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題名 列維納斯的人道主義─倫理主體與他人關懷
Levinas' Humanism: Ethical Subject and Concerning of the other
作者 江宛盈
Chiang, Wan-Ying
貢獻者 羅麗君
Lo, Lee-Chun
江宛盈
Wan-Ying Chiang
關鍵詞 他人
人文(人道)主義
倫理
主體
無限責任
正義
the Other
Humanism
Ethic
Subject
Infinite Responsibility
Justice
日期 2026
上傳時間 2-Mar-2026 12:24:31 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文旨在深入闡釋法國哲學家列維納斯 (Emmanuel Levinas) 在經歷二次大戰與納粹屠殺的創傷後,於戰後哲學脈絡中提出「他人的人道主義」(Humanism of the Other) 之理論意涵。相較於沙特 (Jean-Paul Sartre) 以主體自由與自我選擇為核心,以及海德格 (Martin Heidegger) 主張回歸存有之真理的存有論優先,列維納斯提出「倫理學應先於存有論」的立場。他認為,傳統哲學將世界視為「整體」的思維於本質上是一種戰爭與權力的暴力,會消除他人的異質性,並將人化約為系統中的元素。因此,主體性並非源自自我中心的同一性,而是奠基於面向他人的無限責任與回應。 在倫理層面,他人以「面容」(face) 的樣態向主體顯現,這是一種活生生的「來訪」,它打斷了自我的內在性,並以其赤裸與脆弱發出「不可殺戮」的命令。主體在此關係中被界定為他人的「人質」(hostage) 與「替代」(substitution),這種責任呈現出一種「比所有被動性更被動」的極端被動性,先行於任何自由選擇與意識活動,並由此構成主體不可替代的獨特性 然而,當「第三方」(third party) 介入二人倫理關係時,為了平衡多個他人之間的責任,原本純然的慈善遂開展為正義 (justice) 的問題領域,要求進行比較、計算與法律制度的建立。在此脈絡下,語言 (saying) 不僅是陳述事實,更是「說話的權利」與「教導」的倫理事件,使他人作為導師引導自我超越封閉的同一性。 最終,列維納斯為人類社會提供了一種以他人為中心的倫理基礎,主張政治與國家制度必須不斷聽取「先知的聲音」,透過「微小的善」與對正義的持續修正,超越同一性思維與極權整體性所蘊含的暴力。這不僅是對既有人道主義的重新詮釋,更是在全球化衝突中,將人性定位於對鄰人不可推卸的責任之中。
This thesis aims to provide an explication of the theoretical implications of "Humanism of the Other" proposed by French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas within the postwar philosophical context, following his experience of the trauma of World War II and the Nazi Holocaust. In contrast to Jean-Paul Sartre's emphasis on subjective freedom and self-decision as the core, and Martin Heidegger's advocacy for the ontological priority of returning to the truth of Being, Levinas advances the position that "ethics precedes ontology." He argues that western traditional philosophy's conception of the world as a "totality" is essentially a form of violence, a war and power that eliminates the heterogeneity of the Other and reduces persons to elements within a system. Consequently, subjectivity does not originate from egocentric identity but is founded upon infinite responsibility and response toward the Other. At the ethical level, the Other manifests to the subject in the modality of the "Face," which constitutes a living "visitation" that interrupts the interiority of the self and issues the commandment "Thou shalt not kill" through its nakedness and vulnerability. The subject in this relation is defined as "hostage" and "substitution" for the Other, a responsibility exhibiting an extreme passivity that is "more passive than all passivity," preceding any free choice and conscious activity, thereby constituting the irreplaceable singularity of the subject. However, when the "Third Party" intervenes in the two-person ethical relation to balance responsibilities among multiple Others, the originally pure charity unfolds into the problematic domain of Justice, requiring comparison, calculation, and the establishment of legal institutions. In this context, language (Saying) is not merely the statement of facts but an ethical event of "the right to speak" and "teaching," whereby the Other as teacher guides the self to transcend the closure of identity. In the end, Levinas provides our society with an Other-centered ethical foundation, maintaining that politics and the state must continually hear "the prophetic voice" , and through "small goodness" and continuous rectification of justice, transcend the violence inherent in identity thinking and totalitarian totality. This represents not only a reinterpretation of existing humanism, but also, amid globalized conflicts, a positioning of humanity within the inescapable responsibility toward the neighbor.
參考文獻 列維納斯主要著作: 外文 Levinas, Emmanuel. 1967. En découvrant l’existence avec Husserl et Heidegger. Paris: Vrin. ———. 1972. Humanisme de l’autre homme. Montpellier: Fata Morgana. ———. 1979. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Trans. by Alphonso Lingis. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ———. 1987. “Préface à l'édition allemande.” Totalité et Infini: Essais sur l’Extériorité. I-IV. Paris: Kluwer Academic. ———. 1989. The Levinas reader. Ed. By Seán Hand. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. ———. 1990. Difficult Freedom. Trans. Sean Hand, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press. ———. 1991a. Autrement qu’être, ou, au-delà de l’essence. Dordrecht, The Netherlands ; Boston, Mass ; Kluwer Academic Publishers. (First published in 1974) ———. 1991b. Entre Nous: Essais sur le penser-à-l’autre. Paris: Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle. ———. 1994a. ‘Politics After!’ Beyond the Verse: Talmudic Readings and Lectures. Trans. by Gary D. Mole. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ———. 1994b. In the Time of the Nations. Trans. By Michael B. Smith. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ———. 1998. Entre Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other, Trans. by Michael B. Smith and Barbara Harshav. New York, Columbia University Press. ———. 2000. Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence. Trans. by Alpoonso Lingis. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. ———. 2003. Humanism of the Other. Trans. by Nidra Poller. Urbana and Chicagio, University of Illinois Press. ———. 2004. Unforeseen History. Intro. by Richard A. Cohen. Trans. by Nidra Poller. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 中文 Levinas, Emmanuel. 1997,《上帝、死亡和時間》,余中先譯,北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店。 ———,2006,《從存在到存在者》,吳蕙儀譯,南京:江蘇教育出版社。 ———,2016,《總體與無限:論外在性》,朱剛譯,北京:北京大學出版社。 ———,2019,《另外於是,或在超過是其所是之處》,伍曉明譯,北京:北京大學出版社。 ———,2019,《論來到觀念的上帝》,王恆譯,北京:商務印書館。 二手文獻: 外文 Atkins, Kim Ed. 2005. Self and Subjectivity. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Cohen, Richard. 1987. “Translator’s Note.” In: Emmanuel Lévinas. Time and the Other. vii-ix. Pennsylvania: Duquesne University Press. ———. 2003. “Introuduction: Humanisn and Anti-humanism——Levinas, Cassirer, and Heidegger.” In: Emmanuel Lévinas. Humanism of the Other. vii-xliv. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Gehrke, Pat J. 2006. “The Ethical Importance of Being Human: God and Humanism in Levinas’s Philosophy.” Philosophy Today, 50(4): 428-436. Heidegger, Martin. 1967. Sein und Zeit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. ———. 1993. “Letter on Humanism”. Basic Writings: from being and time (1927) to the task of thinking (1964). Ed. by David Farrell Krell. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ———. 2001. Being and Time. Trans. by Jon Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Husserl, Edmund. 1973. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Trans. by Dorion Cairs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ———. 2001. Logical Investigations. Volume I. ed. by Dermot Moran, Trans. by J. N. Findlay. London: Routledge. Kraye, Jill. 2006. “Humanism.” Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. by Donald M. Borchert. 2nd Edition. Vol. IV, 477–81. Detroit MI: MacMillan Reference Books. Moran, Dermot. 2002. Introduction to Phenomenology. New York: Routledge Sartre, Jean Paul. 2007. Existentialism Is a Humanism. Trans. by Carol Macomber. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Smith, Michael B. 1994. “Translator’s Note.” In: Emmanuel Levinas. In the Time of the Nations. viii-ix. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Spiegelberg, H. 1982. The phenomenological Movement I: A Historical Introduction. The Hague/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff publishers. Wolf, Ernst. 2011. “Levinas’ post-anti-humanist humanism: Humanism of the other.” Political Responsibility for a Globalised World after Levinas’ Humanism. 105-146. Bielefeld: Columbia University Press. 中文 Babbitt, Irving,2003,〈什麼是人文主義?〉,《人文主義─全盤反思》,王琛譯,三聯書店編輯部、美國人文雜誌社編,北京:生活‧讀書‧新知三聯書店。 Davis, Colin,2006,《列維納斯》,李瑞華譯,南京:江蘇人民出版社。 Gwynn, Aubrey,2015,《古羅馬的教育—從西塞羅到昆體良》,黃漢林譯,北京:華夏出版社。 Hand, Sean,2014,《導讀列維納斯》,王嘉軍譯,重慶:重慶大學出版社。 Heidegger, Martin,1998,〈關於人道主義的書信〉,《路標》,孫周興譯,台北:時報文化。 ———,2014,《存在與時間》,陳嘉映、王慶節譯,北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店。 Husserl, Edmund,1992,《笛卡兒的沉思:現象學導論》,張憲譯,台北:桂冠。 Kleinberg, Ethan,2010,《存在的一代:海德格爾哲學在法國1927-1961》,北京:新星出版社。 Moran, Dermot,2005,《現象學導論》,蔡錚雲譯,台北縣:桂冠。 Sartre, Jean-Paul,1980,〈存在主義與人文主義〉,《沙特隨筆》,張靜二譯,頁105-133,台北市:志文出版社。 Spiegelberg, H.,2011,《現象學運動》,王炳文,張金言譯,北京:商務印書館。 三木清,2001,〈西洋人文主義的發展〉,《徐復觀雜文補編,第一冊,思想文化卷(上)》徐復觀譯,黎漢基、李明輝編,台北市:中央研究院文哲研究所籌備處。 牟宗三,1978,〈人文主義的完成〉,《道德的理想主義》,台北:台灣學生書局。 西塞羅,2003,《論演說家》,王煥生譯,北京:中國政法大學。 ———,2014,《論義務》,徐學庸譯註,台北市:聯經。 杜小真,1994,《列維納斯》,台北市:遠流。 倪梁康,2002,《自識與反思:近現代西方哲學的基本問題》,北京:商務印書館。 孫向晨,2011,〈沙特、萊維納斯及他者問題〉,《現象學與人文科學「沙特:存在與辯證思維」專輯》,劉國英、張燦輝主編。台北市:漫遊者。 港道隆,2001,《列維納斯─法外的思想》,張杰、李勇華譯,石家庄:河北教育出版社。 楊婉儀,2022,〈列維納斯〉,《華文哲學百科》(2022 版本),王一奇(編)。URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=列維納斯。 蔡美麗,2023,《現代西洋哲學史》(第二冊),台北:聯經。 ———,1990,《胡塞爾》,台北:東大。 謝昭銳,2024,〈費希特〉,《華文哲學百科》(2024 版本),王一奇(編),URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=費希特。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
哲學系
103154004
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103154004
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 羅麗君zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Lo, Lee-Chunen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 江宛盈zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wan-Ying Chiangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 江宛盈zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chiang, Wan-Yingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2026en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Mar-2026 12:24:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Mar-2026 12:24:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Mar-2026 12:24:31 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0103154004en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/161855-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 哲學系zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103154004zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文旨在深入闡釋法國哲學家列維納斯 (Emmanuel Levinas) 在經歷二次大戰與納粹屠殺的創傷後,於戰後哲學脈絡中提出「他人的人道主義」(Humanism of the Other) 之理論意涵。相較於沙特 (Jean-Paul Sartre) 以主體自由與自我選擇為核心,以及海德格 (Martin Heidegger) 主張回歸存有之真理的存有論優先,列維納斯提出「倫理學應先於存有論」的立場。他認為,傳統哲學將世界視為「整體」的思維於本質上是一種戰爭與權力的暴力,會消除他人的異質性,並將人化約為系統中的元素。因此,主體性並非源自自我中心的同一性,而是奠基於面向他人的無限責任與回應。 在倫理層面,他人以「面容」(face) 的樣態向主體顯現,這是一種活生生的「來訪」,它打斷了自我的內在性,並以其赤裸與脆弱發出「不可殺戮」的命令。主體在此關係中被界定為他人的「人質」(hostage) 與「替代」(substitution),這種責任呈現出一種「比所有被動性更被動」的極端被動性,先行於任何自由選擇與意識活動,並由此構成主體不可替代的獨特性 然而,當「第三方」(third party) 介入二人倫理關係時,為了平衡多個他人之間的責任,原本純然的慈善遂開展為正義 (justice) 的問題領域,要求進行比較、計算與法律制度的建立。在此脈絡下,語言 (saying) 不僅是陳述事實,更是「說話的權利」與「教導」的倫理事件,使他人作為導師引導自我超越封閉的同一性。 最終,列維納斯為人類社會提供了一種以他人為中心的倫理基礎,主張政治與國家制度必須不斷聽取「先知的聲音」,透過「微小的善」與對正義的持續修正,超越同一性思維與極權整體性所蘊含的暴力。這不僅是對既有人道主義的重新詮釋,更是在全球化衝突中,將人性定位於對鄰人不可推卸的責任之中。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis aims to provide an explication of the theoretical implications of "Humanism of the Other" proposed by French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas within the postwar philosophical context, following his experience of the trauma of World War II and the Nazi Holocaust. In contrast to Jean-Paul Sartre's emphasis on subjective freedom and self-decision as the core, and Martin Heidegger's advocacy for the ontological priority of returning to the truth of Being, Levinas advances the position that "ethics precedes ontology." He argues that western traditional philosophy's conception of the world as a "totality" is essentially a form of violence, a war and power that eliminates the heterogeneity of the Other and reduces persons to elements within a system. Consequently, subjectivity does not originate from egocentric identity but is founded upon infinite responsibility and response toward the Other. At the ethical level, the Other manifests to the subject in the modality of the "Face," which constitutes a living "visitation" that interrupts the interiority of the self and issues the commandment "Thou shalt not kill" through its nakedness and vulnerability. The subject in this relation is defined as "hostage" and "substitution" for the Other, a responsibility exhibiting an extreme passivity that is "more passive than all passivity," preceding any free choice and conscious activity, thereby constituting the irreplaceable singularity of the subject. However, when the "Third Party" intervenes in the two-person ethical relation to balance responsibilities among multiple Others, the originally pure charity unfolds into the problematic domain of Justice, requiring comparison, calculation, and the establishment of legal institutions. In this context, language (Saying) is not merely the statement of facts but an ethical event of "the right to speak" and "teaching," whereby the Other as teacher guides the self to transcend the closure of identity. In the end, Levinas provides our society with an Other-centered ethical foundation, maintaining that politics and the state must continually hear "the prophetic voice" , and through "small goodness" and continuous rectification of justice, transcend the violence inherent in identity thinking and totalitarian totality. This represents not only a reinterpretation of existing humanism, but also, amid globalized conflicts, a positioning of humanity within the inescapable responsibility toward the neighbor.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目錄 1 導論 2 一、研究動機 2 二、列維納斯生平簡介 3 三、人道主義概念 6 四、沙特的人道主義 8 五、海德格的反人道主義 11 六、列維納斯:他人的人道主義 18 七、章節安排 21 第一章、主體概念的再探 25 一、傳統主體概念的發展 25 二、現象學主體:胡塞爾與海德格 28 第二章、倫理主體 38 一、對存有論的質疑 38 二、倫理主體的初步嘗試:《整體與無限》 42 三、《外於存有》的倫理主體 (Ethical Subject) 47 第三章、列維納斯的人道主義 54 一、他人的人道主義 54 二、意義 (sense) 的倫理起源 56 三、傳統人文主義 (humanism) 與反人文主義 66 四、無同一性 71 五、朝向超越政治之途 75 第四章、從倫理到政治:整體中的人道主義 78 一、倫理主體的具體存有:自由與人權、良知與責任 78 二、進入整體 85 三、整體之中的不正義與正義 91 四、正義的實踐 94 結語 98 參考書目 101zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2062153 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103154004en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 他人zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人文(人道)主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 倫理zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主體zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 無限責任zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) the Otheren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Humanismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Ethicen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Subjecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Infinite Responsibilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Justiceen_US
dc.title (題名) 列維納斯的人道主義─倫理主體與他人關懷zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Levinas' Humanism: Ethical Subject and Concerning of the otheren_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 列維納斯主要著作: 外文 Levinas, Emmanuel. 1967. En découvrant l’existence avec Husserl et Heidegger. Paris: Vrin. ———. 1972. Humanisme de l’autre homme. Montpellier: Fata Morgana. ———. 1979. Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority. Trans. by Alphonso Lingis. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ———. 1987. “Préface à l'édition allemande.” Totalité et Infini: Essais sur l’Extériorité. I-IV. Paris: Kluwer Academic. ———. 1989. The Levinas reader. Ed. By Seán Hand. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. ———. 1990. Difficult Freedom. Trans. Sean Hand, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press. ———. 1991a. Autrement qu’être, ou, au-delà de l’essence. Dordrecht, The Netherlands ; Boston, Mass ; Kluwer Academic Publishers. (First published in 1974) ———. 1991b. Entre Nous: Essais sur le penser-à-l’autre. Paris: Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle. ———. 1994a. ‘Politics After!’ Beyond the Verse: Talmudic Readings and Lectures. Trans. by Gary D. Mole. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ———. 1994b. In the Time of the Nations. Trans. By Michael B. Smith. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ———. 1998. Entre Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other, Trans. by Michael B. Smith and Barbara Harshav. New York, Columbia University Press. ———. 2000. Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence. Trans. by Alpoonso Lingis. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press. ———. 2003. Humanism of the Other. Trans. by Nidra Poller. Urbana and Chicagio, University of Illinois Press. ———. 2004. Unforeseen History. Intro. by Richard A. Cohen. Trans. by Nidra Poller. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 中文 Levinas, Emmanuel. 1997,《上帝、死亡和時間》,余中先譯,北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店。 ———,2006,《從存在到存在者》,吳蕙儀譯,南京:江蘇教育出版社。 ———,2016,《總體與無限:論外在性》,朱剛譯,北京:北京大學出版社。 ———,2019,《另外於是,或在超過是其所是之處》,伍曉明譯,北京:北京大學出版社。 ———,2019,《論來到觀念的上帝》,王恆譯,北京:商務印書館。 二手文獻: 外文 Atkins, Kim Ed. 2005. Self and Subjectivity. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Cohen, Richard. 1987. “Translator’s Note.” In: Emmanuel Lévinas. Time and the Other. vii-ix. Pennsylvania: Duquesne University Press. ———. 2003. “Introuduction: Humanisn and Anti-humanism——Levinas, Cassirer, and Heidegger.” In: Emmanuel Lévinas. Humanism of the Other. vii-xliv. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Gehrke, Pat J. 2006. “The Ethical Importance of Being Human: God and Humanism in Levinas’s Philosophy.” Philosophy Today, 50(4): 428-436. Heidegger, Martin. 1967. Sein und Zeit. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. ———. 1993. “Letter on Humanism”. Basic Writings: from being and time (1927) to the task of thinking (1964). Ed. by David Farrell Krell. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ———. 2001. Being and Time. Trans. by Jon Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Husserl, Edmund. 1973. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Trans. by Dorion Cairs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ———. 2001. Logical Investigations. Volume I. ed. by Dermot Moran, Trans. by J. N. Findlay. London: Routledge. Kraye, Jill. 2006. “Humanism.” Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. by Donald M. Borchert. 2nd Edition. Vol. IV, 477–81. Detroit MI: MacMillan Reference Books. Moran, Dermot. 2002. Introduction to Phenomenology. New York: Routledge Sartre, Jean Paul. 2007. Existentialism Is a Humanism. Trans. by Carol Macomber. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. Smith, Michael B. 1994. “Translator’s Note.” In: Emmanuel Levinas. In the Time of the Nations. viii-ix. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Spiegelberg, H. 1982. The phenomenological Movement I: A Historical Introduction. The Hague/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff publishers. Wolf, Ernst. 2011. “Levinas’ post-anti-humanist humanism: Humanism of the other.” Political Responsibility for a Globalised World after Levinas’ Humanism. 105-146. Bielefeld: Columbia University Press. 中文 Babbitt, Irving,2003,〈什麼是人文主義?〉,《人文主義─全盤反思》,王琛譯,三聯書店編輯部、美國人文雜誌社編,北京:生活‧讀書‧新知三聯書店。 Davis, Colin,2006,《列維納斯》,李瑞華譯,南京:江蘇人民出版社。 Gwynn, Aubrey,2015,《古羅馬的教育—從西塞羅到昆體良》,黃漢林譯,北京:華夏出版社。 Hand, Sean,2014,《導讀列維納斯》,王嘉軍譯,重慶:重慶大學出版社。 Heidegger, Martin,1998,〈關於人道主義的書信〉,《路標》,孫周興譯,台北:時報文化。 ———,2014,《存在與時間》,陳嘉映、王慶節譯,北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店。 Husserl, Edmund,1992,《笛卡兒的沉思:現象學導論》,張憲譯,台北:桂冠。 Kleinberg, Ethan,2010,《存在的一代:海德格爾哲學在法國1927-1961》,北京:新星出版社。 Moran, Dermot,2005,《現象學導論》,蔡錚雲譯,台北縣:桂冠。 Sartre, Jean-Paul,1980,〈存在主義與人文主義〉,《沙特隨筆》,張靜二譯,頁105-133,台北市:志文出版社。 Spiegelberg, H.,2011,《現象學運動》,王炳文,張金言譯,北京:商務印書館。 三木清,2001,〈西洋人文主義的發展〉,《徐復觀雜文補編,第一冊,思想文化卷(上)》徐復觀譯,黎漢基、李明輝編,台北市:中央研究院文哲研究所籌備處。 牟宗三,1978,〈人文主義的完成〉,《道德的理想主義》,台北:台灣學生書局。 西塞羅,2003,《論演說家》,王煥生譯,北京:中國政法大學。 ———,2014,《論義務》,徐學庸譯註,台北市:聯經。 杜小真,1994,《列維納斯》,台北市:遠流。 倪梁康,2002,《自識與反思:近現代西方哲學的基本問題》,北京:商務印書館。 孫向晨,2011,〈沙特、萊維納斯及他者問題〉,《現象學與人文科學「沙特:存在與辯證思維」專輯》,劉國英、張燦輝主編。台北市:漫遊者。 港道隆,2001,《列維納斯─法外的思想》,張杰、李勇華譯,石家庄:河北教育出版社。 楊婉儀,2022,〈列維納斯〉,《華文哲學百科》(2022 版本),王一奇(編)。URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=列維納斯。 蔡美麗,2023,《現代西洋哲學史》(第二冊),台北:聯經。 ———,1990,《胡塞爾》,台北:東大。 謝昭銳,2024,〈費希特〉,《華文哲學百科》(2024 版本),王一奇(編),URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=費希特。zh_TW