Publications-Theses
Article View/Open
Publication Export
-
Google ScholarTM
NCCU Library
Citation Infomation
Related Publications in TAIR
題名 新北市國民中學教師知覺校長創新領導、教師雙語教學信念與雙語教學自我效能之研究
A Study on New Taipei City Junior High School Teachers’ Perceptions of Principals’ Innovative Leadership, Teachers’ Beliefs about Bilingual Instruction, and Bilingual Teaching Self-Efficacy作者 郭昱晨
Guo, Yu-Chen貢獻者 陳榮政
Chen, Rong-Zheng
郭昱晨
Guo, Yu-Chen關鍵詞 雙語教育
校長創新領導
教師信念
教學自我效能
語言意識
Bilingual education
Principals’ innovative leadership
Teacher beliefs
Teaching self-efficacy
Language awareness日期 2026 上傳時間 2-Mar-2026 11:39:49 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究探討新北市國中教師對校長創新領導、雙語教學信念與雙語教學自我效能的知覺及其結構關係,剖析在「2030雙語政策」推動下的作用機制。以457位雙語教師為對象,採描述性統計、信效度分析、變異數分析與結構方程模式(SEM),系統驗證雙語教育於學校現場的關鍵影響因素,主要發現如下: (一)信念高認同、實踐經驗不足之政策落差 教師普遍對雙語教育價值持正向信念,惟受雙語教學年資偏短(多數<10年)、CLIL跨科協作與語言支架設計經驗不足所限,形成「理念高認同—實踐低經驗」的明顯政策落差,凸顯能力建構迫切需求。 (二)校長創新領導之核心作用機制 校長創新領導透過願景建構、文化支持(心理安全與試誤容許)及資源整合(課務調整、跨科共備),對教師雙語教學信念與自我效能產生穩定正向影響,為學校雙語轉型的核心驅動力量。 (三)信念之中介效應與心理轉化路徑 教師雙語教學信念在校長創新領導與自我效能間扮演顯著部分中介角色,從價值認同到行動投入,信念不僅是效能的前置條件,更是連結領導意圖與教學實踐的關鍵心理機制。 (四)語言意識策略勝於語言流利度 相較語言流利度,教師語言意識(課程語言規劃、支架設計、跨語言策略)與雙語教學策略能力更能有效提升學生參與度與教學品質,是高品質雙語課室的核心專業素養。 (五)自我效能為課室品質直接決定因素 教師雙語教學自我效能直接決定課室語言輸入品質、學生參與表現與教學持續投入,是雙語教育政策落實至教學現場的關鍵中介變項。 本研究建構「創新領導→教師信念→教學自我效能→課室實踐」的完整路徑模型,證實雙語教育成功仰賴制度支持、校長領導力、教師心理信念與專業策略能力的動態整合。研究結果不僅為臺灣雙語教育政策提供實證基礎,亦可作為教育行政機關規劃分層支持策略、學校設計專業學習社群(PLC)及教師進修課程的重要參考。
This study examines New Taipei City junior high school teachers’ perceptions of principals’ innovative leadership, bilingual teaching beliefs, and bilingual teaching self-efficacy, as well as their structural relationships, and analyzes the mechanisms operating under Taiwan’s “2030 Bilingual Policy.” Drawing on a sample of 457 bilingual teachers, descriptive statistics, reliability and validity analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted to systematically identify key factors influencing the implementation of bilingual education in school settings. The main findings are as follows: (1)A Policy Gap between Strong Belief Endorsement and Limited Practical Experience Teachers generally hold positive beliefs about the value of bilingual education. However, constrained by limited bilingual teaching experience (with most teachers having fewer than 10 years of experience), insufficient cross-disciplinary collaboration for CLIL, and limited experience in designing language scaffolds, a pronounced gap emerges between “strong ideological endorsement” and “low practical experience,” underscoring the urgent need for capacity building. (2)The Core Mechanism of Principals’ Innovative Leadership Principals’ innovative leadership—through vision building, cultural support (psychological safety and tolerance for trial and error), and resource integration (teaching load adjustments and cross-disciplinary co-planning)—exerts stable positive effects on teachers’ bilingual teaching beliefs and bilingual teaching self-efficacy, serving as a core driving force for bilingual transformation in schools. (3)The Mediating Effect of Beliefs and a Psychological Transformation Pathway Teachers’ bilingual teaching beliefs play a significant partial mediating role between principals’ innovative leadership and bilingual teaching self-efficacy. From value endorsement to behavioral engagement, beliefs function not only as a prerequisite for self-efficacy but also as a key psychological mechanism linking leadership intentions with instructional practices. (4)Language-Awareness-Oriented Strategies Outperform Language Proficiency Compared with language proficiency, teachers’ language awareness (curriculum language planning, scaffolding design, and translanguaging strategies) and bilingual instructional strategy competence more effectively enhance student engagement and instructional quality, constituting core professional competencies for high-quality bilingual classrooms. (5)Self-Efficacy as a Direct Determinant of Classroom Quality Teachers’ bilingual teaching self-efficacy directly shapes the quality of classroom language input, student engagement, and sustained instructional commitment, thereby functioning as a key mediating variable through which policy implementation is realized at the classroom level. This study constructs a comprehensive pathway model of "innovative leadership→ teacher beliefs→teaching self-efficacy→classroom practice," confirming that successful bilingual education depends on the dynamic integration of institutional support, principal leadership, teachers' psychological beliefs, and professional strategic capabilities. The findings provide empirical foundations for Taiwan's bilingual education policy and serve as important references for educational authorities in planning tiered support strategies, schools in designing professional learning communities (PLCs), and teacher professional development programs.參考文獻 壹、中文部份 丁一顔、茳姮姬(2020)。臺灣教師專業學習社群實徵研究之分析與展望。教育研究與發展期刊,16(2),135-162。 王力億(2020)。雙語教育的師資先決與師培改革。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10) ,31-36。 王力億、林子斌(2021)。雙語教育推動的第一步:雙語學科教師培訓與增能的建議。臺灣的雙語教育:挑戰與對策,375-394。 王俞蓓、林子斌(2021)。雙語教育的推行模式:從新加坡、加拿大的經驗反思臺灣雙語政策。中等教育,72(1),18-31。 王昭傑(2022)。雙語實驗課程學校轉型歷程探究-以一所臺北市雙語實驗課程國小為例。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(1),219-244。 王愉、丘愛鈴(2024)。臺南市國中雙語教育實施現況之分析:學校教師觀點。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(9), 73-81。 行政院(2018)。2030 雙語國家政策發展藍圖(核定本)。行政院。 行政院(2021)。2030 雙語政策推動計畫。行政院。 呂妍慧、袁媛(2020)。以 CLIL(Content and Language Integrated Learning)4Cs 架構發展情境式雙語教學任務之行動研究。課程與教學季刊,23(4),87-118。 呂翠鈴(2022)。全校一心的雙語教育。師友雙月刊636,59-62。 宋慶瑋(2021)。校長卓越領導對學校革新的效應。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(4),101-110。 何希慧、陳政暉(2022a)。國民中學教師知覺校長關係領導對組織學習影響之研究―以組織信任為中介變項。教育行政學期刊,31,1-42。 何希慧、陳政暉(2022b)。校長領導、組織信任與教師專業承諾之關係研究。教育研究集刊,68(2),87-122。 何希慧(2023)。校長創新領導對雙語教育影響之研究。教育科學研究期刊,(452),123-145。 吳明隆(2013)。結構方程模式:潛在成長曲線分析。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 吳佩珊、熊同鑫(2020a)。校長領導對雙語教育推動之影響。教育管理評論,16(3),101-118。 吳佩珊、熊同鑫(2020b)。校長領導行為、學校文化與教師專業學習社群之關係研究。教育行政研究,10(1),1-30。 吳彥慶、黃文定(2020a)。從中學雙語師資培育經驗談臺灣雙語教學面臨的問題與因應之道。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10),42-46。 吳彥慶、黃文定(2020b)。教育政策地方治理的調節機制與學校實踐落差之分析-以雙語教育政策為例。教育政策論壇,23(2),67-98。 吳璧如、陳俊瑋(2022)。國小教師工作壓力與工作滿意度之關係研究:教師自我效能感的中介效果。教育研究與發展期刊,18(2),51-92。 李茂能(2006)。結構方程模式軟體 Amos 之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用。臺北市:心理。 李文權、林海清(2020)。專業學習社群、領導知覺與教師專業成長之關係。教育學報,45(1),1-30。 李勁霆、林和春(2021)。國民小學校長正向領導與教師心理資本關係之研究。學校行政雙月刊,135,95-116。 李千昀、賴志峰(2023)。國民小學教師雙語教學信念與實踐之研究。學校行政雙月刊,148,213-243。 李文富、陳宏彰、李舜隆、楊宗明(2024)。地方層級課程治理之初探性研究:以嘉義市為個案。課程研究,19(1),23-46。 邱憲義、蕭佳純(2019)。高中教師教學風格與教學效能之相關研究-以教師專業發展為中介變項、學校組織文化為調節變項。當代教育研究季刊,27(1),39-78。 周湘芸(2020)。開學分班、招公費生 新北培訓雙語師資。 https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/NewTaipei/paper/1403764 周竹一(2022)。新北市國民小學校長正向領導與教師教學效能關係之研究。學校行政雙月刊,137,92-114。 林子斌(2020)。臺灣雙語教育的未來:本土模式之建構。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10),8-13。 林雅惠(2020)。地方政府推動雙語教育之政策設計與課程實施策略分析。課程與教學季刊,23(4),1-28。 林子斌、黃家凱(2020)。反思雙語教育:從新加坡的雙語經驗看臺灣的政策與作法。臺灣教育雙月刊,721,1-12。 林曉慧、沈志明(2020)。推公立學校雙語課程新北增聘英語外籍教師。https://news.pts.org.tw/article/491376 林子斌(2021a)。建構臺灣【沃土】雙語模式:中等教育階段的現狀與未來發展。 中等教育,72(1), 6-17。 林子斌(2021b)。雙語教育實踐的要素:雙語教師專業學習社群之運作與功能初探。教育研究月刊,327,4-8。 林志成(2021)。發展雙語校本課程的覺知行思。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),37-42。 林子斌、吳巧雯(2021)。公立國民中學推動雙語教育之挑戰與回應:政策到實踐。教育研究月刊,321,30-42。 林子斌(2022)。跨文化溝通的基礎:臺灣雙語教育的實踐與挑戰。課程研究,17(1),1-13。 林義涵(2022)。中興小校邁向雙語教育學校之路。師友雙月刊,636,55-58。 林志成、黃綺芳(2023)。雙語教育政策執行困境與突破方略。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(12),45-51。 林靜雯、鄭宏文(2024)。促進師資生教學自我效能:以概念構圖為核心之國小雙語自然教材教法課程創新。教育評論(1563-3527),(62)。 阮孝齊、王麗雲(2017)。縣市教育資源對學習共同體擴散影響之研究。教育研究月刊,63(1),69-107。 洪榮昌(2019)。偏鄉小校落實雙語教學可行性策略之初探。臺灣教育評論月刊,8(9),82-85。 洪詠善(2021)。課程改革中的教師專業發展與實踐轉化:政策、課程與教學的連結。課程與教學季刊,24(2),1-28。 洪詠善(2024)。地方層級學校課程協作影響要素與模式之探究。課程與教學季刊,19(1),23-46。 范莎惠(2020)。再思雙語教育。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10),88-91。 草根影響力文教基金會(2023,6月16日)。【電話民調發表】『民眾對蔡政府教育政策看法』最新民意調查結果公布新聞稿暨調查報告。 http://www.twgrassroots.org/site/index.php/14-roksprocket-mosaic/238-2023-06-16-07-19-16 施喩琁(2023) 。地方教育治理常見問題與解決策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(5),121-126。 施喩琁(2024)。運用教育治理解決常見教育行政問題。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(6),69-74。 徐楚茜(2023)。學生自我效能對雙語教育之啟示。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(6),108–113。 翁福元(2022)。臺灣學校實施2030國家雙語政策探析:雙語或雙語教育。臺灣教育,733,31-38。 秦夢群、吳勁甫(2006)。國中校長轉型領導、學校組織健康與教師組織承諾關係之研究。教育研究集刊,52(3),141-172。 秦夢群(2019)。教育領導理論與應用。台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 曾子旂(2023)。前導南區計畫跨校社群運作的系統領導分析。臺灣教育研究期 刊,4(6),143-164。 許籐繼(2020)。教師文化對教學效能影響之探究。課程與教學,23(1),35-60。 許家齊、李宜錚、陳奕安(2021年7月)。22縣市實施雙語課程公立國中小清單。親子天下,119,30-34。 許慶雄、陳令怡(2023)。雙語課程中教師語言負荷與學習焦慮之探討:從EMI 課堂實例出發。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(10),12-23。 郭美秀(2022)。學習領導應用於現職雙語師資之專業發展。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(8),69-72。 張德銳(2021) 。我國校長服務領導研究結果之綜合性分析。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(2),190-217。 張得軒、張志明(2024)。偏遠地區國中跨域雙語教學教師面臨的困境與解決策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(9),15-23。 陳玉蒼、楊政郎(2020)。專業課程全英語授課導入 CLIL 的實踐與成效。當代商管論叢,6(1),89-107。 陳美如、曾莉婷(2020)。雙語教育-認同、策略與人才培育。臺灣教育,(21),13-24。 陳正專(2021)。CLIL 在學校推動之可行策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),64-69。 陳怡伶(2021)。師資培育觀點看高教推動國際教育與向下延伸策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(2),26-31。 陳純音、林慶隆(2021)。沉浸式與 CLIL 雙語教學模式之比較與啟示。教育研究月刊,321,43-58。 陳俊瑋(2022)。【中文版俄亥俄州教師效能感量表】於國小教師之驗證性研究。教育心理學報,53(4),853-878。 陳純音(2023)。教師多語能力發展的策略與挑戰。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(11),1-8。 陳惠雪(2023)。國小雙語自然教師的專業認同:「衝突」-「協調」-「再生」。 教育研究集刊,69(2),1-48。 陳錦芬(2023)。臺灣雙語教學之教學方針與策略。教育實踐與研究,36(1),163-187。 陳琳筑、林佳慧(2023)。初探文化與跨文化關聯對英語教育的重要性。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(7),83-88。 教育部(2018,12月6日)。【教育部新聞稿】全面啟動教育體系的雙語活化、培養臺灣走向世界的雙語人才。https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9E7AC85F1954DDA8&s=B7D34EA3ED606429 教育部(2019,9月5日)。教育部推動雙語國家計畫。 https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=D33B55D537402BAA&s=FB233D7EC45FFB37 教育部(2020,5月14日)。中小學國際教育白皮書2.0。https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9E7AC85F1954DDA8&s=C56B0FF1E7E21B45 教育部國民及學前教育署(2020)。國民中小學雙語教育推動現況與專業需求調查。台北:國家教育研究院。 教育部(2022a)。國民中小學部分領域課程雙語教學實施計畫成果報告。 https://cirn.moe.edu.tw/WebFile/index.aspx?sid=1192&mid=14711 教育部(2022b)。雙語國家政策 2030 推動方案。台北:教育部。 新北市統計資訊網(2024)。新北市高級中等學校概況總表及新北市國民中學學校概況總表。https://oas.bas.ntpc.gov.tw/NTPCTRWD/NewPage/Publish.aspx?Mid1=382040000E 教育部統計處(2025)。各級學校學生數。 https://depart.moe.edu.tw/ed4500/cp.aspx?n=1AC243AF6EF5E5DD&s=EDC4A4E717ED32CF 教育部國民及學前教育署(2025)。114學年度公立國民中小學雙語生活化校園計畫。https://cirn.moe.edu.tw/WebNews/details.aspx?sid=1192&nid=4515&mid=12720 國家發展委員會(2018,12月)。2030雙語國家政策發展藍圖【行政院107年12月10日院授發綜字第1070802190號函頒】。 https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=FB2F95FF15B21D4A 國家發展委員會(2020)。2030雙語國家政策2020年推動重點及廣宣規劃。 https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Advanced_Search.aspx?q=%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96 國家發展委員會(2021)。2030雙語政策整體推動方案。https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xNDUzMi83NDBlMTY5Ny1lZmIwLTRjZGItYjYxMi03M2UzMTVhMTM5ZjIucGRm&n=MjAzMOmbmeiqnuaUv%2betli5wZGY%3d&icon=.pdf 國家發展委員會與教育部(2022)。前瞻基礎建設計畫-人才培育促進就業建設:2030雙語政策(110至113年)計畫(第一次修正)。臺北市:國發會、教育部。 國家發展委員會與教育部(2024)。2030雙語政策(110至114年)計畫(第二次修正)。 https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMS9yZWxmaWxlLzYyODMvNjQ4NDUvMTk3NjU1ZDgtZTdmNS00ZDAxLWIwNTQtNWUyNmRjMmNmNjMxLnBkZg%3D%3D&n=KOihjOaUv%2BmZouaguOWumueJiCkyMDMw6ZuZ6Kqe5pS%2F562WMTEw6IezMTE05bm06KiI55Wr56ys5LqM5qyh5L%2Bu5q2j6KiI55WrLnBkZg%3D%3D&icon=..pdf 黃宗顯、鄭明宗(2008)。中小學得獎校長之創新性領導作為及其啟示。當代教育研究季刊,16(4),109-153。 黃芳銘(2015)。結構方程模式-理論與應用。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 黃建翔、石淑旻、蔡明學(2018)。臺北市國小校長創新領導與教師專業學習社群關係之研究。教育行政與評鑑學刊,(23),119-153。 黃家凱(2021)。邁向 2030 雙語國家之路:政策社會學之觀點分析。中等教育,72(1),32-47。 黃琇屏(2021a)。公立中小學雙語教育實施現況與挑戰。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),6-11。 黃琇屏(2021b)。CLIL 教學模式於臺灣中學課程實施之困境與省思。課程與教學季刊,24(4),87-112。 黃政傑(2022)。從雙語政策看中小學雙語師資培育。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(6),1-10。 黃家凱、林子斌(2022)。我國雙語師資培育的挑戰與解決建議。臺灣教育評論 月刊,11(8),1-5。 楊瑞濱(2021)。臺北市推動國中小雙語教育之有效行政支持。師友雙月刊,626,50-57。 楊雅妃、楊素綾(2021)。推動雙語教育於新課綱教育現場的意義與因應作為。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),27-31。 楊怡婷(2022)。學校推動雙語教學之挑戰與因應。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(1),81-86。 葉若蘭、翁福元(2021)。雙語教育推動的挑戰與配套措施建議。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),19-26。 甄曉蘭、葉珍玲(2024)。學校實施雙語教學的實務策略思維:跨國個案學校實務經驗的啟示。課程與教學季刊,27(2),201-229。 新北市政府教育局。(2020a,10月19日)。新北首創技高雙語學分班開課,助教師搶先取得雙語教師證。https://www.ntpc.edu.tw/home.jsp?id=d127e0ce0f4f407b&act=be4f48068b2b0031&dataserno=c881810bfe38bf3f1350523e78727cd4&mserno=cdfca8f4e3eeb6df81e43a5af771c42f 新北市政府教育局(2020b)。新北市109學年度國民小學雙語實驗課程學校擴大試辦實施計畫。【109年5月21日新北教國字第1090896380號函】 新北市政府教育局(2022a)。新北市雙語教育獎勵計畫成果報告。新北市政府。 新北市政府教育局(2022b)。新北市雙語教育政策推動成果與發展報告。新北市政府。 新北市政府教育局(2023a)。新北市雙語教育推動現況與政策白皮書。新北市政府。 新北市政府教育局(2023b)。新北市英語及雙語教育推動政策說明。 https://www.ntpc.edu.tw/home.jsp?id=ed501b6918f7f11e&act=be4f48068b2b00 新北市政府教育局(2024)。新北市中等教育雙語教育中長程計畫(113 年度至 116 年度)。https://testweb3.ecampus.com.tw/Manage/Download?p=113-116%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%B7%E7%A8%8B%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB-11307_20251016164816523.pdf&d=TchResFile 新北市統計資訊網(2024)。新北市高級中等學校概況總表及新北市國民中學學校概況總表。https://oas.bas.ntpc.gov.tw/NTPCTRWD/NewPage/Publish.aspx?Mid1=382040000E 新北市英語教育資源中心(2024)。https://englishcenter.ntpc.edu.tw/nss/s/main/EnglishResource?utm_source=chatgpt.com 新北市政府(2025,12月2日)。【市政新聞】新北打造全國首座高中雙語教育辦公室。 https://www.ntpc.edu.tw/home.jsp?id=d127e0ce0f4f407b&act=be4f48068b2b0031&dataserno=5e5b733d6ee0b3a3a6f59cd00c4ac801&mserno=cdfca8f4e3eeb6df81e43a5af771c42f 蔡雯如(2023)。新北雙語教育學校破六成,拚2026年校校有雙語師資。中國時報。https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20230722001629-263301?chdtv 廖偉民(2020)。2020 年臺灣公立國小推展雙語教育之探討。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(9),90-96。 廖敏旬、何姵萱、何萬順(2024)。2030雙語政策的演變:2017至2023民調初探。臺灣語文研究,19(2),133-185。 甄曉蘭、葉珍玲(2024)。學校實施雙語教學的實務策略思維:跨國個案學校實務經驗的啟示。課程與教學,27(2),201-229。 劉堯馨、林子斌(2023)。雙語教育推行之探討:以臺北市一所雙語實驗課程國中為例。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,16(1),29-55。 劉鎮寧(2023)。校長專業學習社群與以學習為中心的領導之研究:校長轉化學習、學校協作文化雙中介效果之探討。教育政策論壇,26(2),63-99。 劉鎮寧(2024a)。建構縣市層級課程政策執行機制之研究。教育政策論壇,27(1),1-39。 劉鎮寧(2024b)。一所偏鄉小學校長推動教師協作專業發展之個案研究。教育政策論壇,27(3),125-158。 潘慧玲、鄭淑惠(2023)。教師專業學習社群對自我效能與專業學習之影響研究:以理論導向評估為例。永續性研究,15(6),471。 潘慧玲(2024)。不同組織層級跨系統協作之探究觀點。學校行政,149,1-16。 潘慧玲、洪瑞璇(2024)。中央層級課綱推動之跨系統協作:協作與調適之開展。課程研究,19(1),1-21。 潘慧玲、鄭淑惠、陳文彥(2024)。歡喜做課綱?學校現場教師的情緒與變革行動樣態及其組成差異分析。教育研究期刊,20(3),75-105。 潘慧玲(2025)。國家課程跨系統協作在教育治理上的意義及其運作。教育研究月刊,371,4-25。 賴志峰(2021)。國民小學校長凝聚力領導能力指標之建構。教育政策論壇,24(1),81-116。 蕭佳純(2021)。國小師資生任教意願之縱貫性研究。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,14(2),1-26。 穆柏安(2023)。雙語教育政策下校園英語情境建構之研究。教育科學研究期刊,68(1),55-84。 鄒文莉(2020)。臺灣雙語教育師資培訓。師友雙月刊,622,30-40。 鮑瑤鋒(2021)。臺灣雙語教育政策檢討。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),12-18。 謝傳崇、劉佳賢(2011)。國民中小學智慧資本與學校創新經營效能關係之研究。教育行政研究,11,63-88。 謝傳崇、李勁霆、邱盈彰(2021)。校長情緒智慧領導對教師組織公民行為之影響:組織信任的中介角色。教育行政與評鑑學刊,29,35-64。 謝傳崇、戴紹恩、李慧潔(2022)。知識圖譜視角下分布式領導研究之國際趨勢:以核心教育期刊為例。教育政策論壇,25(1),31-57。 謝念慈(2024)。讓 AI 成為雙語教學助力的思維。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(9),28-38。 鄭旭宏、秦夢群(2022)。臺北市公立國民中學校長分布式領導,教師專業學習社群與教師組織承諾關係之研究。教育行政期刊,32,79-116。 貳、英文部份 Arbuckle, M. R., McClain, M. T., Rubertone, M. V., Scofield, R. H., Dennis, G. J., James, J. A., & Harley, J. B. (2003). Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(16), 1526-1533. Adamson, K. A., & Prion, S. (2013). Reliability: measuring internal consistency using Cronbach's α. Clinical simulation in Nursing, 9(5), 179-180. Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J.(2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of management, 40(5), 1297-1333. Aldridge, J. M., & Fraser, B. J.(2016). Teachers’ views of their school climate and its relationship with teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Learning Environments Research, 19(2), 291-307. Arifin, W. N., & Yusoff, M. S. B.(2016). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Universiti Sains Malaysia emotional quotient inventory among medical students in Malaysia. Sage Open, 6(2), 2158244016650240. Ahmad, I., Radzuan, N. R. M., & Sabboor Hussain, M.(2018). Use of first language in the classroom: Non-native EFL teachers’ beliefs in teaching English to adult learners in bilingual context. Arab World English Journal(AWEJ), 9, 186-199. Anwaruddin, S. M.(2018). Translanguaging as transformative pedagogy: Towards a vision of democratic education. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 18(2), 301-312. Archila, P. A., & de Mejía, A. M. T.(2020). Bilingual university science courses: A questionnaire on professors’ practices and espoused beliefs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(2), 132-152. Ariyani, D., Suyatno, & Zuhaery, M.(2021). Principal’s innovation and entrepreneurial leadership to establish a positive learning environment. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 253–262. Al-Momani, M., & Al-Sheyab, N.(2024). Innovative leadership among public school principals in Irbid Governorate: Teachers’ perspective. International Journal of Educational Leadership, 11(1), 45–61. Bandura, A.(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological bulletin, 88(3), 588. Bandura, A.(1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y.(1989). The degree of intention formation as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship. Social psychology quarterly, 266-279. Bandura, A.(1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. Bandura, A. (1997). Autoefficacia: Teoria e applicazioni (Vol. 2). FrancoAngeli. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International journal of testing, 1(1), 55-86. Borg, S.(2006). The distinctive characteristics of foreign language teachers. Language Teaching Research, 10(1), 3-31. Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M.(2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long range planning, 45(5-6), 359-394. Brown, L.(2017). Teachers’ beliefs and practices in bilingual classrooms. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 20(6), 694-709. Bush, T.(2018). Transformational leadership: Exploring common conceptions. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(6), 883-887. Bixler, K., & Ceballos, M.(2025). Principals leading AI in schools for instructional leadership: A conceptual model for principal AI use. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 24(1), 137-154. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. Clark, C. M., & Peterson, P. L. (1986). Teachers' thought processes. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 255-296). Macmillan. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). Psychology Press. Cummins, J.(2000). Academic language learning, transformative pedagogy, and information technology: Towards a critical balance. Tesol Quarterly, 34(3), 537-548. Clarke, D., & Hollingsworth, H. (2002). Elaborating a model of teacher professional growth. Teaching and teacher education, 18(8), 947-967. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W.(2005). Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. Coltman, T., Devinney, T. M., Midgley, D. F., Veniak, S. (2008). Formative Versus Reflective Measurement Models: Two Applications of Formative Measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1250-1262. Coyle, D., Hood, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). CLIL: Content and language integrated learning. Cambridge University Press. Cammarata, L., & Tedick, D. J.(2012). Balancing content and language in instruction. The Modern Language Journal, 96(2), 251–269. Cenoz, J., Genesee, F., & Gorter, D.(2014). Critical analysis of CLIL: Taking stock and looking forward. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 243-262. Collier, V. P., & Thomas, W. P. (2017). Validating the power of bilingual schooling: Thirty-two years of large-scale, longitudinal research. Annual review of applied linguistics, 37, 203-217. Costea, P. I., Zeller, G., Sunagawa, S., Pelletier, E., Alberti, A., Levenez, F., & Bork, P.(2017). Towards standards for human fecal sample processing in metagenomic studies. Nature biotechnology, 35(11), 1069-1076. Cho, S., Lee, H. J., & Herner-Patnode, L.(2020a). Factors influencing preservice teachers’ self-efficacy in addressing cultural and linguistic needs of diverse learners. The Teacher Educator, 55(4), 411-429. Cho, H., Castañeda, M., & Lee, J. (2020b). Development and validation of a bilingual teaching self-efficacy scale. Teaching and Teacher Education, 92, Article 103072. Chen, H., & Lee, S.(2024). School leadership and teacher efficacy in bilingual contexts: A longitudinal study. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 67-85. Dalton-Puffer, C.(2011). Content-and-language integrated learning: From practice to principles? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 182-204. Davis, J.(2014). Teachers’ beliefs about bilingual instruction and classroom language use. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 13(2), 123-139. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F.(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J.(1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological methods, 4(3), 272. Fan, C. W., & Hsieh, Y. H.(2012). The relationship between principals’ innovative leadership and school organizational performance in elementary schools. Journal of Educational Administration and Evaluation, 14, 1-28. Fullan, M.(2020). The nature of leadership is changing. European Journal of Education, 55(2), 139-142. Fong, C. J., Lin, A. M. Y., & Chien, S. C.(2021). Designing culturally responsive bilingual education: The FERTILE framework. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 42(8), 713-729. Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE. Gibson, S., & Dembo, M. H. (1984). Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. Journal of educational psychology, 76(4), 569. Guskey, T. R.(2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 381–391. García, O.(2009). Emergent Bilinguals and TESOL: What's in a Name?. Tesol Quarterly, 43(2), 322-326. García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Palgrave Macmillan. García, O., & Kleifgen, J. A.(2018). Educating emergent bilinguals: Policies, programs, and practices for English learners. Teachers College Press. Gorter, D., Cenoz, J., & der Worp, K. V.(2021). The linguistic landscape as a resource for language learning and raising language awareness. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 8(2), 161-181. Ghamrawi, N.(2022). Teachers’ virtual communities of practice: A strong response in times of crisis or just another Fad?. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 5889-5915. Graham, K. M., & Yeh, Y. F.(2023). Teachers’ implementation of bilingual education in Taiwan: Challenges and arrangements. Asia Pacific Education Review, 24(3), 461-472. Gallagher, M. A., & Scrivner, S.(2025). Teachers’ beliefs about language diversity and multilingual learners: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 95(4), 822-861. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H.(1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H.(2010). Leadership for learning. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 38(6), 654-678. Hallinger, P.(2011). Leadership for learning: Lessons from 40 years of empirical research. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(2), 125-142. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M.(2011). The use of partial least squares(PLS) to address marketing management topics. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 135-138. Hazy, J. K., & Uhl-Bien, M.(2013). Towards operationalizing complexity leadership: How generative, administrative and community-building leadership practices enact organizational outcomes. Leadership, 9(4), 393-419. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135. Hallinger, P.(2018). Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 5-24. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M.(2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24. Hay, A.(2025). Policy enactment in education: A conceptual framework with actor-network theory. Journal of Education Policy, 40(2), 179-198. Kline, R. B. (1998). Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psychoeducational assessment, 16(4), 343-364. Kitsantas, A. (2012). Scale of Teacher Efficacy in Classroom Diversity (TESCD): A validation study. Profesorado, Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado, 16(1), 35-47. Klassen, R. M., Durksen, T. L., & Tze, V. M. (2014). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs: Ready to move from theory to practice? In P. W. Richardson, S. A. Karabenick, & I. B. G. Watt (Eds.), Teacher motivation: Theory and practice in context (pp. 100-115). Routledge. Kanter, R. M. (2016). Principals as innovators: Identifying fundamental skills for leadership of change in public schools (PELP-078). Harvard Public Education Leadership Project, Harvard University. Kanter, R. M., & Myers, P. S. (2016). Interorganizational bonds and intraorganizational behavior: How alliances and partnerships change the organizations forming them. In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Socio-economics: Toward a new synthesis (pp. 329-344). Routledge. Krüger, M.(2019). The development and validation of a self-report instrument to assess attitudes and self-efficacy of preservice teachers toward teaching linguistically and culturally diverse PE classes. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 23(1), 28-38. Karimi, S., Ahmadi Malek, F., Yaghoubi Farani, A., & Liobikienė, G.(2023). The role of transformational leadership in developing innovative work behaviors: The mediating role of employees’ psychological capital. Sustainability, 15(2), 1267. Katıtaş, S., Yıldız, S., & Doğan, S.(2025). The effect of shared leadership on job satisfaction: the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy. Educational Studies, 51(3), 275-294. Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D.(2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 112-129. Leithwood, K. (2005). Educational leadership: A review of the research. Laboratory for Student Success, Temple University. Leithwood, K., Patten, S., & Jantzi, D. (2010). Testing a conception of how school leadership influences student learning. Educational administration quarterly, 46(5), 671-706. Louis, K. S., Leithwood, K., Wahlstrom, K., & Anderson, S.(2010). Learning from leadership: Investigating the links to improved student learning. The Wallace Foundation. https://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/pages/learning-from-leadership.aspx Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2010). Immersion and CLIL in English: More differences than similarities. ELT journal, 64(4), 367-375. Lo, Y. Y., & Macaro, E.(2012). The medium of instruction and classroom interaction: Evidence from Hong Kong secondary schools. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15(1), 29-52. Li, A. H., Liu, P. P., Villarreal, F. J., & Garcia, R. A.(2014). Dynamic changes in myocardial matrix and relevance to disease: translational perspectives. Circulation Research, 114(5), 916-927. Li, W.(2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30. López, F., & Santibañez, L.(2018). Teacher Preparation for Emergent Bilingual Students: Implications of Evidence for Policy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 26(36) , 1-42. Liu, J., & Rutledge, D.(2020). Pre-Service Teachers' Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory(BALLI) on Bilingualism: Getting Insights to Developing Knowledge. English Language Teaching, 13(9), 30-39. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D.(2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5-22. Lin, A. M. Y.(2020). Bilingual education and social justice. Journal of Multilingual Education Research, 10(1), 1-15. Lin, T.-B.(2021). Constructing the “FERTILE” bilingual model in Taiwan. Secondary Education, 72(1), 6-17. Lin, Y. H., & Chen, C. C.(2023). Relationships among school principals’ work values, organisational climate, and organisational adaptation. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(6), 586-603. Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M.(2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 705-750. Mahoney, J. L., Barron, B., & Zigler, E. F.(2010). Teacher beliefs, self-efficacy, and instructional practices. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(1-2), 45-57. Menken, K., & Solorza, C. (2015). Principals as linchpins in bilingual education: The need for prepared school leaders. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 18(6), 676-697. Mumford, M. D., Todd, E. M., Higgs, C., & McIntosh, T.(2017). Cognitive skills and leadership performance: The nine critical skills. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 24-39. Martin, F.(2019). Teacher self-efficacy and instructional practices in multilingual classrooms. Educational Psychology, 39(6), 768-784. Marrero-Colón, M. (2021). Translanguaging: Theory, concept, practice, stance… or all of the above? Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) Commentary. https://www.cal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/TranslanguagingTheoryConceptPracticeStance…orAlloftheAbove_CALCommentary.pdf Mahan, K. R.(2022). The comprehending teacher: Scaffolding in content and language integrated learning(CLIL). The Language Learning Journal, 50(1), 74-88. Minh, D., Wang, H. X., Li, Y. F., & Nguyen, T. N.(2022). Explainable artificial intelligence: a comprehensive review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55(5), 3503-3568. Mohamad, M. I., Mohamed, M. S., & Abu-Bakar, K.(2024). Preschool Teachers’ Issues and Beliefs in English Language Teaching: A Systematic Review(2012-2022). European Journal of Educational Research, 13(1), 279-296. Mouboua, Y., Ndzi, B., & Tamanji, P.(2024). Bilingual education, language ideology, and social equity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(2), 245–260. Monterrosa, M.(2025). Bilingual Teacher Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Technology Factors(Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University Texas). https://www.proquest.com/docview/3241432814?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N.(2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. OECD. (2018a). Preparing our youth for an inclusive and sustainable world: The OECD global competence framework. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/24705185.pdf OECD. (2018b). OECD Learning Compass 2030. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/learning/learning-compass-2030/ Piaget, J.(1964). Development and learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2(3), 176–186. Pajares, M. F.(1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307-332. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of educational research, 66(4), 543-578. Pappa, S., Moate, J., Ruohotie-Lyhty, M., & Eteläpelto, A.(2019). Teacher agency within the Finnish CLIL context. Teaching and Teacher Education, 85, 60-70. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J.(2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of research in Marketing, 26(4), 332-344. Padilla, M. A., & Divers, J.(2016). A comparison of composite reliability estimators: coefficient omega confidence intervals in the current literature. Educational and psychological measurement, 76(3), 436-453. Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y.(2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of applied psychology, 98(1), 194. Shavelson, R. J., & Stern, P.(1981). Research on teachers’ pedagogical thoughts, judgments, decisions, and behavior. Review of Educational Research, 51(4), 455-498. Siwatu, K. O.(2006). Preservice teachers’ culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(7), 1086-1101. Siwatu, K. O.(2007). Preservice teachers’ culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy and outcome expectancy beliefs. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(7), 1086-1101. Saleem, A., & Shah, A.(2011). Self-efficacy as a stress-coping mechanism among teachers: A critical literature review. African Journal of Business Management, 5(35), 13435-13441. Siwatu, K. O.(2011). Preservice teachers’ sense of preparedness and self-efficacy to teach in America’s urban and suburban schools: Does context matter?. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(2), 357-365. Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair Jr, J. F.(2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers. Journal of family business strategy, 5(1), 105-115. Schein, S. (2017). A new psychology for sustainability leadership: The hidden power of ecological worldviews. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351286046 Sánchez, M. T., García, O., & Solorza, C.(2018). Reframing language allocation policy in dual language bilingual education. Bilingual Research Journal, 41(1), 37-51. Smith, A., Jones, B., & Taylor, C.(2020). Measuring teachers’ beliefs toward bilingual education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 41(5), 395-411. Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2021). Self-efficacy and human motivation. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (Vol. 8, pp. 153-179). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2020.10.001 Sabarwal, S., Abu-Jawdeh, M., & Kapoor, R.(2022). Teacher beliefs: Why they matter and what they are. The World Bank Research Observer, 37(1), 73-106. Sah, P. K.(2022). English medium instruction in South Asia’s multilingual schools: Unpacking the dynamics of ideological orientations, policy/practices, and democratic questions. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(2), 742-755. Shannaq, R. M. A., Alsadi, M. M., Alkhuffash, S. R., Yousef, F., Daradkah, A. A. M., Jaradat, M. S., & Ajloun, J.(2024). Innovative Leadership among Public School Principals in Irbid Governorate: Teachers’ Perspective. Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 22(1), 4779-4794. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W.(2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805. Thoonen, E. E., Sleegers, P. J., Oort, F. J., Peetsma, T. T., & Geijsel, F. P.(2011). How to improve teaching practices: The role of teacher motivation, organizational factors, and leadership practices. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 496-536. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. Thomas, K.(2021). CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning. By Do Coyle, Philip Hood, and David Marsh. Cambridge University Press. Journal of Foreign Language Education Research, 2, 195-196. Tsui, A. B., & Cheng, Y. S.(2022). Foreign language anxiety and English medium instruction classrooms: An introduction. English Teaching & Learning, 46(3), 203-212. Tian, M., & Wong, K. L.(2024). Principal leadership and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 45–63. Tsai, P.(2024). The implementation of bilingual education in Taiwan: A case study using the FERTILE model. Education Sciences, 14(8), Article 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080887 Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F.(2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751-796. Uhl-Bien, M., & Arena, M.(2018). Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 89-104. Vaish, V.(2012). Teacher beliefs regarding bilingualism in an English medium reading program. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15(1), 53-69. Wenger, E.(1998). Communities of practice: Learning as a social system. Systems Thinker, 9(5), 2-3. Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T.(2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian journal of paramedicine, 8, 1-13. Wei, L.(2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30. Wang, T., & Nguyen, P.(2022). Leadership and bilingual teacher efficacy. International Journal of Educational Leadership, 18(1), 112-130. Wong, C. Y., & Tian, Z. (2024). Integration of content and language instruction in an immersion setting through Chinese and English teacher collaboration. In L. Lin & J. Y. Zhang (Eds.), Chinese-English dual language immersion programs: Content area instruction, learners, and evaluations (pp. 21-38). Lexington Books. Yochanna, M.(2019). The Influence of Novice EFL/ESL Teacher’s Bilingual Identity on Self-Efficacy. American-Chinese Foreign Languages, 17(11), 483-497. Yukl, G., Mahsud, R., Prussia, G., & Hassan, S.(2019). Effectiveness of broad and specific leadership behaviors. Personnel Review, 48(3), 774-783. Yeh, T. Y. (2024). The effect of bilingual physical education instruction on physical activity and learning motivation to junior high school students [Master's thesis, National Taiwan Normal University]. Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M.(2016). Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981-1015. 描述 博士
國立政治大學
教育學系
106152510資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106152510 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 陳榮政 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Rong-Zheng en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 郭昱晨 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Guo, Yu-Chen en_US dc.creator (作者) 郭昱晨 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Guo, Yu-Chen en_US dc.date (日期) 2026 en_US dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2026 11:39:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 2-Mar-2026 11:39:49 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2026 11:39:49 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0106152510 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/161804 - dc.description (描述) 博士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 教育學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 106152510 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究探討新北市國中教師對校長創新領導、雙語教學信念與雙語教學自我效能的知覺及其結構關係,剖析在「2030雙語政策」推動下的作用機制。以457位雙語教師為對象,採描述性統計、信效度分析、變異數分析與結構方程模式(SEM),系統驗證雙語教育於學校現場的關鍵影響因素,主要發現如下: (一)信念高認同、實踐經驗不足之政策落差 教師普遍對雙語教育價值持正向信念,惟受雙語教學年資偏短(多數<10年)、CLIL跨科協作與語言支架設計經驗不足所限,形成「理念高認同—實踐低經驗」的明顯政策落差,凸顯能力建構迫切需求。 (二)校長創新領導之核心作用機制 校長創新領導透過願景建構、文化支持(心理安全與試誤容許)及資源整合(課務調整、跨科共備),對教師雙語教學信念與自我效能產生穩定正向影響,為學校雙語轉型的核心驅動力量。 (三)信念之中介效應與心理轉化路徑 教師雙語教學信念在校長創新領導與自我效能間扮演顯著部分中介角色,從價值認同到行動投入,信念不僅是效能的前置條件,更是連結領導意圖與教學實踐的關鍵心理機制。 (四)語言意識策略勝於語言流利度 相較語言流利度,教師語言意識(課程語言規劃、支架設計、跨語言策略)與雙語教學策略能力更能有效提升學生參與度與教學品質,是高品質雙語課室的核心專業素養。 (五)自我效能為課室品質直接決定因素 教師雙語教學自我效能直接決定課室語言輸入品質、學生參與表現與教學持續投入,是雙語教育政策落實至教學現場的關鍵中介變項。 本研究建構「創新領導→教師信念→教學自我效能→課室實踐」的完整路徑模型,證實雙語教育成功仰賴制度支持、校長領導力、教師心理信念與專業策略能力的動態整合。研究結果不僅為臺灣雙語教育政策提供實證基礎,亦可作為教育行政機關規劃分層支持策略、學校設計專業學習社群(PLC)及教師進修課程的重要參考。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study examines New Taipei City junior high school teachers’ perceptions of principals’ innovative leadership, bilingual teaching beliefs, and bilingual teaching self-efficacy, as well as their structural relationships, and analyzes the mechanisms operating under Taiwan’s “2030 Bilingual Policy.” Drawing on a sample of 457 bilingual teachers, descriptive statistics, reliability and validity analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted to systematically identify key factors influencing the implementation of bilingual education in school settings. The main findings are as follows: (1)A Policy Gap between Strong Belief Endorsement and Limited Practical Experience Teachers generally hold positive beliefs about the value of bilingual education. However, constrained by limited bilingual teaching experience (with most teachers having fewer than 10 years of experience), insufficient cross-disciplinary collaboration for CLIL, and limited experience in designing language scaffolds, a pronounced gap emerges between “strong ideological endorsement” and “low practical experience,” underscoring the urgent need for capacity building. (2)The Core Mechanism of Principals’ Innovative Leadership Principals’ innovative leadership—through vision building, cultural support (psychological safety and tolerance for trial and error), and resource integration (teaching load adjustments and cross-disciplinary co-planning)—exerts stable positive effects on teachers’ bilingual teaching beliefs and bilingual teaching self-efficacy, serving as a core driving force for bilingual transformation in schools. (3)The Mediating Effect of Beliefs and a Psychological Transformation Pathway Teachers’ bilingual teaching beliefs play a significant partial mediating role between principals’ innovative leadership and bilingual teaching self-efficacy. From value endorsement to behavioral engagement, beliefs function not only as a prerequisite for self-efficacy but also as a key psychological mechanism linking leadership intentions with instructional practices. (4)Language-Awareness-Oriented Strategies Outperform Language Proficiency Compared with language proficiency, teachers’ language awareness (curriculum language planning, scaffolding design, and translanguaging strategies) and bilingual instructional strategy competence more effectively enhance student engagement and instructional quality, constituting core professional competencies for high-quality bilingual classrooms. (5)Self-Efficacy as a Direct Determinant of Classroom Quality Teachers’ bilingual teaching self-efficacy directly shapes the quality of classroom language input, student engagement, and sustained instructional commitment, thereby functioning as a key mediating variable through which policy implementation is realized at the classroom level. This study constructs a comprehensive pathway model of "innovative leadership→ teacher beliefs→teaching self-efficacy→classroom practice," confirming that successful bilingual education depends on the dynamic integration of institutional support, principal leadership, teachers' psychological beliefs, and professional strategic capabilities. The findings provide empirical foundations for Taiwan's bilingual education policy and serve as important references for educational authorities in planning tiered support strategies, schools in designing professional learning communities (PLCs), and teacher professional development programs. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 4 第二節 研究目的與問題 13 第三節 重要名詞釋義 15 第四節 研究方法與步驟 19 第五節 研究範圍與限制 27 第二章 文獻探討 31 第一節 我國雙語教育發展與多層級治理 32 第二節 新北市雙語教育實施脈絡 42 第三節 教師知覺校長創新領導之意涵、理論與構面 60 第四節 教師雙語教學信念之意涵、理論與構面 78 第五節 教師雙語教學自我效能之意涵、理論與構面 94 第六節 校長創新領導、雙語教學信念與雙語自我效能相關之研究 110 第三章 研究設計與實施 125 第一節 研究架構 125 第二節 研究對象 129 第三節 研究工具 134 第四節 實施程序 153 第五節 資料處理與分析 156 第四章 分析結果與討論 159 第一節 基本資料與樣本特徵描述 159 第二節 研究變項現況描述性統計分析 163 第三節 研究工具信效度校驗 173 第四節 不同樣本特性組群之差異性分析 191 第五節 研究假設模式檢定 226 第六節 分析結果與討論 235 第五章 結論與建議 239 第一節 結論 239 第二節 建議 245 參考文獻 250 壹、中文部分 250 貳、英文部分 257 附錄 附錄一 預試問卷 附錄二 正式問卷 zh_TW dc.format.extent 4507873 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106152510 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 雙語教育 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 校長創新領導 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教師信念 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 教學自我效能 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言意識 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Bilingual education en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Principals’ innovative leadership en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Teacher beliefs en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Teaching self-efficacy en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Language awareness en_US dc.title (題名) 新北市國民中學教師知覺校長創新領導、教師雙語教學信念與雙語教學自我效能之研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) A Study on New Taipei City Junior High School Teachers’ Perceptions of Principals’ Innovative Leadership, Teachers’ Beliefs about Bilingual Instruction, and Bilingual Teaching Self-Efficacy en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 壹、中文部份 丁一顔、茳姮姬(2020)。臺灣教師專業學習社群實徵研究之分析與展望。教育研究與發展期刊,16(2),135-162。 王力億(2020)。雙語教育的師資先決與師培改革。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10) ,31-36。 王力億、林子斌(2021)。雙語教育推動的第一步:雙語學科教師培訓與增能的建議。臺灣的雙語教育:挑戰與對策,375-394。 王俞蓓、林子斌(2021)。雙語教育的推行模式:從新加坡、加拿大的經驗反思臺灣雙語政策。中等教育,72(1),18-31。 王昭傑(2022)。雙語實驗課程學校轉型歷程探究-以一所臺北市雙語實驗課程國小為例。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(1),219-244。 王愉、丘愛鈴(2024)。臺南市國中雙語教育實施現況之分析:學校教師觀點。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(9), 73-81。 行政院(2018)。2030 雙語國家政策發展藍圖(核定本)。行政院。 行政院(2021)。2030 雙語政策推動計畫。行政院。 呂妍慧、袁媛(2020)。以 CLIL(Content and Language Integrated Learning)4Cs 架構發展情境式雙語教學任務之行動研究。課程與教學季刊,23(4),87-118。 呂翠鈴(2022)。全校一心的雙語教育。師友雙月刊636,59-62。 宋慶瑋(2021)。校長卓越領導對學校革新的效應。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(4),101-110。 何希慧、陳政暉(2022a)。國民中學教師知覺校長關係領導對組織學習影響之研究―以組織信任為中介變項。教育行政學期刊,31,1-42。 何希慧、陳政暉(2022b)。校長領導、組織信任與教師專業承諾之關係研究。教育研究集刊,68(2),87-122。 何希慧(2023)。校長創新領導對雙語教育影響之研究。教育科學研究期刊,(452),123-145。 吳明隆(2013)。結構方程模式:潛在成長曲線分析。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 吳佩珊、熊同鑫(2020a)。校長領導對雙語教育推動之影響。教育管理評論,16(3),101-118。 吳佩珊、熊同鑫(2020b)。校長領導行為、學校文化與教師專業學習社群之關係研究。教育行政研究,10(1),1-30。 吳彥慶、黃文定(2020a)。從中學雙語師資培育經驗談臺灣雙語教學面臨的問題與因應之道。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10),42-46。 吳彥慶、黃文定(2020b)。教育政策地方治理的調節機制與學校實踐落差之分析-以雙語教育政策為例。教育政策論壇,23(2),67-98。 吳璧如、陳俊瑋(2022)。國小教師工作壓力與工作滿意度之關係研究:教師自我效能感的中介效果。教育研究與發展期刊,18(2),51-92。 李茂能(2006)。結構方程模式軟體 Amos 之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用。臺北市:心理。 李文權、林海清(2020)。專業學習社群、領導知覺與教師專業成長之關係。教育學報,45(1),1-30。 李勁霆、林和春(2021)。國民小學校長正向領導與教師心理資本關係之研究。學校行政雙月刊,135,95-116。 李千昀、賴志峰(2023)。國民小學教師雙語教學信念與實踐之研究。學校行政雙月刊,148,213-243。 李文富、陳宏彰、李舜隆、楊宗明(2024)。地方層級課程治理之初探性研究:以嘉義市為個案。課程研究,19(1),23-46。 邱憲義、蕭佳純(2019)。高中教師教學風格與教學效能之相關研究-以教師專業發展為中介變項、學校組織文化為調節變項。當代教育研究季刊,27(1),39-78。 周湘芸(2020)。開學分班、招公費生 新北培訓雙語師資。 https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/NewTaipei/paper/1403764 周竹一(2022)。新北市國民小學校長正向領導與教師教學效能關係之研究。學校行政雙月刊,137,92-114。 林子斌(2020)。臺灣雙語教育的未來:本土模式之建構。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10),8-13。 林雅惠(2020)。地方政府推動雙語教育之政策設計與課程實施策略分析。課程與教學季刊,23(4),1-28。 林子斌、黃家凱(2020)。反思雙語教育:從新加坡的雙語經驗看臺灣的政策與作法。臺灣教育雙月刊,721,1-12。 林曉慧、沈志明(2020)。推公立學校雙語課程新北增聘英語外籍教師。https://news.pts.org.tw/article/491376 林子斌(2021a)。建構臺灣【沃土】雙語模式:中等教育階段的現狀與未來發展。 中等教育,72(1), 6-17。 林子斌(2021b)。雙語教育實踐的要素:雙語教師專業學習社群之運作與功能初探。教育研究月刊,327,4-8。 林志成(2021)。發展雙語校本課程的覺知行思。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),37-42。 林子斌、吳巧雯(2021)。公立國民中學推動雙語教育之挑戰與回應:政策到實踐。教育研究月刊,321,30-42。 林子斌(2022)。跨文化溝通的基礎:臺灣雙語教育的實踐與挑戰。課程研究,17(1),1-13。 林義涵(2022)。中興小校邁向雙語教育學校之路。師友雙月刊,636,55-58。 林志成、黃綺芳(2023)。雙語教育政策執行困境與突破方略。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(12),45-51。 林靜雯、鄭宏文(2024)。促進師資生教學自我效能:以概念構圖為核心之國小雙語自然教材教法課程創新。教育評論(1563-3527),(62)。 阮孝齊、王麗雲(2017)。縣市教育資源對學習共同體擴散影響之研究。教育研究月刊,63(1),69-107。 洪榮昌(2019)。偏鄉小校落實雙語教學可行性策略之初探。臺灣教育評論月刊,8(9),82-85。 洪詠善(2021)。課程改革中的教師專業發展與實踐轉化:政策、課程與教學的連結。課程與教學季刊,24(2),1-28。 洪詠善(2024)。地方層級學校課程協作影響要素與模式之探究。課程與教學季刊,19(1),23-46。 范莎惠(2020)。再思雙語教育。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(10),88-91。 草根影響力文教基金會(2023,6月16日)。【電話民調發表】『民眾對蔡政府教育政策看法』最新民意調查結果公布新聞稿暨調查報告。 http://www.twgrassroots.org/site/index.php/14-roksprocket-mosaic/238-2023-06-16-07-19-16 施喩琁(2023) 。地方教育治理常見問題與解決策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(5),121-126。 施喩琁(2024)。運用教育治理解決常見教育行政問題。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(6),69-74。 徐楚茜(2023)。學生自我效能對雙語教育之啟示。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(6),108–113。 翁福元(2022)。臺灣學校實施2030國家雙語政策探析:雙語或雙語教育。臺灣教育,733,31-38。 秦夢群、吳勁甫(2006)。國中校長轉型領導、學校組織健康與教師組織承諾關係之研究。教育研究集刊,52(3),141-172。 秦夢群(2019)。教育領導理論與應用。台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 曾子旂(2023)。前導南區計畫跨校社群運作的系統領導分析。臺灣教育研究期 刊,4(6),143-164。 許籐繼(2020)。教師文化對教學效能影響之探究。課程與教學,23(1),35-60。 許家齊、李宜錚、陳奕安(2021年7月)。22縣市實施雙語課程公立國中小清單。親子天下,119,30-34。 許慶雄、陳令怡(2023)。雙語課程中教師語言負荷與學習焦慮之探討:從EMI 課堂實例出發。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(10),12-23。 郭美秀(2022)。學習領導應用於現職雙語師資之專業發展。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(8),69-72。 張德銳(2021) 。我國校長服務領導研究結果之綜合性分析。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(2),190-217。 張得軒、張志明(2024)。偏遠地區國中跨域雙語教學教師面臨的困境與解決策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(9),15-23。 陳玉蒼、楊政郎(2020)。專業課程全英語授課導入 CLIL 的實踐與成效。當代商管論叢,6(1),89-107。 陳美如、曾莉婷(2020)。雙語教育-認同、策略與人才培育。臺灣教育,(21),13-24。 陳正專(2021)。CLIL 在學校推動之可行策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),64-69。 陳怡伶(2021)。師資培育觀點看高教推動國際教育與向下延伸策略。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(2),26-31。 陳純音、林慶隆(2021)。沉浸式與 CLIL 雙語教學模式之比較與啟示。教育研究月刊,321,43-58。 陳俊瑋(2022)。【中文版俄亥俄州教師效能感量表】於國小教師之驗證性研究。教育心理學報,53(4),853-878。 陳純音(2023)。教師多語能力發展的策略與挑戰。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(11),1-8。 陳惠雪(2023)。國小雙語自然教師的專業認同:「衝突」-「協調」-「再生」。 教育研究集刊,69(2),1-48。 陳錦芬(2023)。臺灣雙語教學之教學方針與策略。教育實踐與研究,36(1),163-187。 陳琳筑、林佳慧(2023)。初探文化與跨文化關聯對英語教育的重要性。臺灣教育評論月刊,12(7),83-88。 教育部(2018,12月6日)。【教育部新聞稿】全面啟動教育體系的雙語活化、培養臺灣走向世界的雙語人才。https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9E7AC85F1954DDA8&s=B7D34EA3ED606429 教育部(2019,9月5日)。教育部推動雙語國家計畫。 https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=D33B55D537402BAA&s=FB233D7EC45FFB37 教育部(2020,5月14日)。中小學國際教育白皮書2.0。https://www.edu.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9E7AC85F1954DDA8&s=C56B0FF1E7E21B45 教育部國民及學前教育署(2020)。國民中小學雙語教育推動現況與專業需求調查。台北:國家教育研究院。 教育部(2022a)。國民中小學部分領域課程雙語教學實施計畫成果報告。 https://cirn.moe.edu.tw/WebFile/index.aspx?sid=1192&mid=14711 教育部(2022b)。雙語國家政策 2030 推動方案。台北:教育部。 新北市統計資訊網(2024)。新北市高級中等學校概況總表及新北市國民中學學校概況總表。https://oas.bas.ntpc.gov.tw/NTPCTRWD/NewPage/Publish.aspx?Mid1=382040000E 教育部統計處(2025)。各級學校學生數。 https://depart.moe.edu.tw/ed4500/cp.aspx?n=1AC243AF6EF5E5DD&s=EDC4A4E717ED32CF 教育部國民及學前教育署(2025)。114學年度公立國民中小學雙語生活化校園計畫。https://cirn.moe.edu.tw/WebNews/details.aspx?sid=1192&nid=4515&mid=12720 國家發展委員會(2018,12月)。2030雙語國家政策發展藍圖【行政院107年12月10日院授發綜字第1070802190號函頒】。 https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=FB2F95FF15B21D4A 國家發展委員會(2020)。2030雙語國家政策2020年推動重點及廣宣規劃。 https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Advanced_Search.aspx?q=%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96 國家發展委員會(2021)。2030雙語政策整體推動方案。https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8xNDUzMi83NDBlMTY5Ny1lZmIwLTRjZGItYjYxMi03M2UzMTVhMTM5ZjIucGRm&n=MjAzMOmbmeiqnuaUv%2betli5wZGY%3d&icon=.pdf 國家發展委員會與教育部(2022)。前瞻基礎建設計畫-人才培育促進就業建設:2030雙語政策(110至113年)計畫(第一次修正)。臺北市:國發會、教育部。 國家發展委員會與教育部(2024)。2030雙語政策(110至114年)計畫(第二次修正)。 https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMS9yZWxmaWxlLzYyODMvNjQ4NDUvMTk3NjU1ZDgtZTdmNS00ZDAxLWIwNTQtNWUyNmRjMmNmNjMxLnBkZg%3D%3D&n=KOihjOaUv%2BmZouaguOWumueJiCkyMDMw6ZuZ6Kqe5pS%2F562WMTEw6IezMTE05bm06KiI55Wr56ys5LqM5qyh5L%2Bu5q2j6KiI55WrLnBkZg%3D%3D&icon=..pdf 黃宗顯、鄭明宗(2008)。中小學得獎校長之創新性領導作為及其啟示。當代教育研究季刊,16(4),109-153。 黃芳銘(2015)。結構方程模式-理論與應用。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。 黃建翔、石淑旻、蔡明學(2018)。臺北市國小校長創新領導與教師專業學習社群關係之研究。教育行政與評鑑學刊,(23),119-153。 黃家凱(2021)。邁向 2030 雙語國家之路:政策社會學之觀點分析。中等教育,72(1),32-47。 黃琇屏(2021a)。公立中小學雙語教育實施現況與挑戰。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),6-11。 黃琇屏(2021b)。CLIL 教學模式於臺灣中學課程實施之困境與省思。課程與教學季刊,24(4),87-112。 黃政傑(2022)。從雙語政策看中小學雙語師資培育。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(6),1-10。 黃家凱、林子斌(2022)。我國雙語師資培育的挑戰與解決建議。臺灣教育評論 月刊,11(8),1-5。 楊瑞濱(2021)。臺北市推動國中小雙語教育之有效行政支持。師友雙月刊,626,50-57。 楊雅妃、楊素綾(2021)。推動雙語教育於新課綱教育現場的意義與因應作為。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),27-31。 楊怡婷(2022)。學校推動雙語教學之挑戰與因應。臺灣教育評論月刊,11(1),81-86。 葉若蘭、翁福元(2021)。雙語教育推動的挑戰與配套措施建議。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),19-26。 甄曉蘭、葉珍玲(2024)。學校實施雙語教學的實務策略思維:跨國個案學校實務經驗的啟示。課程與教學季刊,27(2),201-229。 新北市政府教育局。(2020a,10月19日)。新北首創技高雙語學分班開課,助教師搶先取得雙語教師證。https://www.ntpc.edu.tw/home.jsp?id=d127e0ce0f4f407b&act=be4f48068b2b0031&dataserno=c881810bfe38bf3f1350523e78727cd4&mserno=cdfca8f4e3eeb6df81e43a5af771c42f 新北市政府教育局(2020b)。新北市109學年度國民小學雙語實驗課程學校擴大試辦實施計畫。【109年5月21日新北教國字第1090896380號函】 新北市政府教育局(2022a)。新北市雙語教育獎勵計畫成果報告。新北市政府。 新北市政府教育局(2022b)。新北市雙語教育政策推動成果與發展報告。新北市政府。 新北市政府教育局(2023a)。新北市雙語教育推動現況與政策白皮書。新北市政府。 新北市政府教育局(2023b)。新北市英語及雙語教育推動政策說明。 https://www.ntpc.edu.tw/home.jsp?id=ed501b6918f7f11e&act=be4f48068b2b00 新北市政府教育局(2024)。新北市中等教育雙語教育中長程計畫(113 年度至 116 年度)。https://testweb3.ecampus.com.tw/Manage/Download?p=113-116%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%9B%99%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%B7%E7%A8%8B%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB-11307_20251016164816523.pdf&d=TchResFile 新北市統計資訊網(2024)。新北市高級中等學校概況總表及新北市國民中學學校概況總表。https://oas.bas.ntpc.gov.tw/NTPCTRWD/NewPage/Publish.aspx?Mid1=382040000E 新北市英語教育資源中心(2024)。https://englishcenter.ntpc.edu.tw/nss/s/main/EnglishResource?utm_source=chatgpt.com 新北市政府(2025,12月2日)。【市政新聞】新北打造全國首座高中雙語教育辦公室。 https://www.ntpc.edu.tw/home.jsp?id=d127e0ce0f4f407b&act=be4f48068b2b0031&dataserno=5e5b733d6ee0b3a3a6f59cd00c4ac801&mserno=cdfca8f4e3eeb6df81e43a5af771c42f 蔡雯如(2023)。新北雙語教育學校破六成,拚2026年校校有雙語師資。中國時報。https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20230722001629-263301?chdtv 廖偉民(2020)。2020 年臺灣公立國小推展雙語教育之探討。臺灣教育評論月刊,9(9),90-96。 廖敏旬、何姵萱、何萬順(2024)。2030雙語政策的演變:2017至2023民調初探。臺灣語文研究,19(2),133-185。 甄曉蘭、葉珍玲(2024)。學校實施雙語教學的實務策略思維:跨國個案學校實務經驗的啟示。課程與教學,27(2),201-229。 劉堯馨、林子斌(2023)。雙語教育推行之探討:以臺北市一所雙語實驗課程國中為例。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,16(1),29-55。 劉鎮寧(2023)。校長專業學習社群與以學習為中心的領導之研究:校長轉化學習、學校協作文化雙中介效果之探討。教育政策論壇,26(2),63-99。 劉鎮寧(2024a)。建構縣市層級課程政策執行機制之研究。教育政策論壇,27(1),1-39。 劉鎮寧(2024b)。一所偏鄉小學校長推動教師協作專業發展之個案研究。教育政策論壇,27(3),125-158。 潘慧玲、鄭淑惠(2023)。教師專業學習社群對自我效能與專業學習之影響研究:以理論導向評估為例。永續性研究,15(6),471。 潘慧玲(2024)。不同組織層級跨系統協作之探究觀點。學校行政,149,1-16。 潘慧玲、洪瑞璇(2024)。中央層級課綱推動之跨系統協作:協作與調適之開展。課程研究,19(1),1-21。 潘慧玲、鄭淑惠、陳文彥(2024)。歡喜做課綱?學校現場教師的情緒與變革行動樣態及其組成差異分析。教育研究期刊,20(3),75-105。 潘慧玲(2025)。國家課程跨系統協作在教育治理上的意義及其運作。教育研究月刊,371,4-25。 賴志峰(2021)。國民小學校長凝聚力領導能力指標之建構。教育政策論壇,24(1),81-116。 蕭佳純(2021)。國小師資生任教意願之縱貫性研究。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊,14(2),1-26。 穆柏安(2023)。雙語教育政策下校園英語情境建構之研究。教育科學研究期刊,68(1),55-84。 鄒文莉(2020)。臺灣雙語教育師資培訓。師友雙月刊,622,30-40。 鮑瑤鋒(2021)。臺灣雙語教育政策檢討。臺灣教育評論月刊,10(12),12-18。 謝傳崇、劉佳賢(2011)。國民中小學智慧資本與學校創新經營效能關係之研究。教育行政研究,11,63-88。 謝傳崇、李勁霆、邱盈彰(2021)。校長情緒智慧領導對教師組織公民行為之影響:組織信任的中介角色。教育行政與評鑑學刊,29,35-64。 謝傳崇、戴紹恩、李慧潔(2022)。知識圖譜視角下分布式領導研究之國際趨勢:以核心教育期刊為例。教育政策論壇,25(1),31-57。 謝念慈(2024)。讓 AI 成為雙語教學助力的思維。臺灣教育評論月刊,13(9),28-38。 鄭旭宏、秦夢群(2022)。臺北市公立國民中學校長分布式領導,教師專業學習社群與教師組織承諾關係之研究。教育行政期刊,32,79-116。 貳、英文部份 Arbuckle, M. R., McClain, M. T., Rubertone, M. V., Scofield, R. H., Dennis, G. J., James, J. A., & Harley, J. B. (2003). Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(16), 1526-1533. Adamson, K. A., & Prion, S. (2013). Reliability: measuring internal consistency using Cronbach's α. Clinical simulation in Nursing, 9(5), 179-180. Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J.(2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of management, 40(5), 1297-1333. Aldridge, J. M., & Fraser, B. J.(2016). Teachers’ views of their school climate and its relationship with teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Learning Environments Research, 19(2), 291-307. Arifin, W. N., & Yusoff, M. S. B.(2016). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Universiti Sains Malaysia emotional quotient inventory among medical students in Malaysia. Sage Open, 6(2), 2158244016650240. Ahmad, I., Radzuan, N. R. M., & Sabboor Hussain, M.(2018). Use of first language in the classroom: Non-native EFL teachers’ beliefs in teaching English to adult learners in bilingual context. Arab World English Journal(AWEJ), 9, 186-199. Anwaruddin, S. M.(2018). Translanguaging as transformative pedagogy: Towards a vision of democratic education. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 18(2), 301-312. Archila, P. A., & de Mejía, A. M. T.(2020). Bilingual university science courses: A questionnaire on professors’ practices and espoused beliefs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(2), 132-152. Ariyani, D., Suyatno, & Zuhaery, M.(2021). Principal’s innovation and entrepreneurial leadership to establish a positive learning environment. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 253–262. Al-Momani, M., & Al-Sheyab, N.(2024). Innovative leadership among public school principals in Irbid Governorate: Teachers’ perspective. International Journal of Educational Leadership, 11(1), 45–61. Bandura, A.(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological bulletin, 88(3), 588. Bandura, A.(1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y.(1989). The degree of intention formation as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship. Social psychology quarterly, 266-279. Bandura, A.(1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. Bandura, A. (1997). Autoefficacia: Teoria e applicazioni (Vol. 2). FrancoAngeli. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International journal of testing, 1(1), 55-86. Borg, S.(2006). The distinctive characteristics of foreign language teachers. Language Teaching Research, 10(1), 3-31. Becker, J. M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M.(2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using reflective-formative type models. Long range planning, 45(5-6), 359-394. Brown, L.(2017). Teachers’ beliefs and practices in bilingual classrooms. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 20(6), 694-709. Bush, T.(2018). Transformational leadership: Exploring common conceptions. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(6), 883-887. Bixler, K., & Ceballos, M.(2025). Principals leading AI in schools for instructional leadership: A conceptual model for principal AI use. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 24(1), 137-154. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. Clark, C. M., & Peterson, P. L. (1986). Teachers' thought processes. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 255-296). Macmillan. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). Psychology Press. Cummins, J.(2000). Academic language learning, transformative pedagogy, and information technology: Towards a critical balance. Tesol Quarterly, 34(3), 537-548. Clarke, D., & Hollingsworth, H. (2002). Elaborating a model of teacher professional growth. Teaching and teacher education, 18(8), 947-967. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W.(2005). Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. Coltman, T., Devinney, T. M., Midgley, D. F., Veniak, S. (2008). Formative Versus Reflective Measurement Models: Two Applications of Formative Measurement. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1250-1262. Coyle, D., Hood, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). CLIL: Content and language integrated learning. Cambridge University Press. Cammarata, L., & Tedick, D. J.(2012). Balancing content and language in instruction. The Modern Language Journal, 96(2), 251–269. Cenoz, J., Genesee, F., & Gorter, D.(2014). Critical analysis of CLIL: Taking stock and looking forward. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 243-262. Collier, V. P., & Thomas, W. P. (2017). Validating the power of bilingual schooling: Thirty-two years of large-scale, longitudinal research. Annual review of applied linguistics, 37, 203-217. Costea, P. I., Zeller, G., Sunagawa, S., Pelletier, E., Alberti, A., Levenez, F., & Bork, P.(2017). Towards standards for human fecal sample processing in metagenomic studies. Nature biotechnology, 35(11), 1069-1076. Cho, S., Lee, H. J., & Herner-Patnode, L.(2020a). Factors influencing preservice teachers’ self-efficacy in addressing cultural and linguistic needs of diverse learners. The Teacher Educator, 55(4), 411-429. Cho, H., Castañeda, M., & Lee, J. (2020b). Development and validation of a bilingual teaching self-efficacy scale. Teaching and Teacher Education, 92, Article 103072. Chen, H., & Lee, S.(2024). School leadership and teacher efficacy in bilingual contexts: A longitudinal study. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 67-85. Dalton-Puffer, C.(2011). Content-and-language integrated learning: From practice to principles? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 182-204. Davis, J.(2014). Teachers’ beliefs about bilingual instruction and classroom language use. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 13(2), 123-139. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F.(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J.(1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological methods, 4(3), 272. Fan, C. W., & Hsieh, Y. H.(2012). The relationship between principals’ innovative leadership and school organizational performance in elementary schools. Journal of Educational Administration and Evaluation, 14, 1-28. Fullan, M.(2020). The nature of leadership is changing. European Journal of Education, 55(2), 139-142. Fong, C. J., Lin, A. M. Y., & Chien, S. C.(2021). Designing culturally responsive bilingual education: The FERTILE framework. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 42(8), 713-729. Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE. Gibson, S., & Dembo, M. H. (1984). Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. Journal of educational psychology, 76(4), 569. Guskey, T. R.(2002). Professional development and teacher change. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 381–391. García, O.(2009). Emergent Bilinguals and TESOL: What's in a Name?. Tesol Quarterly, 43(2), 322-326. García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. Palgrave Macmillan. García, O., & Kleifgen, J. A.(2018). Educating emergent bilinguals: Policies, programs, and practices for English learners. Teachers College Press. Gorter, D., Cenoz, J., & der Worp, K. V.(2021). The linguistic landscape as a resource for language learning and raising language awareness. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 8(2), 161-181. Ghamrawi, N.(2022). Teachers’ virtual communities of practice: A strong response in times of crisis or just another Fad?. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 5889-5915. Graham, K. M., & Yeh, Y. F.(2023). Teachers’ implementation of bilingual education in Taiwan: Challenges and arrangements. Asia Pacific Education Review, 24(3), 461-472. Gallagher, M. A., & Scrivner, S.(2025). Teachers’ beliefs about language diversity and multilingual learners: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 95(4), 822-861. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H.(1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 5-44. Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H.(2010). Leadership for learning. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 38(6), 654-678. Hallinger, P.(2011). Leadership for learning: Lessons from 40 years of empirical research. Journal of Educational Administration, 49(2), 125-142. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M.(2011). The use of partial least squares(PLS) to address marketing management topics. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 135-138. Hazy, J. K., & Uhl-Bien, M.(2013). Towards operationalizing complexity leadership: How generative, administrative and community-building leadership practices enact organizational outcomes. Leadership, 9(4), 393-419. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135. Hallinger, P.(2018). Bringing context out of the shadows of leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 5-24. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M.(2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24. Hay, A.(2025). Policy enactment in education: A conceptual framework with actor-network theory. Journal of Education Policy, 40(2), 179-198. Kline, R. B. (1998). Software review: Software programs for structural equation modeling: Amos, EQS, and LISREL. Journal of psychoeducational assessment, 16(4), 343-364. Kitsantas, A. (2012). Scale of Teacher Efficacy in Classroom Diversity (TESCD): A validation study. Profesorado, Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado, 16(1), 35-47. Klassen, R. M., Durksen, T. L., & Tze, V. M. (2014). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs: Ready to move from theory to practice? In P. W. Richardson, S. A. Karabenick, & I. B. G. Watt (Eds.), Teacher motivation: Theory and practice in context (pp. 100-115). Routledge. Kanter, R. M. (2016). Principals as innovators: Identifying fundamental skills for leadership of change in public schools (PELP-078). Harvard Public Education Leadership Project, Harvard University. Kanter, R. M., & Myers, P. S. (2016). Interorganizational bonds and intraorganizational behavior: How alliances and partnerships change the organizations forming them. In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Socio-economics: Toward a new synthesis (pp. 329-344). Routledge. Krüger, M.(2019). The development and validation of a self-report instrument to assess attitudes and self-efficacy of preservice teachers toward teaching linguistically and culturally diverse PE classes. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 23(1), 28-38. Karimi, S., Ahmadi Malek, F., Yaghoubi Farani, A., & Liobikienė, G.(2023). The role of transformational leadership in developing innovative work behaviors: The mediating role of employees’ psychological capital. Sustainability, 15(2), 1267. Katıtaş, S., Yıldız, S., & Doğan, S.(2025). The effect of shared leadership on job satisfaction: the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy. Educational Studies, 51(3), 275-294. Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D.(2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 112-129. Leithwood, K. (2005). Educational leadership: A review of the research. Laboratory for Student Success, Temple University. Leithwood, K., Patten, S., & Jantzi, D. (2010). Testing a conception of how school leadership influences student learning. Educational administration quarterly, 46(5), 671-706. Louis, K. S., Leithwood, K., Wahlstrom, K., & Anderson, S.(2010). Learning from leadership: Investigating the links to improved student learning. The Wallace Foundation. https://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/pages/learning-from-leadership.aspx Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J. M. (2010). Immersion and CLIL in English: More differences than similarities. ELT journal, 64(4), 367-375. Lo, Y. Y., & Macaro, E.(2012). The medium of instruction and classroom interaction: Evidence from Hong Kong secondary schools. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15(1), 29-52. Li, A. H., Liu, P. P., Villarreal, F. J., & Garcia, R. A.(2014). Dynamic changes in myocardial matrix and relevance to disease: translational perspectives. Circulation Research, 114(5), 916-927. Li, W.(2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30. López, F., & Santibañez, L.(2018). Teacher Preparation for Emergent Bilingual Students: Implications of Evidence for Policy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 26(36) , 1-42. Liu, J., & Rutledge, D.(2020). Pre-Service Teachers' Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory(BALLI) on Bilingualism: Getting Insights to Developing Knowledge. English Language Teaching, 13(9), 30-39. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D.(2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 5-22. Lin, A. M. Y.(2020). Bilingual education and social justice. Journal of Multilingual Education Research, 10(1), 1-15. Lin, T.-B.(2021). Constructing the “FERTILE” bilingual model in Taiwan. Secondary Education, 72(1), 6-17. Lin, Y. H., & Chen, C. C.(2023). Relationships among school principals’ work values, organisational climate, and organisational adaptation. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(6), 586-603. Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M.(2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 705-750. Mahoney, J. L., Barron, B., & Zigler, E. F.(2010). Teacher beliefs, self-efficacy, and instructional practices. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(1-2), 45-57. Menken, K., & Solorza, C. (2015). Principals as linchpins in bilingual education: The need for prepared school leaders. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 18(6), 676-697. Mumford, M. D., Todd, E. M., Higgs, C., & McIntosh, T.(2017). Cognitive skills and leadership performance: The nine critical skills. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 24-39. Martin, F.(2019). Teacher self-efficacy and instructional practices in multilingual classrooms. Educational Psychology, 39(6), 768-784. Marrero-Colón, M. (2021). Translanguaging: Theory, concept, practice, stance… or all of the above? Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) Commentary. https://www.cal.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/TranslanguagingTheoryConceptPracticeStance…orAlloftheAbove_CALCommentary.pdf Mahan, K. R.(2022). The comprehending teacher: Scaffolding in content and language integrated learning(CLIL). The Language Learning Journal, 50(1), 74-88. Minh, D., Wang, H. X., Li, Y. F., & Nguyen, T. N.(2022). Explainable artificial intelligence: a comprehensive review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55(5), 3503-3568. Mohamad, M. I., Mohamed, M. S., & Abu-Bakar, K.(2024). Preschool Teachers’ Issues and Beliefs in English Language Teaching: A Systematic Review(2012-2022). European Journal of Educational Research, 13(1), 279-296. Mouboua, Y., Ndzi, B., & Tamanji, P.(2024). Bilingual education, language ideology, and social equity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(2), 245–260. Monterrosa, M.(2025). Bilingual Teacher Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Technology Factors(Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University Texas). https://www.proquest.com/docview/3241432814?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N.(2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. OECD. (2018a). Preparing our youth for an inclusive and sustainable world: The OECD global competence framework. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/24705185.pdf OECD. (2018b). OECD Learning Compass 2030. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/learning/learning-compass-2030/ Piaget, J.(1964). Development and learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2(3), 176–186. Pajares, M. F.(1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307-332. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of educational research, 66(4), 543-578. Pappa, S., Moate, J., Ruohotie-Lyhty, M., & Eteläpelto, A.(2019). Teacher agency within the Finnish CLIL context. Teaching and Teacher Education, 85, 60-70. Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J.(2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of research in Marketing, 26(4), 332-344. Padilla, M. A., & Divers, J.(2016). A comparison of composite reliability estimators: coefficient omega confidence intervals in the current literature. Educational and psychological measurement, 76(3), 436-453. Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y.(2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of applied psychology, 98(1), 194. Shavelson, R. J., & Stern, P.(1981). Research on teachers’ pedagogical thoughts, judgments, decisions, and behavior. Review of Educational Research, 51(4), 455-498. Siwatu, K. O.(2006). Preservice teachers’ culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(7), 1086-1101. Siwatu, K. O.(2007). Preservice teachers’ culturally responsive teaching self-efficacy and outcome expectancy beliefs. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(7), 1086-1101. Saleem, A., & Shah, A.(2011). Self-efficacy as a stress-coping mechanism among teachers: A critical literature review. African Journal of Business Management, 5(35), 13435-13441. Siwatu, K. O.(2011). Preservice teachers’ sense of preparedness and self-efficacy to teach in America’s urban and suburban schools: Does context matter?. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(2), 357-365. Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair Jr, J. F.(2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers. Journal of family business strategy, 5(1), 105-115. Schein, S. (2017). A new psychology for sustainability leadership: The hidden power of ecological worldviews. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351286046 Sánchez, M. T., García, O., & Solorza, C.(2018). Reframing language allocation policy in dual language bilingual education. Bilingual Research Journal, 41(1), 37-51. Smith, A., Jones, B., & Taylor, C.(2020). Measuring teachers’ beliefs toward bilingual education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 41(5), 395-411. Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2021). Self-efficacy and human motivation. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (Vol. 8, pp. 153-179). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2020.10.001 Sabarwal, S., Abu-Jawdeh, M., & Kapoor, R.(2022). Teacher beliefs: Why they matter and what they are. The World Bank Research Observer, 37(1), 73-106. Sah, P. K.(2022). English medium instruction in South Asia’s multilingual schools: Unpacking the dynamics of ideological orientations, policy/practices, and democratic questions. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(2), 742-755. Shannaq, R. M. A., Alsadi, M. M., Alkhuffash, S. R., Yousef, F., Daradkah, A. A. M., Jaradat, M. S., & Ajloun, J.(2024). Innovative Leadership among Public School Principals in Irbid Governorate: Teachers’ Perspective. Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 22(1), 4779-4794. Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W.(2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805. Thoonen, E. E., Sleegers, P. J., Oort, F. J., Peetsma, T. T., & Geijsel, F. P.(2011). How to improve teaching practices: The role of teacher motivation, organizational factors, and leadership practices. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 496-536. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. Thomas, K.(2021). CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning. By Do Coyle, Philip Hood, and David Marsh. Cambridge University Press. Journal of Foreign Language Education Research, 2, 195-196. Tsui, A. B., & Cheng, Y. S.(2022). Foreign language anxiety and English medium instruction classrooms: An introduction. English Teaching & Learning, 46(3), 203-212. Tian, M., & Wong, K. L.(2024). Principal leadership and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 52(1), 45–63. Tsai, P.(2024). The implementation of bilingual education in Taiwan: A case study using the FERTILE model. Education Sciences, 14(8), Article 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080887 Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F.(2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751-796. Uhl-Bien, M., & Arena, M.(2018). Leadership for organizational adaptability: A theoretical synthesis and integrative framework. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 89-104. Vaish, V.(2012). Teacher beliefs regarding bilingualism in an English medium reading program. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 15(1), 53-69. Wenger, E.(1998). Communities of practice: Learning as a social system. Systems Thinker, 9(5), 2-3. Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T.(2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian journal of paramedicine, 8, 1-13. Wei, L.(2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30. Wang, T., & Nguyen, P.(2022). Leadership and bilingual teacher efficacy. International Journal of Educational Leadership, 18(1), 112-130. Wong, C. Y., & Tian, Z. (2024). Integration of content and language instruction in an immersion setting through Chinese and English teacher collaboration. In L. Lin & J. Y. Zhang (Eds.), Chinese-English dual language immersion programs: Content area instruction, learners, and evaluations (pp. 21-38). Lexington Books. Yochanna, M.(2019). The Influence of Novice EFL/ESL Teacher’s Bilingual Identity on Self-Efficacy. American-Chinese Foreign Languages, 17(11), 483-497. Yukl, G., Mahsud, R., Prussia, G., & Hassan, S.(2019). Effectiveness of broad and specific leadership behaviors. Personnel Review, 48(3), 774-783. Yeh, T. Y. (2024). The effect of bilingual physical education instruction on physical activity and learning motivation to junior high school students [Master's thesis, National Taiwan Normal University]. Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M.(2016). Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981-1015. zh_TW
