., Lee, J., & Duboise, M. (2024). The effects of augmented reality on prosocial behavior intentions in the disaster news context: The mediating role of physical presence and empathy. New Media & Society, 23. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241252594 Huang, Z. Q., Huang, X., & Jiang, Y. W. (2018). The Impact of Death-Related Media Information on Consumer Value Orientation and Scope Sensitivity. Journal of Marketing Research, 55(3), 432-445. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.16.0282 Ill, K. E. V., Arndt, J., Motyl, M., & Pyszczynski, T. (2012). The aftermath of destruction: Images of destroyed buildings increase support for war, dogmatism, and death thought accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(5), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.004 Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., & Menzies, R. E. (2014). Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(7), 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.002 Jia, F., & Krettenauer, T. (2017). Recognizing moral identity as a cultural construct. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 412. Jiang, D., Liu, S., Lee, J. C. K., & Li, L. M. W. (2021). Do People Become More or Less Materialistic during Disasters? The Mediating Roles of Mortality Salience and Gratitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168566 Jonas, E., Schimel, J., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). The Scrooge effect: Evidence that mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 1342–1353. Jonas, E., Sullivan, D., & Greenberg, J. (2013). Generosity, greed, norms, and death—Differential effects of mortality salience on charitable behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 35, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.02.003 Juhl, J., & Routledge, C. (2016). Putting the Terror in Terror Management Theory: Evidence That the Awareness of Death Does Cause Anxiety and Undermine Psychological Well-Being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(2), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415625218 Karimzadeh, S., & Boström, M. (2025). Cross-cultural perspectives on ethical consumption: A study of Swedish and Iranian citizens. Journal of Consumer Culture, 25(1), 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/14695405241290920 Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 410-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.410 Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further Examining the American Dream: Differential Correlates of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(3), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296223006 Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2000). Of wealth and death: Materialism, mortality salience, and consumption behavior. Psychological Science, 11(4), 348-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00269 Kemp, E., Kennett-Hensel, P. A., & Williams, K. H. (2014). The Calm before the Storm: Examining Emotion Regulation Consumption in the Face of an Impending Disaster. Psychology & Marketing, 31(11), 933-945. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20744 Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 610. Khoo, G. S., & Oh, J. (2024). Imagine That You Died. Would You Still Smoke?: How Death Reflection Affects Health Message Reception Through Personal Growth and Identification. Health Communication, 39(10), 2163-2173. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2023.2257944 Kim, S., & Chang, H. J. (2023). Mechanism of retail therapy during stressful life events: The psychological compensation of revenge consumption toward luxury brands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103508 King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 Király, G., & Köves, A. (2023). Facing finitude: Death-awareness and sustainable transitions. Ecological Economics, 205, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107729 Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behaviour—A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014 Koçyiğit Kavak, H., & Karagözoğlu, Ş. (2025). Examining the Relationship Between Death Anxiety and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among Nursing Students and Nurses: A Comparative Study. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228251356080 Koole, S. L., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing Science to the Psychology of the Soul: Experimental Existential Psychology: Experimental Existential Psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00438.x Kouchaki, M., & Desai, S. D. (2015). Anxious, Threatened, and Also Unethical: How Anxiety Makes Individuals Feel Threatened and Commit Unethical Acts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 360-375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037796 Kyutoku, Y., Tada, R., Umeyama, T., Harada, K., Kikuchi, S., Watanabe, E., Liegey-Dougall, A., & Dan, I. (2012). Cognitive and Psychological Reactions of the General Population Three Months After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. Plos One, 7(2), 10, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031014 Lades, L. K. (2014). Impulsive consumption and reflexive thought: Nudging ethical consumer behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 41, 114-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2013.01.003 Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Solomon, S. (2004). A function of form: Terror management and structuring the social world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 190-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.190 Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268 Li, L. F., Wang, Z. Q., Zhang, Q. P., & Wen, H. (2020). Effect of anger, anxiety, and sadness on the propagation scale of social media posts after natural disasters. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102313 Li, M., Zhao, T. Y., Huang, E. S., & Li, J. N. (2020). How Does a Public Health Emergency Motivate People's Impulsive Consumption? An Empirical Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145019 Li, P. F. J., Wong, Y. J., Granderson, R. M., & Jackson, D. (2022). Comprehension, purpose, and mattering? A latent profile analysis of laypeople's beliefs about meaning in life. Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(6), 909-923. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1991445 Li, X., & He, Y. (2024). Research on the death psychology among Chinese during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 3005. Lin, S. T., & Niu, H. J. (2018). Green consumption: Environmental knowledge, environmental consciousness, social norms, and purchasing behavior. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1679-1688. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2233 Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2007). Normative, gain and hedonic goal frames guiding environmental behavior. Journal of Social issues, 63(1), 117-137. Longmire, S. J., Chan, E. Y., & Lawry, C. A. (2021). Find me strength in things: Fear can explain materialism. Psychology & Marketing, 38(12), 2247-2258. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21561 Lykins, E. L. B., Segerstrom, S. C., Averill, A. J., Evans, D. R., & Kemeny, M. E. (2007). Goal shifts following reminders of mortality: Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(8), 1088-1099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207303015 Mandel, N., & Heine, S. J. (1999). Terror management and marketing: He who dies with the most toys wins. Advances in consumer research, 26, 527-532. Mandel, N., & Smeesters, D. (2008). The sweet escape: Effects of mortality salience on consumption quantities for high- and low-self-esteem consumers. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(2), 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1086/587626 McLarney, C., & Chung, E. (1999). Post‐materialism’s “silent revolution” in consumer research. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 17(6), 288-297. Merlhiot, G., Mermillod, M., Le Pennec, J. L., & Mondillon, L. (2018). Introduction and validation of the Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS). Plos One, 13(8), 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201942 Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., Birnbaum, G., & Malishkevich, S. (2002). The death-anxiety buffering function of close relationships: Exploring the effects of separation reminders on death-thought accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 287-299. Naeem, M. (2021). Do social media platforms develop consumer panic buying during the fear of Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102226 Naeem, M. (2021). Understanding the customer psychology of impulse buying during COVID-19 pandemic: implications for retailers. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 49(3), 377-393. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-08-2020-0317 Neimeyer, R. A. (2004). Constructions of death and loss: Evolution of a research program. Personal Construct Theory & Practice, 1(1), 8-22. Neimeyer, R. A. (2004). Fostering posttraumatic growth: A narrative elaboration. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 53-59. Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Mehta, T. (2008). Meaning reconstruction in later life: Toward a cognitive-constructivist approach to grief therapy. Handbook of behavioral and cognitive therapies with older adults, 264-277. Ngo, T. T. A., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, H. P., Mai, H. T. A., Mai, T. H. T., & Hoang, P. L. (2024). A comprehensive study on factors influencing online impulse buying behavior: Evidence from Shopee video platform. Heliyon, 10(15), 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35743 Norenzayan, A., & Hansen, I. G. (2006). Belief in Supernatural Agents in the Face of Death. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205280251 Oren, G., Shani, A., & Poria, Y. (2019). Mortality salience - shedding light on the dark experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 14(5-6), 574-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873x.2019.1585438 Ostafin, B. D., & Feyel, N. (2019). The effects of a brief meaning in life intervention on the incentive salience of alcohol. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 107-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.035 Park, C. L. (2010). Making Sense of the Meaning Literature: An Integrative Review of Meaning Making and Its Effects on Adjustment to Stressful Life Events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257-301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301 Park, N., Park, M., & Peterson, C. (2010). When is the Search for Meaning Related to Life Satisfaction? Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being, 2(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01024.x Patra, I., Muda, I., Dwijendra, N. K. A., Najm, M. A. A., Alshahrani, S. H., Kadhim, S. S., Hameed, N. M., Alnassar, Y. S., Mohammed, N. M., Mustafa, Y. F., & Shojaeimotlagh, V. (2025). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Death Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 91(3), 1079-1097. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221144791 Peattie, K. (2010). Green consumption: Behavior and norms. Annual review of environment and resources, 35(1), 195-228. Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of clinical psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254. Prayag, G., Buda, D. M., & Jordan, E. J. (2021). Mortality salience and meaning in life for residents visiting dark tourism sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1508-1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1823398 Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1997). Why do we need what we need? A terror management perspective on the roots of human social motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 8(1), 1-20. Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106(4), 835-845. Pyszczynski, T., Lockett, M., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2021). Terror Management Theory and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167820959488 Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2003). In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10478-000 Richins, M. L. (1994). Special possessions and the expression of material values. Journal of consumer research, 21(3), 522-533. Rieger, D. (2016). Meaning, mortality salience, and media use. The Routledge Handbook of Media Use and Well-Being, 93-105. Rindfleisch , A., Burroughs, J. E., & Wong, N. (2009). The Safety of Objects: Materialism, Existential Insecurity, and Brand Connection. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1086/595718 Ring , K.(1984). Heading toward Omega: In search of the meaning of the near-death experience, New York : Morrow . Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18(3), 247-291. Rook, D. W., & Fisher, R. J. (1995). Normative influences on impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(3), 305-313. https://doi.org/10.1086/209452 Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence for terror management theory: I. The effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(4), 681. Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2004). A time to tan: Proximal and distal effects of mortality salience on sun exposure intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(10), 1347-1358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264056 Santini, F. D., Ladeira, W., Jr., Vieira, V. A., Araujo, C. F., & Sampaio, C. H. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of impulse buying: a meta-analytic study. Rausp Management Journal, 54(2), 178-204. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-07-2018-0037 Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Sharp, M. (2019). Chapter 1 - A Consideration of Three Critical Hypotheses. In C. Routledge & M. Vess (Eds.), Handbook of Terror Management Theory (pp. 1-30). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811844-3.00001-9 Schimel, J., Hayes, J., Williams, T., & Jahrig, J. (2007). Is death really the worm at the core? Converging evidence that worldview threat increases death-thought accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.789 Schnell, T., & Hoof, M. (2012). Meaningful commitment: Finding meaning in volunteering. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 33(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2012.650029 Shaw, D., Grehan, E., Shiu, E., Hassan, L., & Thomson, J. (2005). An exploration of values in ethical consumer decision making. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(3), 185-200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.3 Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.531 Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833 Smith, G., Thompson, A. R., McCulloch, A., & Moses, J. (2025). Safety, acceptance and enablement in a shaken world: The role of relationships in post traumatic growth development following spinal cord injury. Journal of Health Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053251315891 Sneath, J. Z., Lacey, R., & Kennett-Hensel, P. A. (2009). Coping with a natural disaster: Losses, emotions, and impulsive and compulsive buying. Marketing Letters, 20(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-008-9049-y Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A terror management theory of social behavior: The psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93–159. Starr, M. A. (2009). The social economics of ethical consumption: Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(6), 916-925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.07.006 Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 199-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2008). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 660-678. Stillman, T. F., Fincham, F. D., Vohs, K. D., Lambert, N. M., & Phillips, C. A. (2012). The material and immaterial in conflict: Spirituality reduces conspicuous consumption. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.08.012 Stone, P. R. (2012). Dark tourism and significant other death: Towards a Model of Mortality Mediation. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1565-1587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.04.007 Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A Thanatological Perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003 Sudbury-Riley, L., & Kohlbacher, F. (2016). Ethically minded consumer behavior: Scale review, development, and validation. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2697-2710. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.005 Suzuki, T., Kobayashi, T., Boase, J., Tanaka, Y., Wakimoto, R., & Suzuki, T. (2022). Mortality Salience and Mobile Voice Calling: A Case of a Massive Natural Disaster. Communication Research, 49(4), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220911809 Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (7th ed.). Pearson. Tanrikulu, C. (2021). Theory of consumption values in consumer behaviour research: A review and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(6), 1176-1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12687 Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2011). Is the meaning of life also the meaning of death? A terror management perspective reply. Journal of happiness studies, 12, 385-399. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1988). Elements of death anxiety and meanings of death. Journal of clinical psychology, 44(5), 691-701. Tilikidou, I., & Delistavrou, A. (2018). Fumbling the Greek Ethical Consumers' Profile. Journal of Research for Consumers, (32), 32-69. Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2003). To Do or to Have? That Is the Question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1193-1202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.6.1193 Van Tongeren, D. R., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., & Hulsey, T. L. (2016). Prosociality enhances meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1048814 Veblen, T. (1992). The Theory of the Leisure Class. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135373 Wang, C. K., Lin, C. Y., Hoang, N. C., & Hai, L. N. (2025). Exploring Behavioral Dynamics in Sustainable Choices: Ethical Insights from an Emerging Market. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 100332. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6), 1063. Webber, D., Schimel, J., Faucher, E. H., Hayes, J., Zhang, R., & Martens, A. (2015). Emotion as a necessary component of threat-induced death thought accessibility and defensive compensation. Motivation and Emotion, 39(1), 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9426-1 Weems, C. F., Russell, J. D., Neill, E. L., Berman, S. L., & Scott, B. G. (2016). Existential Anxiety Among Adolescents Exposed to Disaster: Linkages Among Level of Exposure, PTSD, and Depression Symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(5), 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22128 Weingarten, E., & Goodman, J. K. (2021). Re-examining the Experiential Advantage in Consumption: A Meta-Analysis and Review. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(6), 855-877. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa047 Weun, S., Jones, M. A., & Beatty, S. E. (1998). Development and validation of the impulse buying tendency scale. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 1123-1133. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3c.1123 White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 817–838. White, K., Habib, R., & Hardisty, D. J. (2019). How to SHIFT Consumer Behaviors to be More Sustainable: A Literature Review and Guiding Framework. Journal of Marketing, 83(3), 22-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919825649 Wong, N. Y., & Ahuvia, A. C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and western societies. Psychology & Marketing, 15(5), 423-441. Wong, P. T. (2010). What is existential positive psychology. International Journal of Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3(1) Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. S. K. (2008). The Negative Impact of Death Anxiety on Self-Efficacy and Willingness to Donate Organs Among Chinese Adults. Death Studies, 33(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802494172 Xie, Q., Yan, Y. Q., Lai, J., & Wei, M. T. (2024). Mortality salience and helping behavior amidst public crisis: cross-sectional evidence during COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 8, Article 1455818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1455818 Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books/Hachette Book Group. Yeung, N. C. Y., Lau, J. T. F., Yu, N. X., Zhang, J. P., Xu, Z. N., Choi, K. C., Zhang, Q., Mak, W. W. S., & Lui, W. W. S. (2018). Media Exposure Related to the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake Predicted Probable PTSD Among Chinese Adolescents in Kunming, China: A Longitudinal Study. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 10(2), 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000121 Yi, Y. X., Luo, Z. W., Wang, W. S., Li, J., & Han, B. (2024). Getting away from death fear: How disease threat drives consumers' colorfulness seeking. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 23(3), 1087-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2262 Yin, Y., Zhao, H. X., & Xu, S. H. (2024). The influence of fear on consumers' experiential consumption preferences during public health crises: Testing multiple mediation models. International Journal of Tourism Research, 26(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2706 Yuan, Z. Y., Baranik, L. E., Sinclair, R. R., Sliter, M. T., Rand, K. L., & Salyers, M. P. (2019). Memento Mori: The development and validation of the Death Reflection Scale. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(4), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2339 Zagefka, H., & James, T. (2015). The Psychology of Charitable Donations to Disaster Victims and Beyond. Social Issues and Policy Review, 9(1), 155-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12013 Zagefka, H., Noor, M., Brown, R., de Moura, G. R., & Hopthrow, T. (2011). Donating to disaster victims: Responses to natural and humanly caused events. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(3), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.781 Zhang, J. C., Xie, C. W., Li, W. T., & Huang, S. S. (2025). Does mortality salience produce positive effects on hotel employee behaviors? A temporal distance perspective. Tourism Management, 110, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105193 Zhang, X. K., Zhang, H. L., Zhu, M. X., Wu, M. S., Huang, Y. T., & Qin, Z. M. (2024). The mediating effects of death reflection on death literacy and death anxiety among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82421-8 Zhang, X., Yuan, M., Yue, Y. F., & Duan, X. Y. (2025). Fear of cancer recurrence and coping strategies among patients with oral cancer: the impact on post-traumatic growth. Bmc Psychology, 13(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02499-1 Zhao, N., & Zhou, G. Y. (2020). Social Media Use and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Moderator Role of Disaster Stressor and Mediator Role of Negative Affect. Applied Psychology-Health and Well Being, 12(4), 1019-1038. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12226 Zhu, C., Su, R., Zhang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Relation between narcissism and meaning in life: The role of conspicuous consumption. Heliyon, 7(9). zh_TW
