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題名 海平面上升下的海洋權利與國家存續－以吐瓦魯為例
Maritime Entitlements and State Continuity under Sea-Level Rise: The Case of Tuvalu
作者 江秉真
Chiang, Ping-Chen
貢獻者 陳純一
Chen, Chun-I
江秉真
Chiang, Ping-Chen
關鍵詞 海平面上升
國際法
海洋權利
國家存續
吐瓦魯
日期 2026
上傳時間 2-三月-2026 13:24:57 (UTC+8)
摘要 隨著全球氣候變遷加劇，海平面上升已成為當前最迫切的國際議題之一。位於南太平洋的環礁島國吐瓦魯（Tuvalu），平均海拔僅2公尺，正面臨嚴峻的滅頂威脅。根據預測，至2050年吐瓦魯首都富納富提（Funafuti）可能有一半土地遭到淹沒，這不僅是生態危機，更對國際法下「國家」的組成要件與海洋權利主張提出了前所未有的挑戰。本研究旨在探討海平面上升對吐瓦魯在海洋權利（Maritime Entitlements）與國家存續（State Continuity）與兩大層面的法律衝擊，並尋求現行國際法框架下的解決路徑。 在海洋權利部分，現行《聯合國海洋法公約》（UNCLOS）並未預見海平面上升導致領土消失的極端情況。依據「陸地支配海洋」原則，海域權利隨基線變動，若海岸線退縮，基線與專屬經濟區（EEZ）界限亦將隨之內縮，導致沿海國主權權利受損。對此，吐瓦魯與太平洋島國論壇（PIF）積極倡議「固定基線原則」，主張一旦依公約劃定並交存海圖，其海域界限不應隨自然地理變動而受挑戰，以維持法律的安定性與可預測性。 　　在國家地位部分，本研究檢視1933年《蒙特維多國家權利義務公約》所定之領土、人民與政府等要件。若國土完全淹沒且人民被迫遷徙，傳統觀點可能質疑其國家地位是否消亡。然而，本研究發現國際法正發展出「國家地位存續推定原則」，強調國家法律人格不應因非自願的環境因素而喪失。吐瓦魯透過與澳洲簽訂《法雷皮利聯盟條約》，獲得其對吐瓦魯永久國家地位的法律承認，並推動「數位國家計畫」，試圖在雲端空間保存其行政職能與文化記憶，重新定義「領土」的概念以延續主權。 　　研究結論與建議有三，分別為1.強化固定基線實踐：吐瓦魯應持續採取「公布海圖且不更新」的策略，並透過簽訂雙邊或多邊條約明定海洋劃界的永久性，防止領土後退導致資源開發權喪失。2.推動國家存續原則：國際社會應承認受災國享有維持其法律人格之權利，並以此作為處理氣候移民、國籍歸屬與自然資源永久主權的法理基礎。3.擴大國際合作：海平面上升是全人類共同責任，應透過聯合國框架建立補償與技術援助機制，協助脆弱國家進行填海造地加固或主權移轉等創新法律安排。本研究認為，國際法必須具備適應性，唯有透過國際合作與法律解釋的演進，才能在極端環境變遷下維護國際秩序的公平與正義。
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Report of the Credentials Committee. United Nations Documents A/34/500 25. United Nations General Assembly (1989). Report of the Credentials Committee. United Nations Documents A/44/639 26. United Nations General Assembly (2016). Statement by Spain, Agenda Item 58. United Nations Documents A/C.4/71 27. United Nations Secretariat (1999). Editorial Directive: Names of Countries and Adjectives of Nationality. United Nations Documents ST/CS/SER.A/42 三、 期刊 1. 王冠雄（2019），〈聯合國海洋法公約及國際海洋法法庭〉，《國際海洋資訊雙月刊》，第1期，頁24 。 2. 林廷輝（2012），〈論海平面上升對島國海洋權利之影響〉，《台灣國際法季刊》，第9卷第2期，頁97-120 。 3. 馬博（2018），〈海平面上升對小島嶼國家的國際法挑戰與應對——「中國－小島嶼國家」合作展望〉，《國際法研究》，第6期，頁46–60 。 4. 劉怡君、廖翊筌（2025），〈小型島嶼開發中國家的社區韌性建構〉，《國際開發援助現場季刊》，第8期 。 5. Allen, E. (2018). "Climate change and disappearing island States: pursuing remedial territory", Brill Open Law 6. Baumert, K., & Melchoir, B. (2015). The practice of archipelagic states: A study of studies. Ocean Development and International Law, 46(1) 7. Bochicchio, A. L. (2021). 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Ocean Development and International Law, 38(1-2) 20. Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1949 (vol. I), 1956 (vol. II) and 1982 (vol. II) 四、 學術論文 1. Nandan, S. (1987). The exclusive economic zone: A historical perspective. In Essays in memory of Jean Carroz: Law and the sea, Food and Agriculture Organization 2. Poloni, B. (1995). La Bavière et l'empire. In G. Krebs & G. Gérard Schneilin (Eds.), La naissance du Reich (pp. 60–74), Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle 3. Schofield, C., & Freestone, D. (2013). Options to protect coastlines and secure maritime jurisdictional claims in the face of global sea level rise 五、 學位論文 1. 許澤永（2023），《海平面上升對國際法的影響—以聯合國國際法委員會研究內容為核心之探討》，國立臺灣大學法律學院法律研究所碩士論文。 六、 網路資料 1. 三姊妹看歐洲（2024），〈吐瓦魯即將「移居元宇宙」？臺灣大使如何守護沉沒中的邦交國？〉，《換日線 Crossing》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://crossing.cw.com.tw/article/19535。 2. 中華民國外交部全球資訊網，〈亞太地區—吐瓦魯國〉，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=5&n=5&sms=33&s=11&tabs=4ADF97FA97C9828B。 3. 王怡棻（2024），〈災難片將真實上演：威尼斯、鹿特丹如何直面百年內沉沒危機〉，《台達電子文教基金會》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.delta-foundation.org.tw/blogdetail/8547。 4. 王蕙文（2024），〈估2050吐瓦魯首都一半遭淹沒，總理聯大發言爭取永久承認國界〉，《公視新聞網》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/716834。 5. 沈祿珮（2025），〈馬爾地夫應對海平面上升威脅：全球首座漂浮人工島估後年啟用〉，《公視新聞網》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/759290。 6. 易淳敏（2022），〈地球無容身之處，吐瓦魯擬登入元宇宙、變身數位國家〉，《遠見雜誌》，2026年2月5日檢閱（網址待補正）。 7. 財團法人國際合作發展基金會，〈吐瓦魯海岸防護計畫〉，2026年2月1日檢閱，https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=72826&ctNode=31133&mp=1。 8. 財團法人國際合作發展基金會，〈許諾或失落──全球化與吐瓦魯〉，2025年2月7日檢閱，https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=68306&ctNode=31806&mp=2。 9. 國際特赦組織臺灣分會（2024），〈國際法庭開創先例，有助於保護海洋和人們免受氣候變遷危害〉，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.amnesty.tw/node/19192。 10. 馮壽波（2022），〈海平面上升對國際海洋法的挑戰〉，《中國海洋發展研究中心》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://aoc.ouc.edu.cn/2022/0831/c9821a376313/pagem.htm。 11. 黃穎（2022），〈海平面上升的國際海洋法應對〉，《中國海洋發展研究中心》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://aoc.ouc.edu.cn/2022/0831/c9824a376336/pagem.htm。 12. 潘楠慕（2024），〈海平面上升吐瓦魯恐舉國遷移元宇宙〉，《人間福報》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.merit-times.com/newslistdetail_tw_1.php?id=72809。 13. 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Accessed February 8, 2026, https://www.tuvalu-overview.tv 30. The 10,000 Tuvaluans. Government of Tuvalu. 10000.tv. Accessed February 7, 2026. 31. Tuvalu Climate Assets Program. "About TCAP". Accessed February 7, 2026, https://tcap.tv/about-tcap 32. UNCTAD. "Free Trade Agreements and International Investment Agreements concluded by Hong Kong and Macao". Accessed December 14, 2025, https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/by-economy 33. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). "COP 15 Meeting Recordings". Accessed February 7, 2026, https://archive.unfccc.int/cop15-meeting-recordings 34. Vatican City State's participation in international organizations. Accessed February 5, 2026, https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/rapporti-internazionali/partecipazioni-ad-organizzazioni-internazionali.html 35. World Trade Organization (WTO). (2025). "Members and Observers". Accessed December 14, 2025, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm 七、 條約及法典 1. 《中華人民共和國憲法》，1982年12月4日第五屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議通過並公告施行。 2. 《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法》，1990年4月4日第七屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過。 3. Apostolic Constitution Praedicate Evangelium, Francis (2022). Holy See Press Office 4. Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty (concluded Nov. 9, 2023, Rarotonga) 5. Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (as amended by Article 1 of the Act of Sept. 29, 2020, Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] I at 2048), Classification No. 100-1 6. Canon 48 of the Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium (promulgated at Rome, Oct. 18, 1990) 7. Canon 361 of the Codex Iuris Canonici (promulgated at Rome, Jan. 25, 1983) 8. Charter of the Organization of American States (Bogotá, 30 April 1948) 119 UNTS 3 9. Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (promulgated June 27, 1961, revised Apr. 28–30, 1997) 10. Constitutive Act of the African Union (Lomé, 11 July 2000) 2158 UNTS 3 11. Convención entre España y Francia, reglamentando la jurisdicción en la Isla de los Faisanes, Mar. 27, 1901, Gaceta de Madrid, No. 290 12. Convention of Good Neighbourship and Friendly Relations, Italy-San Marino, Mar. 31, 1939, 1399 U.N.T.S. 89 13. Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (Apr. 18, 1999) 14. Legge Sulle prerogative del Sommo Pontefice e della Santa Sede, e sulle relazioni dello Stato con la Chiesa (May 13, 1871), Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 134 15. Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, Dec. 26, 1933, 165 L.N.T.S. 19 (entered into force Dec. 26, 1934) 16. Nuova Legge Fondamentale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano (New Fundamental Law of the Vatican City State) (Rome, Nov. 26, 2000) 17. Tratado Definitivo de Paz (Amiens, 27 de marzo de 1802), Alejandro del Cantillo (ed.), Tratados de paz y de comercio desde el año 1700 hasta el día 18. Trattato fra la Santa Sede e l’Italia [Lateran Treaty], Holy See-Italy, June 7, 1929 19. Treaty concerning Sovereignty and Maritime Boundaries in the Area between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (Torres Strait Treaty), Dec. 18, 1978, 1429 U.N.T.S. 317 20. Treaty of Delimitation of the Frontier (France/Spain), Dec. 2, 1856, 1142 U.N.T.S. 317 21. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397 (entered into force Nov. 16, 1994) 22. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), opened for signature June 4, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 701 (entered into force Mar. 21, 1994) 23. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (signed Apr. 24, 1963), 596 U.N.T.S. 261, No. 8638 24. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (signed Apr. 18, 1961), 500 U.N.T.S. 95, No. 7310 八、 協定 1. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997) 2. Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) 九、 判決 1. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978 2. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and United States (Guarantor Countries). "Binding Opinion of the Heads of State of the Guarantor Countries of the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro" (Oct. 13, 1998) 3. Arbitration between Guyana and Suriname, 30 R.I.A.A. 1 (2007) 4. Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration (Bangladesh v. India), Award of 7 July 2014, Permanent Court of Arbitration 5. Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6 6. Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18 7. Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands v. USA) (1928), U.N. Reports of International Arbitral Awards 8. Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993 9. Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009 10. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 11. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 十、 宣言 1. Alliance of Small Island States (2021). Launch of the Alliance of Small Island States Leaders’ Declaration 2. Alliance of Small Island States (2024). AOSIS Leaders Declaration on Sea Level Rise and Statehood 3. Cook Islands & New Zealand (2001). Joint Centenary Declaration on the Principles of the Relationship between the Cook Islands and New Zealand 4. Pacific Islands Forum (2014). Palau declaration on “the ocean: life and future”: Opening a pathway to sustainability 5. Pacific Islands Forum (2023). Declaration on the preservation of statehood and personhood in the face of climate change-related sea-level rise 6. Parties to the Nauru Agreement (2018). Delap Commitment to Safeguard Our Common Ocean Wealth – Reshaping the Future to Govern Fisheries 7. Polynesian Leaders Group (2015). Taputapuātea Declaration on Climate Change 8. UN General Assembly (1970). Declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among states (A/RES/2625(XXV)) 十一、 公報 1. Communiqué of the 50th Pacific Islands Forum, Funafuti, Tuvalu (2019). (PIF(19)14) 2. Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Tuvalu and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (2021). U.N. Doc. NV/2021/37 3. Statement of Latvia, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change (Advisory Opinion, I.C.J., Dec. 6, 2024)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
112922012
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112922012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 陳純一zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chen, Chun-Ien_US
dc.contributor.author (作者) 江秉真zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (作者) Chiang, Ping-Chenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 江秉真zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chiang, Ping-Chenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2026en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-三月-2026 13:24:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-三月-2026 13:24:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-三月-2026 13:24:57 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0112922012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/161914-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 112922012zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 隨著全球氣候變遷加劇，海平面上升已成為當前最迫切的國際議題之一。位於南太平洋的環礁島國吐瓦魯（Tuvalu），平均海拔僅2公尺，正面臨嚴峻的滅頂威脅。根據預測，至2050年吐瓦魯首都富納富提（Funafuti）可能有一半土地遭到淹沒，這不僅是生態危機，更對國際法下「國家」的組成要件與海洋權利主張提出了前所未有的挑戰。本研究旨在探討海平面上升對吐瓦魯在海洋權利（Maritime Entitlements）與國家存續（State Continuity）與兩大層面的法律衝擊，並尋求現行國際法框架下的解決路徑。 在海洋權利部分，現行《聯合國海洋法公約》（UNCLOS）並未預見海平面上升導致領土消失的極端情況。依據「陸地支配海洋」原則，海域權利隨基線變動，若海岸線退縮，基線與專屬經濟區（EEZ）界限亦將隨之內縮，導致沿海國主權權利受損。對此，吐瓦魯與太平洋島國論壇（PIF）積極倡議「固定基線原則」，主張一旦依公約劃定並交存海圖，其海域界限不應隨自然地理變動而受挑戰，以維持法律的安定性與可預測性。 　　在國家地位部分，本研究檢視1933年《蒙特維多國家權利義務公約》所定之領土、人民與政府等要件。若國土完全淹沒且人民被迫遷徙，傳統觀點可能質疑其國家地位是否消亡。然而，本研究發現國際法正發展出「國家地位存續推定原則」，強調國家法律人格不應因非自願的環境因素而喪失。吐瓦魯透過與澳洲簽訂《法雷皮利聯盟條約》，獲得其對吐瓦魯永久國家地位的法律承認，並推動「數位國家計畫」，試圖在雲端空間保存其行政職能與文化記憶，重新定義「領土」的概念以延續主權。 　　研究結論與建議有三，分別為1.強化固定基線實踐：吐瓦魯應持續採取「公布海圖且不更新」的策略，並透過簽訂雙邊或多邊條約明定海洋劃界的永久性，防止領土後退導致資源開發權喪失。2.推動國家存續原則：國際社會應承認受災國享有維持其法律人格之權利，並以此作為處理氣候移民、國籍歸屬與自然資源永久主權的法理基礎。3.擴大國際合作：海平面上升是全人類共同責任，應透過聯合國框架建立補償與技術援助機制，協助脆弱國家進行填海造地加固或主權移轉等創新法律安排。本研究認為，國際法必須具備適應性，唯有透過國際合作與法律解釋的演進，才能在極端環境變遷下維護國際秩序的公平與正義。zh_TW
dc.description.tableofcontents 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機及目的 1 第二節 研究範圍 3 第三節 研究方法及限制 6 第四節 研究架構 8 第二章 海平面上升與吐瓦魯 11 第一節 吐瓦魯概述與現況 11 第二節 海平面上升吐瓦魯所面臨之危機 25 第三節 吐瓦魯及國際社會當前作法 33 第三章 海平面上升與海洋權利 45 第一節 基線及海域外部界限 45 第二節 海洋劃界 60 第三節 島嶼 68 第四節 已確立邊界之海域 82 第四章 海平面上升與國家存續 93 第一節 國家構成要件及海平面上升的影響 93 第二節 各國主張及實踐 99 第三節 國際組織及學者意見 110 第四節 未來可行方案 115 第五章 結論與建議 123 第一節 研究結論 123 第二節 對吐瓦魯之建議 128 第三節 未來期望 136 參考資料 138zh_TW
dc.format.extent 22840455 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0112922012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海平面上升zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國際法zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 海洋權利zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國家存續zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 吐瓦魯zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 海平面上升下的海洋權利與國家存續－以吐瓦魯為例zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Maritime Entitlements and State Continuity under Sea-Level Rise: The Case of Tuvaluen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
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Heidar (Ed.), New Knowledge and Changing Circumstances in the Law of the Sea, Brill Nijhoff. 25. Stephens, T. (2015). Waring Water And Souring Seas. In D. R. Rothwell et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea, Oxford University Press. 26. Treves, T. (2015). Historical Development Of The Law Of The Sea. In D. R. Rothwell et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea, Oxford University Press. 二、 官方文件與研究機構報告 1. Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area between Iceland and Jan Mayen (1981). Report and recommendations to the governments of Iceland and Norway. Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 27 2. Eric Pichon. The African Union’s blue strategy. European Parliamentary Research Service 3. Foster, M., McAdam, J., Wadugodapitiya, T., & Wood, T. (2022). The Future of Nationality in the Pacific: Preventing Statelessness and Nationality Loss in the Context of Climate Change. Research Paper, Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law 4. 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International Law Association (ILA) Committee on International Law and Sea Level Rise (2024). Final Committee Report Athens 12. International Law Commission (ILC). Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1949 (vol. I), 1956 (vol. II) and 1982 (vol. II) 13. International Law Commission (ILC) (1966). "Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries." Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, vol. II, pp. 177–274. United Nations Documents A/6309/Rev.1 14. International Law Commission (ILC) (2018). Report on the Work of Its Seventieth Session. United Nations Documents A/73/10 15. International Law Commission (ILC) (2019). Report on the Work of Its Seventy-first Session. United Nations Documents A/74/10 16. International Law Commission (ILC) (2021). First issues paper by Bogdan Aurescu and Nilüfer Oral. United Nations Documents A/CN.4/740 17. International Law Commission (ILC) (2022). Second issues paper by Patricia Galvão Teles and Juan Jose Ruda Santolaria. United Nations Documents A/CN.4/752 18. International Law Commission (ILC) (2023). Additional paper to the first issues paper by Bogdan Aurescu and Ms. Nilüfer Oral. United Nations Documents A/CN.4/761 19. International Law Commission (ILC) (2024). Additional paper to the second issues paper by Galvão Teles and Ruda Santolaria. United Nations Documents A/CN.4/774 20. International Law Commission (ILC) (2024). Second addendum to the second issues paper. United Nations Documents A/CN.4/776 21. International Law Commission (ILC) (2025). Final report of the Study Group on sea-level rise in relation to international law. United Nations Documents A/CN.4/783 22. Robert Gillett and Mele Ikatonga Tauati (2018). Pacific islands fisheries: Regional and country information (FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 625) 23. United Nations (1982). United Nations Juridical Yearbook 1979. New York: United Nations 24. United Nations General Assembly (1979). 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Conference on Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission: Opinions on questions arising from the dissolution of Yugoslavia. International Legal Materials, 31(6) 15. Schofield, C. (2009). The trouble with islands: the definition and role of islands and rocks in maritime boundary delimitation 16. Soons, A. H. A. (1990). The effects of a rising sea level on maritime limits and boundaries. Netherlands International Law Review, 37(2) 17. Soons, A. H. A. (2018). "An ocean under stress: Climate change and the law of the sea": Addendum to "Climate Change: Options and duties under international law", Mededellingen van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Verenigling voor International Recht 18. Talmon, S. (1992). "Who is a Legitimate Government in Exile? Towards Normative Criteria for Governmental Legitimacy in International Law." The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 41, no. 3 19. Van Dyke, J. M. (2007). Legal issues related to sovereignty over Dokdo and its maritime boundary. Ocean Development and International Law, 38(1-2) 20. Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1949 (vol. I), 1956 (vol. II) and 1982 (vol. II) 四、 學術論文 1. Nandan, S. (1987). The exclusive economic zone: A historical perspective. In Essays in memory of Jean Carroz: Law and the sea, Food and Agriculture Organization 2. Poloni, B. (1995). La Bavière et l'empire. In G. Krebs & G. Gérard Schneilin (Eds.), La naissance du Reich (pp. 60–74), Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle 3. Schofield, C., & Freestone, D. (2013). Options to protect coastlines and secure maritime jurisdictional claims in the face of global sea level rise 五、 學位論文 1. 許澤永（2023），《海平面上升對國際法的影響—以聯合國國際法委員會研究內容為核心之探討》，國立臺灣大學法律學院法律研究所碩士論文。 六、 網路資料 1. 三姊妹看歐洲（2024），〈吐瓦魯即將「移居元宇宙」？臺灣大使如何守護沉沒中的邦交國？〉，《換日線 Crossing》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://crossing.cw.com.tw/article/19535。 2. 中華民國外交部全球資訊網，〈亞太地區—吐瓦魯國〉，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=5&n=5&sms=33&s=11&tabs=4ADF97FA97C9828B。 3. 王怡棻（2024），〈災難片將真實上演：威尼斯、鹿特丹如何直面百年內沉沒危機〉，《台達電子文教基金會》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.delta-foundation.org.tw/blogdetail/8547。 4. 王蕙文（2024），〈估2050吐瓦魯首都一半遭淹沒，總理聯大發言爭取永久承認國界〉，《公視新聞網》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/716834。 5. 沈祿珮（2025），〈馬爾地夫應對海平面上升威脅：全球首座漂浮人工島估後年啟用〉，《公視新聞網》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://news.pts.org.tw/article/759290。 6. 易淳敏（2022），〈地球無容身之處，吐瓦魯擬登入元宇宙、變身數位國家〉，《遠見雜誌》，2026年2月5日檢閱（網址待補正）。 7. 財團法人國際合作發展基金會，〈吐瓦魯海岸防護計畫〉，2026年2月1日檢閱，https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=72826&ctNode=31133&mp=1。 8. 財團法人國際合作發展基金會，〈許諾或失落──全球化與吐瓦魯〉，2025年2月7日檢閱，https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=68306&ctNode=31806&mp=2。 9. 國際特赦組織臺灣分會（2024），〈國際法庭開創先例，有助於保護海洋和人們免受氣候變遷危害〉，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.amnesty.tw/node/19192。 10. 馮壽波（2022），〈海平面上升對國際海洋法的挑戰〉，《中國海洋發展研究中心》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://aoc.ouc.edu.cn/2022/0831/c9821a376313/pagem.htm。 11. 黃穎（2022），〈海平面上升的國際海洋法應對〉，《中國海洋發展研究中心》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://aoc.ouc.edu.cn/2022/0831/c9824a376336/pagem.htm。 12. 潘楠慕（2024），〈海平面上升吐瓦魯恐舉國遷移元宇宙〉，《人間福報》，2026年2月5日檢閱，https://www.merit-times.com/newslistdetail_tw_1.php?id=72809。 13. Australian Government (DFAT). "Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union". (2024). Accessed December 15, 2025, https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/tuvalu/australia-tuvalu-falepili-union 14. C40 Cities. (2018). "Sea level rise and coastal flooding". In Scaling Up Climate Action. Accessed August 16, 2025, https://www.c40.org/what-we-do/scaling-up-up-climate-action/water-heat-nature/the-future-we-dont-want/sea-level-rise/ 15. Central Intelligence Agency. "Explore All Countries-Tuvalu". Accessed February 6, 2026, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/ 16. Convo Media. (2024). "How Tuvalu domain name changed its economy". Accessed February 7, 2025, https://convomediagroup.com/blogs/convo-money/how-tuvalu-domain-name-changed-its-economy 17. Encyclopedia Britannica. "Tuvalu". Accessed February 6, 2026, https://www.britannica.com/place/Tuvalu 18. Holy See's participation in international organizations. Accessed February 7, 2026, https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/org-intern/documents/rc_segstat_20100706_org-internaz-2009_it.html 19. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Accessed February 6, 2026, https://www.ipcc.ch/ 20. International Law Association. "Baselines under the International Law of the Sea". Accessed February 7, 2026, https://www.ila-hq.org/en_GB/committees/baselines-under-the-international-law-of-the-sea 21. International Law Association. "International Law and Sea Level Rise". Accessed February 7, 2026, https://www.ila-hq.org/en_GB/committees/international-law-and-sea-level-rise 22. International Seabed Authority (ISA). "About ISA", https://www.isa.org.jm/about-isa/ 23. International Seabed Authority (ISA). (2019). "Communication from the Government of Tuvalu", https://www.isa.org.jm/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/0238_001_0.pdf 24. International Seabed Authority (ISA). "UNCLOS, Article 84(2) – Charts and Lists of Geographical Coordinates", https://www.isa.org.jm/deposit-charts/ 25. John O’Sullivan. (2012). "How the U.S. Almost Betrayed Britain". The Wall Street Journal. Accessed December 14, 2025, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303816504577313852502105454 26. Juan González Yuste. (1982). "Buenos Aires rechaza una administración tripartita". El País. Accessed December 14, 2025, https://elpais.com/diario/1982/04/14/internacional/387583201_850215.html 27. Lee, J. J. (2025). "NASA analysis shows unexpected amount of sea level rise in 2024". NASA Sea Level Change Portal, https://sealevel.nasa.gov/news/282/nasa-analysis-shows-unexpected-amount-of-sea-level-rise-in-2024/ 28. List of States with which the Holy See maintains diplomatic relations. Accessed February 7, 2026, https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/index_attivita-diplomatica_it.htm 29. NPO Tuvalu Overview. "Tuvalu Overview". Accessed February 8, 2026, https://www.tuvalu-overview.tv 30. The 10,000 Tuvaluans. Government of Tuvalu. 10000.tv. Accessed February 7, 2026. 31. Tuvalu Climate Assets Program. "About TCAP". Accessed February 7, 2026, https://tcap.tv/about-tcap 32. UNCTAD. "Free Trade Agreements and International Investment Agreements concluded by Hong Kong and Macao". Accessed December 14, 2025, https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/by-economy 33. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). "COP 15 Meeting Recordings". Accessed February 7, 2026, https://archive.unfccc.int/cop15-meeting-recordings 34. Vatican City State's participation in international organizations. Accessed February 5, 2026, https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/rapporti-internazionali/partecipazioni-ad-organizzazioni-internazionali.html 35. World Trade Organization (WTO). (2025). "Members and Observers". Accessed December 14, 2025, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm 七、 條約及法典 1. 《中華人民共和國憲法》，1982年12月4日第五屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議通過並公告施行。 2. 《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區基本法》，1990年4月4日第七屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過。 3. Apostolic Constitution Praedicate Evangelium, Francis (2022). Holy See Press Office 4. Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union Treaty (concluded Nov. 9, 2023, Rarotonga) 5. Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (as amended by Article 1 of the Act of Sept. 29, 2020, Bundesgesetzblatt [BGBl.] I at 2048), Classification No. 100-1 6. Canon 48 of the Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium (promulgated at Rome, Oct. 18, 1990) 7. Canon 361 of the Codex Iuris Canonici (promulgated at Rome, Jan. 25, 1983) 8. Charter of the Organization of American States (Bogotá, 30 April 1948) 119 UNTS 3 9. Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (promulgated June 27, 1961, revised Apr. 28–30, 1997) 10. Constitutive Act of the African Union (Lomé, 11 July 2000) 2158 UNTS 3 11. Convención entre España y Francia, reglamentando la jurisdicción en la Isla de los Faisanes, Mar. 27, 1901, Gaceta de Madrid, No. 290 12. Convention of Good Neighbourship and Friendly Relations, Italy-San Marino, Mar. 31, 1939, 1399 U.N.T.S. 89 13. Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation (Apr. 18, 1999) 14. Legge Sulle prerogative del Sommo Pontefice e della Santa Sede, e sulle relazioni dello Stato con la Chiesa (May 13, 1871), Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 134 15. Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, Dec. 26, 1933, 165 L.N.T.S. 19 (entered into force Dec. 26, 1934) 16. Nuova Legge Fondamentale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano (New Fundamental Law of the Vatican City State) (Rome, Nov. 26, 2000) 17. Tratado Definitivo de Paz (Amiens, 27 de marzo de 1802), Alejandro del Cantillo (ed.), Tratados de paz y de comercio desde el año 1700 hasta el día 18. Trattato fra la Santa Sede e l’Italia [Lateran Treaty], Holy See-Italy, June 7, 1929 19. Treaty concerning Sovereignty and Maritime Boundaries in the Area between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (Torres Strait Treaty), Dec. 18, 1978, 1429 U.N.T.S. 317 20. Treaty of Delimitation of the Frontier (France/Spain), Dec. 2, 1856, 1142 U.N.T.S. 317 21. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397 (entered into force Nov. 16, 1994) 22. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), opened for signature June 4, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 701 (entered into force Mar. 21, 1994) 23. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (signed Apr. 24, 1963), 596 U.N.T.S. 261, No. 8638 24. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (signed Apr. 18, 1961), 500 U.N.T.S. 95, No. 7310 八、 協定 1. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997) 2. Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) 九、 判決 1. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978 2. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and United States (Guarantor Countries). "Binding Opinion of the Heads of State of the Guarantor Countries of the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro" (Oct. 13, 1998) 3. Arbitration between Guyana and Suriname, 30 R.I.A.A. 1 (2007) 4. Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration (Bangladesh v. India), Award of 7 July 2014, Permanent Court of Arbitration 5. Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6 6. Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18 7. Island of Palmas Case (Netherlands v. USA) (1928), U.N. Reports of International Arbitral Awards 8. Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993 9. Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009 10. North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 11. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 十、 宣言 1. Alliance of Small Island States (2021). Launch of the Alliance of Small Island States Leaders’ Declaration 2. Alliance of Small Island States (2024). AOSIS Leaders Declaration on Sea Level Rise and Statehood 3. Cook Islands & New Zealand (2001). Joint Centenary Declaration on the Principles of the Relationship between the Cook Islands and New Zealand 4. Pacific Islands Forum (2014). Palau declaration on “the ocean: life and future”: Opening a pathway to sustainability 5. Pacific Islands Forum (2023). Declaration on the preservation of statehood and personhood in the face of climate change-related sea-level rise 6. Parties to the Nauru Agreement (2018). Delap Commitment to Safeguard Our Common Ocean Wealth – Reshaping the Future to Govern Fisheries 7. Polynesian Leaders Group (2015). Taputapuātea Declaration on Climate Change 8. UN General Assembly (1970). Declaration on principles of international law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among states (A/RES/2625(XXV)) 十一、 公報 1. Communiqué of the 50th Pacific Islands Forum, Funafuti, Tuvalu (2019). (PIF(19)14) 2. Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between Tuvalu and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (2021). U.N. Doc. NV/2021/37 3. Statement of Latvia, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change (Advisory Opinion, I.C.J., Dec. 6, 2024)zh_TW